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130-673: The Warsaw Institute supports policy making decisions by publishing analysis and making practical recommendations. The analysis serves governmental organizations and agencies, NGOs, research institutes, academic society, the media and experts. In addition to publishing, the Warsaw Institute organizes and participates in international conferences, meetings and seminars in Poland and abroad. The Warsaw Institute has participated in joint projects with Heritage Foundation , Századvég Foundation, European Values and SNSPA. Warsaw Institute supports

260-530: A laissez-faire philosophy and free-market fiscal policy. Reagan's taxation policies resembled those instituted by President Calvin Coolidge and Treasury Secretary Andrew Mellon in the 1920s. Reagan's team was also strongly influenced by contemporary economists such as Arthur Laffer , who rejected the then-dominant views of Keynesian economists . Reagan relied on Laffer and other economists to argue that tax cuts would reduce inflation, which went against

390-584: A Fox News panel, the leader of Heritage Action , the foundation's advocacy arm, said, "Donald Trump's a clown. He needs to be out of the race." The following month, in August, a Heritage Foundation economic writer, Stephen Moore , criticized Trump's policy positions, saying, "the problem for Trump is that he’s full of all of these contradictions. He’s kind of a tabula rasa on policy." In December 2015, then Heritage Foundation executive vice president Kim Holmes , opposing Trump's candidacy, criticized Trump as "not

520-605: A U.S. Senator representing South Carolina , announced that he intended to resign from the Senate to head the Heritage Foundation. As Heritage Foundation president, DeMint was paid $ 1 million annually, making him the highest paid think tank president in Washington, D.C. at the time. Some pundits predicted that DeMint would bring a sharper, more politicized edge to the Heritage Foundation. DeMint led changes to

650-455: A Republican) were eager to back some of Reagan's conservative policies. Throughout 1981, Reagan frequently met with members of Congress, focusing especially on winning support from conservative Southern Democrats. Reagan also benefited from a conservative majority in the House during his first two years as president, with an estimated 230 votes during the 97th Congress, although this changed after

780-492: A balanced budget during his time in office. In an effort to lower the national debt, Congress passed the Gramm–Rudman–Hollings Balanced Budget Act , which called for automatic spending cuts if Congress was unable to eliminate deficits through the regular budget-making process. However, Congress found ways around the automatic cuts and deficits continued to rise, ultimately leading to the passage of

910-598: A campaign promise to name the first woman to the Supreme Court. Democrats, who had planned to vigorously oppose Reagan's nominations to the Supreme Court, approved of the nomination of O'Connor. However, the Christian right was astonished and dismayed with O'Connor, who they feared would not overturn the Supreme Court's decision in Roe v. Wade , which had established abortion as protected from government interference via

1040-464: A characterization by Carter of his record regarding Medicare, Reagan replied with a phrase that helped define the election and endure in the political lexicon: " There you go again ." Though the race had been widely regarded as a close contest, Reagan won over the large majority of undecided voters. Reagan took 50.7% of the popular vote and 489 of the 538 electoral votes. Carter won 41% of the popular vote and 49 electoral votes, while Anderson won 6.6% of

1170-746: A conflict of interest, saying that its views on Malaysia changed following the country's cooperation with the U.S. after the September 11 attacks, and the Malaysian government "moving in the right economic and political direction." In March 2010, the Obama administration introduced a health insurance mandate in the Affordable Care Act (ACA), also known as Obamacare. This was an idea the Heritage Foundation initially developed and supported in "Assuring Affordable Health Care for All Americans",

1300-483: A conservative version of the Brookings Institution that advanced conservative policies. In its early years, Coors was the Heritage Foundation's primary funding source. Weyrich was the foundation's first president. Later, under Weyrich's successor, Frank J. Walton, the Heritage Foundation began using direct mail fundraising , which contributed to the growth of its annual income, which reached $ 1 million

1430-448: A conservative." Holmes also criticized Trump supporters, writing that, "they are behaving more like an alienated class of Marxist imagination than as social agents of stability and tradition. They are indeed thinking like revolutionaries, only now their ire is aimed at their progressive masters and the institutions they control," he wrote. Then Heritage president Jim DeMint "praised both Rubio and Cruz , but said that he couldn’t 'make

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1560-420: A controversial Heritage Foundation report on the costs of amnesty for migrants, resigned his position following intensive media scrutiny to his Harvard University Ph.D. thesis, authored four years earlier, in 2009, and comments he made at an American Enterprise Institute forum in 2008. Richwine argued that Hispanics and Blacks are intellectually inferior to Whites and have trouble assimilating because of

1690-500: A few months earlier by China 's Jiangsu State Security Department , a subsidiary the Ministry of State Security spy agency, that accessed security clearance information on millions of federal government employees. The Heritage Foundation released no further information about the September 2015 hacking. In June 2015, Donald Trump announced his candidacy for the 2016 Republican presidential nomination . In July 2015, appearing on

1820-608: A focus of his administration, but he came to support a package of reforms sponsored by Republican Senator Alan Simpson and Democratic Congressman Romano Mazzoli , which he signed into law as the Immigration Reform and Control Act in November 1986. The act made it illegal to knowingly hire or recruit illegal immigrants , required employers to attest to their employees' immigration status, and granted amnesty to approximately three million illegal immigrants who had entered

1950-483: A former general who had served as chief of staff to Richard Nixon , as his first secretary of state. Other major Cabinet appointees included Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger , a former Nixon cabinet official who would preside over an increase in defense spending, and Secretary of the Treasury Donald Regan , a bank executive. Reagan selected David Stockman , a young congressman from Michigan , as

2080-491: A high of nearly 11% in 1982, poverty rate rose from 11.7 percent to 15 percent. The country emerged from recession in 1983, but not all shared equally in the economic recovery, and economic inequality and the number of homeless individuals both increased during the 1980s. Fearful of damaging confidence in the economic recovery, Reagan nominated Volcker to a second term in 1983, and Volcker remained in office until 1987. Inflation dropped to approximately 3.5% in 1985, while

