Misplaced Pages

#979020

81-653: WebSocket is distinct from HTTP used to serve most webpages. Although they are different, RFC   6455 states that WebSocket "is designed to work over HTTP ports 443 and 80 as well as to support HTTP proxies and intermediaries", thus making it compatible with HTTP. To achieve compatibility, the WebSocket handshake uses the HTTP Upgrade header to change from the HTTP protocol to the WebSocket protocol. The WebSocket protocol enables full-duplex interaction between

162-409: A web browser (or other client application) and a web server with lower overhead than half-duplex alternatives such as HTTP polling , facilitating real-time data transfer from and to the server. This is made possible by providing a standardized way for the server to send content to the client without being first requested by the client, and allowing messages to be passed back and forth while keeping

243-439: A batch of RFCs was published, deprecating many of the previous documents and introducing a few minor changes and a refactoring of HTTP semantics description into a separate document. HTTP is a stateless application-level protocol and it requires a reliable network transport connection to exchange data between client and server. In HTTP implementations, TCP/IP connections are used using well-known ports (typically port 80 if

324-439: A batch of RFCs was published, deprecating many of the previous documents and introducing a few minor changes and a refactoring of HTTP semantics description into a separate document. HTTP is a stateless application-level protocol and it requires a reliable network transport connection to exchange data between client and server. In HTTP implementations, TCP/IP connections are used using well-known ports (typically port 80 if

405-493: A client user interface called web browser . Berners-Lee designed HTTP in order to help with the adoption of his other idea: the "WorldWideWeb" project, which was first proposed in 1989, now known as the World Wide Web . The first web server went live in 1990. The protocol used had only one method, namely GET, which would request a page from a server. The response from the server was always an HTML page. In 1991,

486-430: A client user interface called web browser . Berners-Lee designed HTTP in order to help with the adoption of his other idea: the "WorldWideWeb" project, which was first proposed in 1989, now known as the World Wide Web . The first web server went live in 1990. The protocol used had only one method, namely GET, which would request a page from a server. The response from the server was always an HTML page. In 1991,

567-474: A client failing to properly encode the request-target. Since 2016 many product managers and developers of user agents (browsers, etc.) and web servers have begun planning to gradually deprecate and dismiss support for HTTP/0.9 protocol, mainly for the following reasons: In 2020, the first drafts HTTP/3 were published and major web browsers and web servers started to adopt it. On 6 June 2022, IETF standardized HTTP/3 as RFC   9114 . In June 2022,

648-474: A client failing to properly encode the request-target. Since 2016 many product managers and developers of user agents (browsers, etc.) and web servers have begun planning to gradually deprecate and dismiss support for HTTP/0.9 protocol, mainly for the following reasons: In 2020, the first drafts HTTP/3 were published and major web browsers and web servers started to adopt it. On 6 June 2022, IETF standardized HTTP/3 as RFC   9114 . In June 2022,

729-445: A computer hosting one or more websites may be the server . The client submits an HTTP request message to the server. The server, which provides resources such as HTML files and other content or performs other functions on behalf of the client, returns a response message to the client. The response contains completion status information about the request and may also contain requested content in its message body. A web browser

810-421: A far future version of HTTP called HTTP-NG (HTTP Next Generation) that would have solved all remaining problems, of previous versions, related to performances, low latency responses, etc. but this work started only a few years later and it was never completed. In May 1996, RFC   1945 was published as a final HTTP/1.0 revision of what had been used in previous 4 years as a pre-standard HTTP/1.0-draft which

891-421: A far future version of HTTP called HTTP-NG (HTTP Next Generation) that would have solved all remaining problems, of previous versions, related to performances, low latency responses, etc. but this work started only a few years later and it was never completed. In May 1996, RFC   1945 was published as a final HTTP/1.0 revision of what had been used in previous 4 years as a pre-standard HTTP/1.0-draft which

SECTION 10

#1732775635980

972-671: A few years later in a coordinated effort by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), with work later moving to the IETF. HTTP/1 was finalized and fully documented (as version 1.0) in 1996. It evolved (as version 1.1) in 1997 and then its specifications were updated in 1999, 2014, and 2022. Its secure variant named HTTPS is used by more than 85% of websites. HTTP/2 , published in 2015, provides

