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61-485: A wall is a structure and a surface that defines an area; carries a load; provides security , shelter , or soundproofing ; or, is decorative. There are many kinds of walls, including: The term wall comes from the Latin vallum meaning "an earthen wall or rampart set with palisades , a row or line of stakes, a wall, a rampart, fortification", while the Latin word murus means a defensive stone wall. English uses

122-418: A dining room for large banquets, or cleared of tables, provided with music, and turned into a ballroom . Off the side, or in a different part of the house, might be a drawing room , used as a room with greater privacy, for the owner's family and their friends to talk. A sitting room , living room, or parlour is a place for social visits and entertainment. One decorated to appeal to a man might be called

183-415: A hierarchical organization , but hierarchy makes it easier for a listener to understand and remember the music. In analogy to linguistic terminology, motifs and phrases can be combined to make complete musical ideas such as sentences and phrases . A larger form is known as the period . One such form that was widely used between 1600 and 1900 has two phrases, an antecedent and a consequent , with

244-403: A man cave ; in an older style, the cabinet was used by men who wanted a separate room. Some large homes have special rooms for entertainment; these may include a library , a home theater , a billiard room , a game room , or a music room. A bedroom is the room where a bed is located, and whose primary purpose is sleeping. A master bedroom may have an en suite bathroom . A guest room

305-427: A moisture barrier such as housewrap or felt paper inside the cladding provides a second line of defense and sometimes a drainage plane or air gap allows a path for the moisture to drain down through and exit the wall. Sometimes ventilation is provided in addition to the drainage plane such as in rainscreen construction. Face-sealed also called barrier wall or perfect barrier cladding relies on maintaining

366-417: A pointer that links them together in a particular order. Out of these any number of other data structures can be created such as stacks , queues , trees and hash tables . In solving a problem, a data structure is generally an integral part of the algorithm . In modern programming style, algorithms and data structures are encapsulated together in an abstract data type . Software architecture

427-726: A barrier (to cattle, for example). Before the invention of artillery , many of the world's cities and towns, particularly in Europe and Asia, had defensive or protective walls (also called town walls or city walls). In fact, the English word "wall" derives from Latin vallum —a type of fortification wall. These walls are no longer relevant for defense, so such cities have grown beyond their walls, and many fortification walls, or portions of them, have been torn down—for example in Rome , Italy and Beijing , China . Examples of protective walls on

488-476: A bedroom might have a separate closet, for praying and seeking privacy; this architectural idea lives on in the storage closet. In the United Kingdom, many houses are built to contain a box-room (box room or boxroom) that is easily identifiable, being smaller than the others. The small size of these rooms limits their use, and they tend to be used as a small single bedroom, small child's bedroom, or as

549-455: A building facade that is not load-bearing but provides decoration, finish, front, face, or historical preservation. Precast walls are walls which have been manufactured in a factory and then shipped to where it is needed, ready to install. It is faster to install compared to brick and other walls and may have a lower cost compared to other types of wall. Precast walls are cost effective compare to Brick Wall compound wall. Mullion walls are

610-550: A building. The minimum fire resistance and sound resistance required for the party wall is determined by a building code and may be modified to suit a variety of situations. Ownership of such walls can become a legal issue. It is not a load-bearing wall and may be owned by different people. An infill wall is the supported wall that closes the perimeter of a building constructed with a three-dimensional framework structure. Fire walls resist spread of fire within or sometimes between structures to provide passive fire protection. A delay in

671-402: A colossal fortification, made of ice and fortified with magic spells; as a cultural barrier; and as a codification of assumptions. Breaches of the wall, who is allowed to cross it and who is not, and its destruction have important symbolic, logistical, and socio-political implications in the storyline. Reportedly over 700 feet high and 100 leagues (300 miles) wide, it divides the northern border of

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732-506: A crystal have a structure that involves repetition of a basic unit called a unit cell . The atoms can be modeled as points on a lattice , and one can explore the effect of symmetry operations that include rotations about a point, reflections about a symmetry planes, and translations (movements of all the points by the same amount). Each crystal has a finite group, called the space group , of such operations that map it onto itself; there are 230 possible space groups. By Neumann's law ,

793-404: A half cadence in the middle and a full cadence at the end providing punctuation. On a larger scale are single-movement forms such as the sonata form and the contrapuntal form , and multi-movement forms such as the symphony . A social structure is a pattern of relationships. They are social organizations of individuals in various life situations. Structures are applicable to people in how