2210-571: A hypothetical Republican administration, at least 66 foundation employees and alumni were hired into the Trump administration. According to Heritage employees involved in developing the database, several hundred people from the Heritage database ultimately received jobs in government agencies, including Betsy DeVos , Mick Mulvaney , Rick Perry , Scott Pruitt , Jeff Sessions , and others who became members of Trump's cabinet. Jim DeMint , president of

2340-464: A larger landslide. Reagan served two terms and was succeeded by his vice president, George H. W. Bush , who won the 1988 presidential election . Reagan's 1980 landslide election resulted from a dramatic conservative shift to the right in American politics, including a loss of confidence in liberal , New Deal , and Great Society programs and priorities that had dominated the national agenda since

2470-481: A law creating new federal judicial positions in 1984, Reagan had appointed nearly half of the federal judiciary by the time he left office in 1989. On March 30, 1981, only 69 days into the new administration, Reagan, his press secretary James Brady , Washington police officer Thomas Delahanty , and Secret Service agent Tim McCarthy were struck by gunfire from would-be assassin John Hinckley Jr. outside

2600-602: A new ballistic missile defense system for the United States. In 1983, Reagan made the development of this new defense system, known as the Strategic Defense Initiative , his top defense priority. By mid-decade, the Heritage Foundation had begun emerging as a key organization in the national conservative movement, publishing influential reports on a broad range of policy issues by prominent conservative thought leaders. In 1986, in recognition of

2730-406: A number of tax breaks. The top rate was dropped to 28%, but capital gains taxes were increased on those with the highest incomes from 20% to 28%. The increase of the lowest tax bracket from 11% to 15% was more than offset by expansion of the personal exemption, standard deduction , and earned income tax credit . The net result was the removal of six million poor Americans from the income tax roll and

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2860-495: A recommendation coming from Heritage'." After Trump secured the Republican nomination and as the 2016 general election approached, the Heritage Foundation began emailing potential political appointees in the event Trump won the general election. "I need to assess your interest in serving as a presidential appointee in an administration that will promote conservative principles," the email said. It asked that questionnaires and

2990-449: A reduction of income tax liability at all income levels. The net effect of Reagan's tax bills was that overall tax burden held steady at roughly 19 percent of gross national product . Reagan prioritized tax cuts over spending cuts, arguing that lower revenue would eventually require lower spending. Nonetheless, Reagan was determined to decrease government spending and roll back or dismantle Great Society programs such as Medicaid and

3120-430: A resume or bio be returned to them by October 26, roughly a week prior to the general election. Following Trump's victory in the 2016 presidential election, the Heritage Foundation obtained influence in his presidential transition and administration . The foundation had a say in the staffing of the administration; CNN reported during the transition that "no other Washington institution has that kind of footprint in

3250-410: A step by the foundation to pare back its partisan edge and restore its reputation as a pioneering think tank. In January 2018, DeMint was succeeded by Kay Coles James as the foundation's president. The same month, Heritage claimed the Trump administration had by then embraced 64%, or nearly 2/3rds, of 334 proposed policies in the foundation's agenda. In February 2021, after Trump lost re-election ,

3380-535: A study the foundation released on October 1, 1989. The mandate proposed in the Heritage Foundation study previously had been incorporated into Massachusetts governor Mitt Romney 's health care plan for Massachusetts in 2006, commonly referred to as Romneycare. The Heritage Foundation opposed the Affordable Care Act. Partly inspired by the model of the Center for American Progress Action Fund on

3510-551: A supposed genetic predisposition to lower IQ . The same year, in 2013, a Heritage Foundation study co-authored by senior fellow Richwine and Robert Rector was widely criticized across the political spectrum for methodology the two used in criticizing immigration reform legislation . Reason magazine and the Cato Institute criticized the report for failing to employ dynamic scoring , which Heritage previously incorporated in analyzing other policy proposals. The study

3640-458: A thorough investigation of the foundation's operations under DeMint found "significant and worsening management issues that led to a breakdown of internal communications and cooperation." "While the organization has seen many successes," the board said, "Jim DeMint and a handful of his closest advisers failed to resolve these problems." DeMint's firing was praised by some, including former U.S. congressman Mickey Edwards (R-OK), who said he saw it as

3770-532: A year in 1976. By 1981, the annual budget grew to $ 5.3 million. The Heritage Foundation advocated for pro-business policies and anti-communism in its early years, but distinguished itself from the American Enterprise Institute (AEI) by also advocating for cultural issues that were important to Christian conservatives " But throughout the 1970s, the Heritage Foundation remained small relative to Brookings and AEI. In January 1981,

3900-514: Is a review of the most important events relating to Russian security. Warsaw Institute experts monitor and analyze the Kremlin 's activities and those of its subordinate services to anticipate their short-term and long-term consequences, not only for Russia, but particularly for neighboring countries and the Western world. The subject of these analyses are both events and phenomena closely related to

4030-486: Is an American conservative think tank based in Washington, D.C. Founded in 1973, it took a leading role in the conservative movement in the 1980s during the presidency of Ronald Reagan , whose policies were taken from Heritage Foundation studies, including its Mandate for Leadership . The Heritage Foundation has had significant influence in U.S. public policy making, and has historically been ranked among

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4160-591: The 1980 Republican presidential primaries . After Bush won the Iowa caucuses, he became Reagan's primary challenger, but Reagan won the New Hampshire primary and most of the following primaries, gaining an insurmountable delegate lead by the end of March 1980. Ford was Reagan's first choice for his running mate, but Reagan backed away from the idea out of the fear of a "co-presidency" in which Ford would exercise an unusual degree of power. Reagan instead chose Bush, and