1053-485: A globally routable address, by relaying messages with external servers. To allow intermediate HTTP nodes (proxy servers, web caches, etc.) to accomplish their functions, some of the HTTP headers (found in HTTP requests/responses) are managed hop-by-hop whereas other HTTP headers are managed end-to-end (managed only by the source client and by the target web server). HTTP is an application layer protocol designed within

1134-435: A globally routable address, by relaying messages with external servers. To allow intermediate HTTP nodes (proxy servers, web caches, etc.) to accomplish their functions, some of the HTTP headers (found in HTTP requests/responses) are managed hop-by-hop whereas other HTTP headers are managed end-to-end (managed only by the source client and by the target web server). HTTP is an application layer protocol designed within

1215-538: A message. Similar two-way browser–server communications have been achieved in non-standardized ways using stopgap technologies such as Comet or Adobe Flash Player . Most browsers support the protocol, including Google Chrome , Firefox , Microsoft Edge , Internet Explorer , Safari and Opera . The WebSocket protocol specification defines ws (WebSocket) and wss (WebSocket Secure) as two new uniform resource identifier (URI) schemes that are used for unencrypted and encrypted connections respectively. Apart from

1296-421: A more efficient expression of HTTP's semantics "on the wire". As of August 2024, it is supported by 66.2% of websites (35.3% HTTP/2 + 30.9% HTTP/3 with backwards compatibility) and supported by almost all web browsers (over 98% of users). It is also supported by major web servers over Transport Layer Security (TLS) using an Application-Layer Protocol Negotiation (ALPN) extension where TLS 1.2 or newer

1377-464: A persistent tunnel. While the WebSocket protocol itself is unaware of proxy servers and firewalls, it features an HTTP-compatible handshake, thus allowing HTTP servers to share their default HTTP and HTTPS ports (80 and 443 respectively) with a WebSocket gateway or server. The WebSocket protocol defines a ws:// and wss:// prefix to indicate a WebSocket and a WebSocket Secure connection respectively. Both schemes use an HTTP upgrade mechanism to upgrade to

1458-536: A server establishing a connection (real or virtual). An HTTP(S) server listening on that port accepts the connection and then waits for a client's request message. The client sends its HTTP request message. Upon receiving the request the server sends back an HTTP response message, which includes header(s) plus a body if it is required. The body of this response message is typically the requested resource, although an error message or other information may also be returned. At any time (for many reasons) client or server can close

1539-536: A server establishing a connection (real or virtual). An HTTP(S) server listening on that port accepts the connection and then waits for a client's request message. The client sends its HTTP request message. Upon receiving the request the server sends back an HTTP response message, which includes header(s) plus a body if it is required. The body of this response message is typically the requested resource, although an error message or other information may also be returned. At any time (for many reasons) client or server can close

1620-543: Is a revision of previous HTTP/2 in order to use QUIC + UDP transport protocols instead of TCP. Before that version, TCP/IP connections were used; but now, only the IP layer is used (which UDP, like TCP, builds on). This slightly improves the average speed of communications and to avoid the occasional (very rare) problem of TCP connection congestion that can temporarily block or slow down the data flow of all its streams (another form of " head of line blocking "). The term hypertext

1701-495: Is a revision of previous HTTP/2 in order to use QUIC + UDP transport protocols instead of TCP. Before that version, TCP/IP connections were used; but now, only the IP layer is used (which UDP, like TCP, builds on). This slightly improves the average speed of communications and to avoid the occasional (very rare) problem of TCP connection congestion that can temporarily block or slow down the data flow of all its streams (another form of " head of line blocking "). The term hypertext

SECTION 20

#1732775635980

1782-471: Is also enabled in Firefox . HTTP/3 has lower latency for real-world web pages, if enabled on the server, and loads faster than with HTTP/2, in some cases over three times faster than HTTP/1.1 (which is still commonly only enabled). HTTP functions as a request–response protocol in the client–server model . A web browser , for example, may be the client whereas a process , named web server , running on

1863-465: Is an application layer protocol in the Internet protocol suite model for distributed, collaborative, hypermedia information systems. HTTP is the foundation of data communication for the World Wide Web , where hypertext documents include hyperlinks to other resources that the user can easily access, for example by a mouse click or by tapping the screen in a web browser . Development of HTTP