854-417: A kitchen or bathroom. A sick room is a specialized room, sometimes just large enough to contain a bed, where a family member could be conveniently tended and kept separate from the rest of the household while recuperating from an illness. In smaller homes, most rooms were multi-purpose. In a bedsit , communal apartment , or studio apartment , a single main room may serve most functions, except usually

915-481: A leak-free surface of the cladding. Examples of face sealed cladding are the early exterior insulation finishing systems , structural glazing, metal clad panels, and corrugated metal. Building walls frequently become works of art, externally and internally, such as when featuring mosaic work or when murals are painted on them; or as design foci when they exhibit textures or painted finishes for effect. In architecture and civil engineering , curtain wall refers to

976-719: A metaphorical wall to represent the isolation felt by the protagonist of their 1979 concept album The Wall . The American poet laureate Robert Frost describes a pointless rock wall as a metaphor for the myopia of the culture-bound in his poem " Mending Wall ", published in 1914. Walls are a recurring symbol in Ursula K. Le Guin 's 1974 novel The Dispossessed '. In some cases, a wall may refer to an individual's debilitating mental or physical condition, seen as an impassable barrier. In George R. R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire series and its television adaptation, Game of Thrones , The Wall plays multiple important roles: as

1037-460: A much larger scale include the Great Wall of China and Hadrian's Wall . Some walls formally mark the border between one population and another. A border wall is constructed to limit the movement of people across a certain line or border . These structures vary in placement with regard to international borders and topography . The most famous example of border barrier in history is probably

1098-457: A multilevel hierarchy of structures employing biominerals and proteins , at the bottom of which are collagen fibrils . In biology , one of the properties of life is its highly ordered structure, which can be observed at multiple levels such as in cells , tissues , organs , and organisms . In another context, structure can also observed in macromolecules , particularly proteins and nucleic acids . The function of these molecules

1159-461: A redundant structure is needed so that if a component fails it has backups. A high redundancy is an essential part of the design of several systems in the Space Shuttle . As a branch of philosophy, logic is concerned with distinguishing good arguments from poor ones. A chief concern is with the structure of arguments. An argument consists of one or more premises from which a conclusion

1220-404: A reinforced partition wall. Partition walls constructed from fibre cement backer board are popular as bases for tiling in kitchens or in wet areas like bathrooms. Galvanized sheet fixed to wooden or steel members are mostly adopted in works of temporary character. Plain or reinforced partition walls may also be constructed from concrete, including pre-cast concrete blocks. Metal framed partitioning

1281-410: A series of individual toughened glass panels mounted in wood or metal framing. They may be suspended from or slide along a robust aluminium ceiling track. The system does not require the use of a floor guide, which allows easy operation and an uninterrupted threshold. A timber partition consists of a wooden framework, supported on the floor or by side walls. Metal lath and plaster, properly laid, forms

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1342-410: A ship, a wall that separates major compartments is called a bulkhead . A thinner wall between cabins is called a partition . Boundary walls include privacy walls, boundary-marking walls on property, and town walls. These intergrade into fences . The conventional differentiation is that a fence is of minimal thickness and often open in nature, while a wall is usually more than a nominal thickness and

1403-434: A society is as a system organized by a characteristic pattern of relationships. This is known as the social organization of the group. Sociologists have studied the changing structure of these groups. Structure and agency are two confronted theories about human behaviour. The debate surrounding the influence of structure and agency on human thought is one of the central issues in sociology. In this context, agency refers to

1464-463: A space as part of the building envelope along with a roof to give buildings form; and to provide shelter and security. In addition, the wall may house various types of utilities such as electrical wiring or plumbing . Wall construction falls into two basic categories: framed walls or mass-walls . In framed walls the load is transferred to the foundation through posts, columns or studs. Framed walls most often have three or more separate components:

1525-560: A storage room. Other box rooms may house a live-in domestic worker . Traditionally, and often seen in country houses and larger suburban houses up until the 1930s in Britain , the box room was for the storage of boxes , trunks , portmanteaux , and the like, rather than for bedroom use. In Ireland, a return room is a box room added between floors at the turn ("return") of a staircase. Return rooms may be added as extensions, and are sometimes used or converted for other functions such as

1586-517: A structural system that carries the load of the floor slab on prefabricated panels around the perimeter. A partition wall is a usually thin wall that is used to separate or divide a room , primarily a pre-existing one. Partition walls are usually not load-bearing , and can be constructed out of many materials, including steel panels, bricks, cloth, plastic , plasterboard , wood , blocks of clay, terracotta , concrete , and glass. Some partition walls are made of sheet glass. Glass partition walls are