4290-478: The 1982 congressional elections . Compared to other midterm elections , the losses were relatively small for the party holding the presidency, but conservative Democrats were less open to Reagan's initiatives after 1982. As deficits continued to be an issue, Reagan signed another bill that raised taxes, the Deficit Reduction Act of 1984 . With Donald Regan taking over as Chief of Staff in 1985,

4420-628: The Clinton health care plan , which died in the U.S. Senate the following year, in August 1994. In the 1994 Congressional elections , Republicans took control of the House of Representatives , and Newt Gingrich was elected as the new House Speaker in January 1995, largely based on commitments made in the Contract with America , which was issued six weeks prior to the 1994 elections. The Contract

4550-558: The Firearm Owners Protection Act , which amended the Gun Control Act of 1968 , prohibiting the transfer or possession of machine guns . In 1989, Reagan said "I do not believe in taking away the right of the citizen to own guns for sporting, for hunting and so forth, or for home defense; but I do believe that an AK-47 , a machine gun, is not a sporting weapon or needed for defense of a home." Reagan

4680-727: The MX missile , and the 600-ship Navy . In response to Soviet deployment of the SS-20 , Reagan oversaw NATO 's deployment of the Pershing missile in West Germany. The president also strongly denounced the Soviet Union and Communism in moral terms, describing the Soviet Union as an " evil empire ." Despite this heavy rhetoric, the Reagan administration continued arms control talks with

4810-592: The Office of Economic Opportunity . In August 1981, Reagan signed the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981, which cut federal funding for social programs like food stamps , school lunch programs , and Medicaid. The Comprehensive Employment and Training Act , which had provided for the employment of 300,000 workers in 1980, was also repealed, and the administration tightened eligibility for unemployment benefits . Notably absent from

4940-446: The Office of National Drug Control Policy . Critics charged that Reagan's policies promoted significant racial disparities in the prison population, were ineffective in reducing the availability of drugs or crime on the street, and came at a great financial and human cost for American society. Supporters argued that the numbers for adolescent drug users declined during Reagan's years in office. On May 19, 1986, President Reagan signed

5070-609: The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990 . Reagan took office in the midst of poor economic conditions, as the country experienced stagflation , a phenomenon in which both inflation and unemployment were high. The economy experienced a brief period of growth early in Reagan's first year in office, but plunged into a recession in July 1981. As the recession continued in the first two years of Reagan's presidency, many within Reagan's administration blamed

5200-655: The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act . Following the September 11 attacks in 2001, the Heritage Foundation supported the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq in the war on terror . The Heritage Foundation challenged opposition to the war. They defended the George W. Bush administration 's treatment of suspected terrorists at Guantanamo Bay . The Washington Post wrote in 2005 that

5330-580: The Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization (PATCO), which consisted of federal employees, voted to go on a labor strike in hopes of receiving better pay and benefits. After the vote, Reagan announced that the strikers would be fired if they did not return to work within forty-eight hours. Federal law forbid government employees from striking. After the deadline passed, Reagan fired over 10,000 air traffic controllers, while approximately 40 percent of

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5460-614: The Reagan Era . Even prior to becoming president, Reagan was the leader of a dramatic conservative shift that undercut many of the domestic and foreign policies that had dominated the national agenda for decades. A major factor in the rise of conservatism was the growing distrust of government in the aftermath of the Watergate scandal . While distrust of high officials had been an American characteristic for two centuries, Watergate engendered heightened levels of suspicion and encouraged

5590-736: The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan . Reagan feared that the Soviet Union had gained a military advantage over the United States, and the Reagan administration hoped that heightened military spending would grant the U.S. military superiority and weaken the Soviet economy. Reagan ordered a massive buildup of the United States Armed Forces , directing funding to the B-1 Lancer bomber, the B-2 Spirit bomber , cruise missiles ,

5720-482: The Tax Reform Act of 1986 , simplifying the tax code by reducing rates and removing several tax breaks, and the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 , which enacted sweeping changes to U.S. immigration law and granted amnesty to three million illegal immigrants . Reagan also appointed more federal judges than any other president, including four Supreme Court Justices. Reagan's foreign policy stance

5850-490: The Three Seas Initiative and transatlantic relations. The Warsaw Institute is an independent, non-profit, nonpartisan organization supported by contributions from individuals. The main goals are: The Warsaw Institute is the publisher of "The Warsaw Institute Review" quarterly (ISSN 2543-9839). It presents a broad spectrum of topics concerning Poland, among the most populous East-Central European states, in

5980-501: The U.S. Capitol , though it continued cooperating with the foundation through "regular joint events and briefings". In September 2015, the Heritage Foundation announced that it had been targeted by hackers , which resulted in donors' information being taken. The Hill , a Washington, D.C.-based newspaper covering politics, compared the hacking to the cyberattack against the United States Office of Personnel Management

6110-651: The Washington Hilton Hotel . Although Reagan was initially reported to be "close to death" upon arrival at George Washington University Hospital , he underwent surgery and recovered quickly from a broken rib, a punctured lung, and internal bleeding . Reagan was released from the hospital on April 11, becoming the first serving president to survive being wounded in an assassination attempt. The failed assassination attempt had great influence on Reagan's popularity; polls indicated his approval rating to be around 73%. Many pundits and journalists later described

6240-514: The White House , and several of its authors went on to take positions in the Reagan administration. Ronald Reagan liked the ideas so much that he gave a copy to each member of his cabinet to review. Among the 2,000 Heritage proposals, approximately 60% of them were implemented or initiated by the end of Reagan's first year in office. Reagan later called the Heritage Foundation a "vital force" during his presidency. The Heritage Foundation

6370-457: The early 1980s recession , which cut into federal revenue. Unable to win further domestic spending cuts, and pressured to address the deficit, Reagan was forced to raise taxes after 1981. Nonetheless, the national debt more than tripled between fiscal year 1980 and fiscal year 1989, going from $ 914 billion to $ 2.7 trillion, while national debt as a percentage of GDP rose from 33 percent in 1981 to 53 percent in 1989. Reagan never submitted

6500-561: The government's intelligence community ; mandated rules for spying on United States citizens, permanent residents, and on anyone within the United States; and also directed the Attorney General and others to create further policies and procedures for what information intelligence agencies can collect, retain, and share. Reagan escalated the Cold War, accelerating a reversal from the policy of détente which had begun in 1979 after

6630-612: The " Just Say No " drug awareness campaign. Concerns about drug use prompted Congress to pass legislation such as the Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984 and the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986 , the latter of which granted $ 1.7 billion to fight drugs and established a mandatory minimum penalties for drug offenses. Reagan also signed the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988 , which further increased criminal penalties for drug use and established

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6760-481: The " War on Drugs ". He promised a "planned, concerted campaign" against all drugs, in hopes of decreasing drug use, particularly among adolescents. The " crack epidemic ," which saw a large number of individuals become addicted to crack cocaine and may have played a role in numerous murders, emerged as a major area of public concern. First Lady Nancy Reagan made the War on Drugs her main cause as First Lady, founding

6890-433: The 1930s. Domestically, the Reagan administration enacted a major tax cut , sought to cut non-military spending, and eliminated federal regulations. The administration's economic policies, known as " Reaganomics ", were inspired by supply-side economics . The combination of tax cuts and an increase in defense spending led to budget deficits, and the federal debt increased significantly during Reagan's tenure. Reagan signed

7020-456: The 1960s. In 1995, the Heritage Foundation published its first Index of Economic Freedom , an annual publication that assesses the state of economic freedom in every country in the world; two years later, in 1997, The Wall Street Journal joined the project as a co-manager and co-author of the annual publication. In 1996, Clinton aligned some of his welfare reforms with the Heritage Foundation's recommendations, incorporating them into

7150-478: The 1980s is the worst public scandal in American history...Measuring by money, [or] by the misallocation of national resources...the S&;L outrage makes Teapot Dome and Credit Mobilier seem minor episodes." The 1980s saw the highest rate of immigration to the United States since the 1910s, and the proportion of the foreign-born population reached its highest level since the 1940s. Reagan did not make immigration

7280-527: The 1980s, The Wall Street Journal later reported, "the Soviet leader offered a complaint: Reagan was influenced by the Heritage Foundation, Washington’s conservative think tank. The outfit lent intellectual energy to the Gipper’s agenda, including the Reagan Doctrine—the idea that America should support insurgents resisting communist domination." The Heritage Foundation also supported the development of

7410-408: The 1981 tax bill. By 1983, the amount of federal tax had fallen for all or almost all American taxpayers, but most strongly affected the wealthy; the proportion of income paid in taxes by the richest one percent fell from 29.8 percent to 24.8 percent. Partly due to the poor economy, Reagan's legislative momentum dissipated after his first year in office, and his party lost several seats in the House in

7540-426: The 1983 Greyhound bus driver strike, and the 1985–86 Hormel strike , ended with dismissal of the strikers. With the assent of Reagan's sympathetic National Labor Relations Board appointees, many companies also won wage and benefit cutbacks from unions, especially in the manufacturing sector. During Reagan's time in office, the share of employees who were part of a labor union dropped from approximately one-fourth of

7670-605: The 2024 election. The Heritage Foundation was founded on February 16, 1973, during the Nixon administration by Paul Weyrich , Edwin Feulner , and Joseph Coors . Growing out of the new business activist movement inspired by the Powell Memorandum , discontent with Richard Nixon 's embrace of the liberal consensus , and the nonpolemical, cautious nature of existing think tanks, Weyrich and Feulner sought to create

7800-454: The Bush administration agreed with six of the ten budget reform proposals the Heritage Foundation proposed in its Mandate for Leadership III book, which the administration included in its 1990 budget proposal. The Heritage Foundation continued to grow throughout the 1990s. The foundation's flagship journal, Policy Review , reached a circulation of 23,000. In 1993, Heritage was an opponent of

7930-745: The Constitution. O'Connor served on the Supreme Court until 2006, and was generally considered to be a centrist conservative. In 1986, Reagan elevated Associate Justice William Rehnquist to the position of Chief Justice of the United States after Warren Burger chose to retire. Rehnquist, a member of the conservative wing of the Court, was the third sitting associate justice to be elevated to chief justice, after Edward Douglass White and Harlan F. Stone . Reagan successfully nominated Antonin Scalia to fill Rehnquist's position as an associate justice of

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8060-479: The Democratic gains in the 1982 election, with House control switching to liberals within the Democratic caucus. In July 1981, the Senate voted 89–11 in favor of the tax cut bill favored by Reagan, and the House subsequently approved the bill in a 238–195 vote. The Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 cut the top marginal tax rate from 70% to 50%, lowered the capital gains tax from 28% to 20%, more than tripled

8190-536: The Director of the Office of Management and Budget . CIA director William J. Casey emerged as an important figure in the administration, as the CIA would figure prominently into Reagan's Cold War initiatives. Reagan downgraded the importance of the national security advisor , and six different individuals held that position during Reagan's presidency. Haig left the cabinet in 1982 after clashing with other members of

8320-506: The Heritage Foundation from 2013 to 2017, personally intervened on behalf of Mulvaney, who was appointed to head the Office of Management and Budget and the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau , and later served as Trump's acting White House Chief of Staff . In May 2017, the foundation's board of trustees voted unanimously to terminate DeMint as its president. In a public statement, the board said that

8450-416: The Heritage Foundation hired three former Trump administration officials, Ken Cuccinelli , Mark A. Morgan , and Chad Wolf , who held various roles in immigration-related functions in the Trump administration. Cuccinelli and Wolf authored several publications in 2021 before leaving the foundation. Presidency of Ronald Reagan [REDACTED] Ronald Reagan 's tenure as the 40th president of

8580-408: The Heritage Foundation published Mandate for Leadership , a comprehensive report aimed at reducing the size of the federal government . It provided public policy guidance to the incoming Reagan administration , and included over 2,000 specific policy recommendations on how the Reagan administration could utilize the federal government to advance conservative policies. The report was well received by