1647-471: A variety of diagrams called structural formulas . Lewis structures use a dot notation to represent the valence electrons for an atom; these are the electrons that determine the role of the atom in chemical reactions. Bonds between atoms can be represented by lines with one line for each pair of electrons that is shared. In a simplified version of such a diagram, called a skeletal formula , only carbon-carbon bonds and functional groups are shown. Atoms in

1708-807: A variety of room types, including some of the earliest examples of rooms for indoor bathing. The Anasazi civilization also had an early complex development of room structures, probably the oldest in North America, while the Maya of Central America had very advanced room configurations as early as several hundred AD. By at least the early Han dynasty in China (e.g. approximately 200 BC ) , comfort room complex multi-level building forms emerged, particularly for religious and public purposes; these designs featured many roomed structures and included vertical connections of rooms. Some rooms were specially designed to support

1769-439: A wall on one side will break the wall on the other side. Portable walls, such as room dividers or portable partitions divide a larger open space into smaller rooms. Portable walls can be static, such as cubicle walls, or can be wall panels mounted on casters to provide an easy way to reconfigure assembly space. They are often found inside schools, churches, convention centers, hotels, and corporate facilities. A temporary wall

1830-408: Is inferred . The steps in this inference can be expressed in a formal way and their structure analyzed. Two basic types of inference are deduction and induction . In a valid deduction, the conclusion necessarily follows from the premises, regardless of whether they are true or not. An invalid deduction contains some error in the analysis. An inductive argument claims that if the premises are true,

1891-483: Is a bedroom used primarily by overnight guests. The nursery is a bedroom for babies or young children. It may be separate from the playroom , which is a room where the children's toys are kept. Bedrooms may be used for other purposes. A large house might have separate rooms for these other functions, such as a dressing room for changing clothes (also seen in clothing stores and businesses where people need to change clothes, but do not need to sleep). In Tudor times,

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1952-529: Is also available. This partition consists of track (used primarily at the base and head of the partition) and studs (vertical sections fixed into the track typically spaced at 24", 16", or at 12"). Internal wall partitions, also known as office partitioning, are usually made of plasterboard (drywall) or varieties of glass. Toughened glass is a common option, as low-iron glass (better known as opti-white glass ) increases light and solar heat transmission. Wall partitions are constructed using beads and tracking that

2013-466: Is completely closed, or opaque. More to the point, an exterior structure of wood or wire is generally called a fence —but one of masonry is a wall. A common term for both is barrier , which is convenient for structures that are partly wall and partly fence—for example the Berlin Wall . Another kind of wall-fence ambiguity is the ha-ha —which is set below ground level to protect a view, yet acts as

2074-620: Is constructed for easy removal or demolition. A typical temporary wall can be constructed with 1⁄2" (6 mm) to 5⁄8" (16 mm) sheet rock (plasterboard), metal 2 × 3s (approx. 5 × 7 cm), or 2 × 4s, or taped, plastered and compounded. Most installation companies use lattice (strips of wood) to cover the joints of the temporary wall with the ceiling. These are sometimes known as pressurized walls or temporary pressurized walls. Walls are often seen in popular culture, oftentimes representing barriers preventing progress or entry. For example: The progressive/psychedelic rock band Pink Floyd used

2135-434: Is determined by their shape as well as their composition, and their structure has multiple levels. Protein structure has a four-level hierarchy. The primary structure is the sequence of amino acids that make it up. It has a peptide backbone made up of a repeated sequence of a nitrogen and two carbon atoms. The secondary structure consists of repeated patterns determined by hydrogen bonding . The two basic types are

2196-462: Is either hung from the ceiling or fixed into the ground. The panels are inserted into the tracking and fixed. Some wall partition variations specify their fire resistance and acoustic performance rating. Movable partitions are walls that open to join two or more rooms into one large floor area. These include: Party walls are walls that separate buildings or units within a building. They provide fire resistance and sound resistance between occupants in

2257-420: Is one of the tasks of structural engineering . The structural elements can be classified as one-dimensional ( ropes , struts , beams , arches ), two-dimensional ( membranes , plates, slab , shells , vaults ), or three-dimensional (solid masses). Three-dimensional elements were the main option available to early structures such as Chichen Itza . A one-dimensional element has one dimension much larger than