8710-555: The Heritage Foundation softened its criticism of the Malaysian government after Heritage Foundation president Edwin Feulner initiated a business relationship with Malaysian prime minister Mahathir Mohamad . "Heritage's new, pro-Malaysian outlook emerged at the same time a Hong Kong consulting firm co-founded by Edwin J. Feulner, Heritage's president, began representing Malaysian business interests" through his relationship with Belle Haven Consultants . The Heritage Foundation denied

8840-484: The Heritage Foundation's fast-growing influence, Time magazine labeled the Heritage Foundation "the foremost of the new breed of advocacy tanks". During the Reagan and subsequent George H. W. Bush administrations , the Heritage Foundation served as the brain trust on foreign policy to both administrations. The Heritage Foundation remained an influential voice on domestic and foreign policy issues during President George H. W. Bush 's administration . In 1990 and 1991,

8970-646: The Interior James G. Watt implemented policies designed to open up federal territories to oil drilling and surface mining . Under EPA Director Anne Gorsuch , the EPA's budget was dramatically reduced and the EPA loosely enforced environmental regulations. After the passage of the Garn–St. Germain Depository Institutions Act, savings and loans associations engaged in riskier activities, and

9100-473: The Reagan administration made simplification of the tax code the central focus of its second term domestic agenda. Working with Speaker of the House Tip O'Neill , a Democrat who also favored tax reform, Reagan overcame significant opposition from members of Congress in both parties to pass the Tax Reform Act of 1986 . The act simplified the tax code by reducing the number of tax brackets to four and slashing

9230-544: The Reagan administration, and was replaced by another former Nixon administration official, George P. Shultz . By 1982, National Security Advisor William P. Clark Jr. , Ambassador to the United Nations Jeane Kirkpatrick , and CIA Director Casey had established themselves as the major figures in the formulation of the administration's foreign policy. Shultz eventually emerged as the administration's most influential foreign policy figure, moving

9360-470: The Reagan-Bush ticket was nominated at the 1980 Republican National Convention . Meanwhile, Carter won the Democratic nomination, defeating a primary challenge by Senator Ted Kennedy . Polls taken after the party conventions showed a tied race between Reagan and Carter, while independent candidate John B. Anderson had the support of many moderates. The 1980 general campaign between Reagan and Carter

9490-481: The Social Security disability rolls. Reagan's inability to implement major cuts to Social Security solidified its status as the " third rail " of U.S. politics, and future administrations would be reluctant to propose cuts to the popular program. As Reagan was unwilling to match his tax cuts with cuts to defense spending or Social Security, rising deficits became an issue. These deficits were exacerbated by

9620-488: The Supreme Court from reviewing state and local laws mandating school prayer , but Republican senators like Lowell Weicker and Barry Goldwater blocked passage of Helms' bill. Reagan campaigned vigorously to restore organized prayer to the schools, first as a moment of prayer and later as a moment of silence. His election reflected an opposition to Engel v. Vitale , which prohibited state officials from composing an official state prayer and requiring that it be recited in

9750-542: The Supreme Court ruling still banned a moment of silence for public schools, and said that efforts to reinstitute prayer in public schools were "an uphill battle". In 1987, he renewed his call for Congress to support voluntary prayer in schools. In 1982, Reagan signed a bill extending the Voting Rights Act for 25 years after a grass-roots lobbying and legislative campaign forced him to abandon his plan to ease that law's restrictions. He also reluctantly accepted

9880-704: The Supreme Court. Scalia became a member of the Court's conservative wing. Reagan faced greater difficulties in filling the final Supreme Court vacancy, which arose due to the retirement of Lewis F. Powell Jr. Reagan nominated Robert Bork in July 1987, but the nomination was rejected by the Senate in October 1987. Later that month, Reagan announced the nomination of Douglas H. Ginsburg , but Ginsburg withdrew from consideration in November 1987. Finally, Reagan nominated Anthony Kennedy , who won Senate confirmation in February 1988. Along with O'Connor, Kennedy served as

10010-469: The United States began with his first inauguration on January 20, 1981, and ended on January 20, 1989. Reagan, a Republican from California , took office following his landslide victory over Democrat incumbent president Jimmy Carter and independent congressman John B. Anderson in the 1980 presidential election . Four years later, in the 1984 presidential election , he defeated former Democratic vice president Walter Mondale , to win re-election in

10140-486: The United States before January 1, 1982, and had lived in the country continuously. The bill was also contained provisions designed to enhance security measures at the Mexico–United States border . Upon signing the act at a ceremony held beside the newly refurbished Statue of Liberty , Reagan said, "The legalization provisions in this act will go far to improve the lives of a class of individuals who now must hide in

10270-515: The administration in the wake of the Iran–Contra affair and Republican losses in the 1986 mid-term elections . Regan was replaced by former Senate Majority Leader Howard Baker . Reagan made four successful appointments to the Supreme Court during his eight years in office. In 1981, he successfully nominated Sandra Day O'Connor to succeed Associate Justice Potter Stewart , fulfilling

10400-457: The administration towards a less confrontational policy with the Soviet Union. Baker and Treasury Secretary Regan switched positions at the beginning of Reagan's second term. Regan centralized power within his office, and he took on the responsibilities that had been held by Baker, Deaver, and Meese, the latter of whom succeeded William French Smith as attorney general in 1985. Regan frequently clashed with First Lady Nancy Reagan , and he left

10530-564: The amount of inherited money exempt from the estate tax , and cut the corporate tax . Reagan's success in passing a major tax bill and cutting the federal budget was hailed as the "Reagan Revolution" by some reporters; one columnist wrote that the Reagan's legislative success represented the "most formidable domestic initiative any president has driven through since the Hundred Days of Franklin Roosevelt ." Faced with concerns about