2318-489: Is the specific choices made between possible alternatives within a framework. For example, a framework might require a database and the architecture would specify the type and manufacturer of the database. The structure of software is the way in which it is partitioned into interrelated components. A key structural issue is minimizing dependencies between these components. This makes it possible to change one component without requiring changes in others. The purpose of structure

2379-420: Is to optimise for (brevity, readability, traceability, isolation and encapsulation, maintainability, extensibility, performance and efficiency), examples being: language choice , code , functions , libraries , builds , system evolution , or diagrams for flow logic and design . Structural elements reflect the requirements of the application: for example, if the system requires a high fault tolerance, then

2440-587: The Great Wall of China , a series of walls that separated the Empire of China from nomadic powers to the north. The most prominent recent example is the Berlin Wall , which surrounded the enclave of West Berlin and separated it from East Germany for most of the Cold War era. The US-Mexico border wall, separating the United States and Mexico, is another recent example. In areas of rocky soils around

2501-457: The toilet and bathroom , which may be combined or which may be in separate rooms. The public equivalent is the restroom , which usually features a toilet and handwashing facilities, but not usually a shower or a bathtub. Showers are only available in athletic or aquatic facilities which feature a changing room . In the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries, among those who could afford it, these facilities were kept in separate areas. The kitchen

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2562-415: The α-helix and the β-pleated sheet . The tertiary structure is a back and forth bending of the polypeptide chain, and the quaternary structure is the way that tertiary units come together and interact. Structural biology is concerned with biomolecular structure of macromolecules. Chemical structure refers to both molecular geometry and electronic structure. The structure can be represented by

2623-596: The Seven Kingdoms realm from the domain of the wildlings and several categories of undead who live beyond it. In a real-life example, the Berlin Wall , constructed by the Soviet Union to divide Berlin into NATO and Warsaw Pact zones of occupation, became a worldwide symbol of oppression and isolation. Another common usage is as a communal surface to write upon. For instance the social networking site Facebook previously used an electronic "wall" to log

2684-415: The conclusion is likely. Room In a building or a ship , a room is any enclosed space within a number of walls to which entry is possible only via a door or other dividing structure. The entrance connects it to either a passageway , another room, or the outdoors. The space is typically large enough for several people to move about. The size, fixtures, furnishings, and sometimes placement of

2745-661: The individual human capacity to act independently and make free choices. Structure here refers to factors such as social class , religion , gender , ethnicity , customs, etc. that seem to limit or influence individual opportunities. In computer science , a data structure is a way of organizing information in a computer so that it can be used efficiently. Data structures are built out of two basic types: An array has an index that can be used for immediate access to any data item (some programming languages require array size to be initialized ). A linked list can be reorganized, grown or shrunk, but its elements must be accessed with

2806-411: The local building and/or fire codes. There are three basic methods walls control water intrusion: moisture storage, drained cladding, or face-sealed cladding. Moisture storage is typical of stone and brick mass-wall buildings where moisture is absorbed and released by the walls of the structure itself. Drained cladding also known as screened walls acknowledges moisture will penetrate the cladding so

2867-412: The other side. A dike is a retaining wall, as is a levee , a load-bearing foundation wall, and a sea wall . Special laws often govern walls that neighbouring properties share. Typically, one neighbour cannot alter the common wall if it is likely to affect the building or property on the other side. A wall may also separate apartment or hotel rooms from each other. Each wall has two sides and breaking

2928-865: The other two, so the other dimensions can be neglected in calculations; however, the ratio of the smaller dimensions and the composition can determine the flexural and compressive stiffness of the element. Two-dimensional elements with a thin third dimension have little of either but can resist biaxial traction. The structure elements are combined in structural systems . The majority of everyday load-bearing structures are section-active structures like frames, which are primarily composed of one-dimensional (bending) structures. Other types are Vector-active structures such as trusses , surface-active structures such as shells and folded plates, form-active structures such as cable or membrane structures, and hybrid structures. Load-bearing biological structures such as bones, teeth, shells, and tendons derive their strength from

2989-835: The room within the building or ship (or sometimes a train) support the activity to be conducted in it. Historically, the use of rooms dates at least to early Minoan cultures about 2200 BC, where excavations at Akrotiri on Santorini reveal clearly defined rooms within certain structures. In early structures, the different room types could be identified to include bedrooms , kitchens , bathing rooms , closets , reception rooms, and other specialized uses. The aforementioned Akrotiri excavations reveal rooms sometimes built above other rooms connected by staircases , bathrooms with alabaster appliances such as washbasins, bathing tubs, and toilets, all connected to an elaborate twin plumbing systems of ceramic pipes for cold and hot water separately. Ancient Rome manifested very complex building forms with