10660-537: The argument that whites had to vote Democratic to protect segregation in the South. Responding to these various trends, Reagan and other conservatives successfully presented conservative ideas as an alternative to a public that had grown disillusioned with New Deal liberalism and the Democratic Party. Reagan's charisma and speaking skills helped him frame conservatism as an optimistic, forward-looking vision for

10790-554: The broadcasting industry, eliminating the Fairness Doctrine and other restrictions. The 1982 Garn–St. Germain Depository Institutions Act deregulated savings and loan associations and allowed banks to provide adjustable-rate mortgages . Reagan also eliminated numerous government positions and dismissed numerous federal employees, including the entire staff of the Employment and Training Administration . Secretary of

10920-667: The budget cuts was the Department of Defense , which saw its budget bolstered. Reagan experienced several legislative successes in his first year in office, but his attempts to cut federal domestic spending after 1981 met increasing congressional resistance. Spending on programs like Supplemental Security Income , Medicaid, the earned income tax credit , and Aid to Families with Dependent Children all increased after 1982. The number of federal civilian employees rose during Reagan's tenure, from 2.9 million to 3.1 million. Reagan's policy of New Federalism , which sought to shift

11050-444: The cities to the suburbs led to the creation of a new group of voters less attached to New Deal economic policies and machine politics . Meanwhile, it became socially acceptable for conservative Southern whites, especially well-educated suburbanites, to vote Republican. Though the civil rights legislation of the 1960s had been a triumphal issue for liberalism and had created a new, pro-Democratic black electorate, it had also destroyed

11180-623: The continuation of affirmative action programs and the establishment of Martin Luther King Jr. Day as a federal holiday . The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission and the Justice Department both prosecuted far fewer civil rights cases per year than they had under Carter. In 1988, Reagan vetoed the Civil Rights Restoration Act , but his veto was overridden by Congress. Reagan had argued that

11310-573: The conviction or resignation of several administration officials. During Reagan's second term, he sought closer relations with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev , and the two leaders signed a major arms control agreement known as the INF Treaty . Historians and political scientists generally rank Reagan in the upper tier of American presidents, and consider him to be one of the most important presidents since Franklin D. Roosevelt . Supporters of Reagan's presidency have pointed to his contributions to

11440-492: The country. Reagan, who had served as Governor of California from 1967 to 1975, narrowly lost the 1976 Republican presidential primaries to incumbent President Gerald Ford . With the defeat of Ford by Democrat Jimmy Carter in the 1976 election , Reagan immediately became the front-runner for the 1980 Republican presidential nomination. A darling of the conservative movement, Reagan faced more moderate Republicans such as George H. W. Bush , Howard Baker , and Bob Dole in

11570-506: The deficit. Reagan made passage of the Kemp–Roth bill his top domestic priority upon taking office. As Democrats controlled the House of Representatives, passage of any bill would require the support of some House Democrats in addition to the support of congressional Republicans. Reagan's victory in the 1980 presidential campaign had united Republicans around his leadership, while conservative Democrats like Phil Gramm of Texas (who later became

11700-436: The economic recovery of the 1980s, the peaceful end of the Cold War, and a broader restoration of American confidence. However, Reagan's presidency has received criticism from some Democrats for rising budget deficits and wealth inequality during and after his presidency. Due to Reagan's popularity with the public and advocacy of American conservatism , some historians have described the period during and after his presidency as

11830-559: The end of the Vietnam War . The administration also created controversy by granting aid to paramilitary forces seeking to overthrow leftist governments, particularly in war-torn Central America and Afghanistan . Specifically, the Reagan administration engaged in covert arms sales to Iran to fund Contra rebels in Nicaragua that were fighting to overthrow their nation's socialist government. The resulting Iran–Contra affair led to

11960-576: The environment. His main goal was to lessen the burden of regulation on businesses to promote more economic activity in the United States. Because of this policy, Reagan refused to renew the Clean Air Act during his administration. Reagan lessened existing regulations on pollution, cut funding to government environmental agencies, and appointed known anti-environmentalist individuals to key positions presiding over these organizations. When Reagan took office in 1981, he "attempted to reduce" money that

12090-504: The failed assassination as a critical moment in Reagan's presidency, as his newfound popularity provided critical momentum in passing his domestic agenda. Reagan used his White House staff to shape major domestic policies. His Chief of Staff made heavy use of the Office of Policy Development in supervising cabinet action on the Reagan initiatives. Reagan implemented neoliberal economic policies based on supply-side economics , advocating

12220-531: The form of analytical articles on political, legal, economic, social, historical and institutional issues. The authors of the articles in The Warsaw Institute Review are, on the one hand, analysts and experts, and on the other hand, people who bear an active and practical influence on Poland's political, economic, and cultural life. Warsaw Institute runs 6 regular online programs presenting experts' analysis on current issues. Russia Monitor

12350-401: The foundation was a leading proponent of Operation Desert Storm designed to liberate Kuwait following Saddam Hussein 's invasion and occupation of Kuwait in August 1990. According to Baltimore Sun Washington bureau chief Frank Starr, the Heritage Foundation's studies "laid much of the groundwork for Bush administration thinking" about post- Soviet foreign policy. In domestic policy,

12480-417: The historical process that the foundation had utilized for publishing policy papers under which policy experts authored policy papers that were then reviewed by senior departmental staff. Under DeMint, however, his team heavily edited policy papers and sometimes shelved them entirely. In response to DeMint's new practice, several scholars at the foundation quit. In May 2013, Jason Richwine , who co-authored

12610-696: The identification and creation of methods for combating organised disinformation . Within the project there was a special issue of "The Warsaw Institute Review" quarterly issued. It reported on the topic of organized, planned disinformation in the region of Central East Europe and Eastern Europe with focus on V4 countries, Ukraine and Baltic states. The Heritage Foundation Defunct Newspapers Journals TV channels Websites Other Economics Gun rights Identity politics Nativist Religion Watchdog groups Youth/student groups Miscellaneous Other The Heritage Foundation (sometimes referred to simply as " Heritage " )

12740-652: The internal situation in Russia , as well as its foreign policy. Experts focus on Russian politics behind-the-scenes, changes in security forces and special forces, and the conditions surrounding offensive activities, including military operations. Publications in this program are available online on the website and mobile app. Regular analysis published in a booklet form concerning current international issues written by associates and non-resident fellows. Ukraine Monitor aims to present current situation in Ukraine and to monitor

12870-431: The key White House staffers early in Reagan's presidency. Baker quickly established himself as the most powerful member of the troika and the overseer of day-to-day operations, while Meese had nominal leadership of policy development and Deaver orchestrated Reagan's public appearances. Aside from the troika, other important White House staffers included Richard Darman and David Gergen . Reagan chose Alexander Haig ,

13000-491: The key swing vote on the Supreme Court in the decades after Reagan left office. Reagan appointed a combined total of 368 judges to the United States courts of appeals and the United States district courts , more than any other president . The vast majority of his judicial appointees were conservative, and many of the appointees were affiliated with the conservative Federalist Society . Partly because Congress passed

13130-521: The leaders of some institutions embezzled funds. In what became known as the Savings and loan crisis , a total of 747 financial institutions failed and needed to be rescued with $ 160 billion in taxpayer dollars. As an indication of this scandal's size, Martin Mayer wrote at the time, "The theft from the taxpayer by the community that fattened on the growth of the savings and loan (S&L) industry in

13260-484: The legislation infringed on states' rights and the rights of churches and business owners. No civil rights legislation for gay individuals passed during Reagan's tenure. Many in the Reagan administration, including Communications Director Pat Buchanan , were hostile to the gay community, as were many religious leaders who were important allies to the administration. Gay rights and the growing HIV/AIDS emerged as an important matter of public concern in 1985 after it

13390-570: The media to engage in a vigorous search for scandals. An unexpected new factor was the emergence of the religious right as a cohesive political force that gave strong support to conservatism. Other factors in the rise of the conservative movement were the emergence of a " culture war " as a triangular battle among conservatives, traditional liberals, and the New Left , involving such issues as individual freedom, divorce, sexual freedom, abortion, and homosexuality. A mass movement of population from

13520-518: The most influential public policy organizations in the United States . In 2010, it founded a sister organization, Heritage Action , an influential activist force in conservative and Republican politics. Heritage leads the 2025 Presidential Transition Project, also known as Project 2025 , an extensive plan to consolidate presidential control over the executive branch of government to accomplish its policy goals. The New York Times reported The Heritage Foundation spread some false information about

13650-472: The mounting federal debt, Reagan agreed to raise taxes, signing the Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982 (TEFRA). Many of Reagan's conservative supporters condemned TEFRA, but Reagan argued that his administration would be unable to win further budget cuts without the tax hike. Among other provisions, TEFRA doubled the federal cigarette tax and rescinded a portion of the corporate tax cuts from

13780-546: The policies of Paul Volcker , the Chair of the Federal Reserve . But Reagan himself never criticized Volcker. Volcker sought to fight inflation by pursuing a policy of "tight money" in which interest rates were set at a high level. High interest rates would restrict lending and investment, which would in turn lower inflation, raise unemployment and, at least in the short term, reduce economic growth. Unemployment reached

13910-508: The popular vote. In the concurrent congressional elections , Republicans took control of the Senate for the first time since the 1950s, while Democrats retained control of the House of Representatives . Reagan tapped James Baker , who had run Bush's 1980 campaign, as his first chief of staff . Baker, Deputy Chief of Staff Michael Deaver , and Counselor Edwin Meese formed the "troika,"

14040-409: The president's national security team pressed for more surveillance power early during Reagan's first term. Their recommendations were based upon the premise that the federal government's intelligence and counterintelligence capabilities had been weakened by presidents Carter and Ford. On December 4, 1981, Reagan signed Executive Order 12333 . This presidential directive broadened the power of

14170-428: The prevailing Keynesian view. Supply-side advocates also asserted that cutting taxes would ultimately lead to higher government revenue due to economic growth, a proposition that was challenged by many economists. Republican Congressman Jack Kemp and Republican Senator William Roth had nearly won passage of a major tax cut during Carter's presidency, but Carter had prevented passage of the bill due to concerns about

14300-510: The program, but recommended expanding the Social Security base (by including exempt federal and nonprofit employees), raising Social Security taxes, and reducing some payments. These recommendations were enacted in the Social Security Amendments of 1983 , which received bipartisan support. While Reagan avoided cuts to Social Security and Medicare for most individuals, his administration attempted to purge many people from

14430-491: The progressive side, in April 2010, Heritage Action launched as a sister 501(c)4 organization to expand Heritage's reach. The new group quickly became influential. In July 2011, the Heritage Foundation released a study on poverty in the United States . The study was criticized by The New Republic , The Nation , the Center for American Progress , and The Washington Post . In December 2012, Jim DeMint , then

14560-426: The public schools. In 1981, he proposed a constitutional amendment on school prayer , which stated: "Nothing in this Constitution shall be construed to prohibit individual or group prayer in public schools or other public institutions. No person shall be required by the United States or by any state to participate in prayer." In 1984, he again raised the issue to Congress. In 1985, he expressed his disappointment that

14690-414: The race on Carter's handling of the economy. Mired with an approval rating in the low 30s, Carter also waged a negative campaign, focusing on the supposed risk of war if Reagan took office. Reagan and Carter met in one presidential debate, held just one week before election day. Reagan delivered an effective performance, asking voters, "Are you better off today than you were four years ago?" In response to

14820-614: The region. Romania Monitor is an analytical program that explains the main course of political, economical and social developments in Romania and Moldova it aims to predict possible changes and threats. Because of strategic importance of Romania as a border country of both the EU and the NATO Warsaw Institute experts monitor recent news concerning security and energy. This program involves carrying out professional analyses on