3050-481: The same word to mean an external wall and the internal sides of a room, but this is not universal. Many languages distinguish between the two. In German, some of this distinction can be seen between Wand and Mauer , in Spanish between pared and muro . The word wall originally referred to defensive walls and ramparts . The purposes of walls in buildings are to support roofs , floors and ceilings ; to enclose

3111-693: The scrawls of friends until it was replaced by the "timeline" feature. Structure Buildings , aircraft , skeletons , anthills , beaver dams , bridges and salt domes are all examples of load -bearing structures. The results of construction are divided into buildings and non-building structures , and make up the infrastructure of a human society. Built structures are broadly divided by their varying design approaches and standards, into categories including building structures, architectural structures , civil engineering structures and mechanical structures. The effects of loads on physical structures are determined through structural analysis , which

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3172-421: The spread of fire gives occupants more time to escape and fire fighters more time to extinguish the fire. Some fire walls allow fire resistive window assemblies, and are made of non-combustible material such as concrete, cement block, brick, or fire rated drywall. Wall penetrations are sealed with fire resistive materials. A doorway in a firewall must have a rated fire door . Fire walls provide varying resistance to

3233-474: The spread of fire, (e.g., one, two, three or four hours). Firewalls can also act as smoke barriers when constructed vertically from slab to roof deck and horizontally from an exterior wall to exterior wall subdividing a building into sections. Shear walls resist lateral forces such as in an earthquake or severe wind. There are different kinds of shear walls such as the steel plate shear wall . Knee walls are short walls that either support rafters or add height in

3294-473: The structural elements (such as 2×4 studs in a house wall), insulation , and finish elements or surfaces (such as drywall or panelling ). Mass-walls are of a solid material including masonry , concrete including slipform stonemasonry , log building , cordwood construction , adobe , rammed earth , cob , earthbag construction , bottles , tin cans , straw-bale construction , and ice . Walls may or may not be leadbearing. Walls are required to conform to

3355-557: The symmetry of a crystal determines what physical properties, including piezoelectricity and ferromagnetism , the crystal can have. A large part of numerical analysis involves identifying and interpreting the structure of musical works. Structure can be found at the level of part of a work, the entire work, or a group of works. Elements of music such as pitch , duration and timbre combine into small elements like motifs and phrases , and these in turn combine in larger structures. Not all music (for example, that of John Cage ) has

3416-422: The toilet and bath. Types of multi-purpose rooms include the great room , which removes most walls and doors between the kitchen, dining and living rooms, to create one larger, open area. In some places, a lady's boudoir was a combination sleeping room and place to entertain small numbers of friends. In others, the boudoir was an anteroom before her bedroom. An en-suite room is a type of room which includes

3477-404: The top floor rooms of houses. In a 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 -story house, the knee wall supports the half story . Cavity walls are walls made with a space between two "skins" to inhibit heat transfer. Pony wall (or dwarf wall) is a general term for short walls, such as: Demountable walls fall into 3 different main types: A trombe wall in passive solar building design acts as a heat sink . On

3538-476: The work of the household, such as kitchens, pantries , and root cellars , all of which were intended for the preparation and storage of food. A home office or study may be used for household paperwork or external business purposes. Some work rooms are designated by the intended activity: for example, a sewing room is used for sewing , and the laundry room is used for washing and ironing laundry. Other rooms are meant to promote comfort and cleanliness, such as

3599-416: The world, farmers have often pulled large quantities of stone out of their fields to make farming easier and have stacked those stones to make walls that either mark the field boundary, or the property boundary, or both. Retaining walls resist movement of earth, stone, or water. They may be part of a building or external. The ground surface or water on one side of a retaining wall is typically higher than on

3660-412: Was detached from the main part of the house, or later put in the basement, to reduce the risk of fire and keep the heat and smell of cooking away from the main house during the warm months. The toilet, often a simple pit latrine , was put in an outhouse or privy, to keep the smell and insects away from the main house. A variety of room types have been distinguished over time, the main purpose of which

3721-424: Was socializing with other people. In previous centuries, very large homes often featured a great hall . This room was so named because it was very large, regardless of any excellence in it. It was originally a public room and most likely seen in the main home of a noble estate. In this room, people who had business with the local landowner or his household could meet. As the largest room, it could also be used as

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