14950-558: The responsibility for most social programs to state governments, found little support in Congress. In 1981, OMB Director David Stockman won Reagan's approval to seek cuts to Social Security in 1981, but this plan was poorly-received in Congress. In 1982, Reagan established the bipartisan National Commission on Social Security Reform to make recommendations to secure the long-term integrity of Social Security. The commission rejected Social Security privatization and other major changes to

15080-468: The shadows, without access to many of the benefits of a free and open society. Very soon many of these men and women will be able to step into the sunlight and, ultimately, if they choose, they may become Americans." The bill was largely unsuccessful at halting illegal immigration, and the population of illegal immigrants rose from 5 million in 1986 to 11.1 million in 2013. Not long after being sworn into office, Reagan declared more militant policies in

15210-527: The threats resulting from the tense international situation near its borders. This program despite providing information on recent issues concerning politics, social and economic issues explains their impact on the rapprochement with Europe. Baltic Rim Monitor is the analysis of current problems in the Baltic Sea basin in the context of economy, military, and social issues. It is also aimed to observe Nordic-Baltic cooperation and monitor Russian activity in

15340-419: The total workforce to approximately one-sixth of the total workforce. Reagan sought to loosen federal regulation of economic activities, and he appointed key officials who shared this agenda. According to historian William Leuchtenburg , by 1986, the Reagan administration eliminated almost half of the federal regulations that had existed in 1981. The Federal Communications Commission aggressively deregulated

15470-482: The transition." One reason for the Heritage Foundation's disproportionate influence relative to other conservative think tanks, CNN reported, was that other conservative think tanks had " Never Trump " staff during the 2016 presidential election , while the Heritage Foundation ultimately signaled that it would be supportive of him. Drawing from a database that the Heritage Foundation began building in 2014 of approximately 3,000 conservatives who they trusted to serve in

15600-488: The unemployment rate fell to about 5% in 1988. In 1987, Reagan appointed conservative economist Alan Greenspan to succeed Volcker, and Greenspan would lead the Federal Reserve until 2006. Greenspan raised interest rates in another attempt to curb inflation, setting off a stock market crash in October 1987 known as " Black Monday ", but the markets stabilized and recovered in the following weeks. In August 1981,

15730-511: The union members returned to work. Reagan's handling of the strike was strongly criticized by union leaders, but it won the approval of his conservative base of voters and others in the public. The breaking of the PATCO strike demoralized organized labor, and the number of strikes fell dramatically in the 1980s. Many of the strikes that did occur, including the Arizona copper mine strike of 1983 ,

15860-652: The use of condoms, Reagan rejected Koop's proposals in favor of abstinence-only sex education . By 1989, approximately 60,000 Americans had died of AIDS, and liberals strongly criticized Reagan's response to the HIV/AIDS crisis. On the 1980 campaign trail, Reagan spoke of the gay rights movement: My criticism is that [the gay movement] isn't just asking for civil rights; it's asking for recognition and acceptance of an alternative lifestyle which I do not believe society can condone, nor can I. Reagan's strong preferences for limited federal involvement and deregulation extended to

15990-467: Was a pact of principles that directly challenged the political status quo in Washington, D.C. and many of the ideas at the heart of the Clinton administration . The Heritage Foundation also became engaged in the culture wars , publishing The Index of Leading Cultural Indicators by William Bennett in 1994. The Index documented how crime, illegitimacy, divorce, teenage suicide, drug use, and fourteen other social indicators had worsened measurably since

16120-511: Was also criticized because of Richwine's 2009 doctoral dissertation that concluded that immigrants' IQs should be considered when crafting public policy. In July 2013, following disputes with the Heritage Foundation over the farm bill , the Republican Study Committee , which then included 172 conservative U.S. House members, reversed a decades-old tradition and barred Heritage employees from attending its weekly meeting in

16250-463: Was conducted amid a multitude of domestic concerns and the ongoing Iran hostage crisis . After winning the Republican nomination, Reagan pivoted to the center. Though he continued to champion a major tax cut, Reagan backed off of his support for free trade and the privatization of Social Security , and promised to consider arms control treaties with the Soviet Union . He instead sought to focus

16380-514: Was directed towards studying the burgeoning field of global warming and human-driven climate change. In the early 1980s, the study of the intersection between human activity and climate change was still in its infancy and scientists were far from a consensus on the topic. In 1987, the Reagan administration signed the Montreal Protocol in an effort to reduce emissions that damage the ozone layer . Citing national security concerns,

16510-408: Was disclosed that actor Rock Hudson , a personal friend of President Reagan, was receiving treatment for AIDS. As public anxiety over AIDS rose, the Supreme Court upheld a state law that criminalized homosexuality in the case of Bowers v. Hardwick . Though Surgeon General C. Everett Koop advocated for a public health campaign designed to reduce the spread of AIDS by raising awareness and promoting

16640-608: Was influential in developing and advancing the Reagan Doctrine , a key Reagan administration foreign policy initiative under which the U.S. began providing military and other support to anti-communist resistance movements fighting Soviet -aligned governments in Afghanistan , Angola , Cambodia , Nicaragua , and other nations during the final years of the Cold War . When Reagan met with Mikhail Gorbachev in Moscow in

16770-419: Was largely unable to enact his ambitious social policy agenda, which included a federal ban on abortions and an end to desegregation busing . Despite the lack of major social policy legislation, Reagan was able to influence social policy through regulations and the appointment of conservative Supreme Court Justices. With Reagan's support, conservative Republican Senator Jesse Helms led an effort to prevent

16900-451: Was resolutely anti-communist . Its plan of action, known as the Reagan Doctrine , sought to roll back the global influence of the Soviet Union in an attempt to end the Cold War. Under his doctrine, the Reagan administration initiated a massive buildup of the United States military; promoted new technologies such as missile defense systems; and, in 1983, undertook an invasion of Grenada , the first major overseas action by U.S. troops since

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