1944-723: Is an example of a user agent (UA). Other types of user agent include the indexing software used by search providers ( web crawlers ), voice browsers , mobile apps , and other software that accesses, consumes, or displays web content. HTTP is designed to permit intermediate network elements to improve or enable communications between clients and servers. High-traffic websites often benefit from web cache servers that deliver content on behalf of upstream servers to improve response time. Web browsers cache previously accessed web resources and reuse them, whenever possible, to reduce network traffic. HTTP proxy servers at private network boundaries can facilitate communication for clients without

2025-456: Is better to use tokens or similar protection mechanisms to authenticate the WebSocket connection when sensitive (private) data is being transferred over the WebSocket. A live example of vulnerability was seen in 2020 in the form of Cable Haunt . WebSocket protocol client implementations try to detect whether the user agent is configured to use a proxy when connecting to destination host and port, and if it is, uses HTTP CONNECT method to set up

2106-401: Is required. HTTP/3 , the successor to HTTP/2, was published in 2022. As of February 2024, it is now used on 30.9% of websites and is supported by most web browsers, i.e. (at least partially) supported by 97% of users. HTTP/3 uses QUIC instead of TCP for the underlying transport protocol. Like HTTP/2, it does not obsolete previous major versions of the protocol. Support for HTTP/3

2187-832: The RFC   6455 was finalized under Ian Fette in December 2011. RFC   7692 introduced compression extension to WebSocket using the DEFLATE algorithm on a per-message basis. A web application (e.g. web browser) may use the WebSocket interface to connect to a WebSocket server. ws.addEventListener( "open" , (event) => {}) ws.addEventListener( "message" , (event) => {}) ws.addEventListener( "close" , (event) => {}) Note: ws.addEventListener( "error" , (event) => {}) Steps: The client sends an HTTP request ( method GET , version ≥ 1.1 ) and

2268-414: The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), with work later moving to the IETF. HTTP/1 was finalized and fully documented (as version 1.0) in 1996. It evolved (as version 1.1) in 1997 and then its specifications were updated in 1999, 2014, and 2022. Its secure variant named HTTPS is used by more than 85% of websites. HTTP/2 , published in 2015, provides a more efficient expression of HTTP's semantics "on

2349-422: The client whereas a process , named web server , running on a computer hosting one or more websites may be the server . The client submits an HTTP request message to the server. The server, which provides resources such as HTML files and other content or performs other functions on behalf of the client, returns a response message to the client. The response contains completion status information about

2430-577: The HTML5 specification by Ian Hickson. In December 2009, Google Chrome 4 was the first browser to ship full support for the standard, with WebSocket enabled by default. Development of the WebSocket protocol was subsequently moved from the W3C and WHATWG group to the IETF in February 2010, and authored for two revisions under Ian Hickson. After the protocol was shipped and enabled by default in multiple browsers,

2511-731: The HTTP Working Group released an updated six-part HTTP/1.1 specification obsoleting RFC   2616 : In RFC   7230 Appendix-A, HTTP/0.9 was deprecated for servers supporting HTTP/1.1 version (and higher): Since HTTP/0.9 did not support header fields in a request, there is no mechanism for it to support name-based virtual hosts (selection of resource by inspection of the Host header field). Any server that implements name-based virtual hosts ought to disable support for HTTP/0.9 . Most requests that appear to be HTTP/0.9 are, in fact, badly constructed HTTP/1.x requests caused by

WebSocket - Misplaced Pages Continue

2592-611: The HTTP Working Group released an updated six-part HTTP/1.1 specification obsoleting RFC   2616 : In RFC   7230 Appendix-A, HTTP/0.9 was deprecated for servers supporting HTTP/1.1 version (and higher): Since HTTP/0.9 did not support header fields in a request, there is no mechanism for it to support name-based virtual hosts (selection of resource by inspection of the Host header field). Any server that implements name-based virtual hosts ought to disable support for HTTP/0.9 . Most requests that appear to be HTTP/0.9 are, in fact, badly constructed HTTP/1.x requests caused by

2673-412: The HTTP protocol. Sec-WebSocket-Key and Sec-WebSocket-Accept are intended to prevent a caching proxy from re-sending a previous WebSocket conversation, and does not provide any authentication, privacy, or integrity. Though some servers accept a short Sec-WebSocket-Key , many modern servers will reject the request with error "invalid Sec-WebSocket-Key header". After the opening handshake,

2754-452: The WebSocket frames. Unlike regular cross-domain HTTP requests, WebSocket requests are not restricted by the same-origin policy . Therefore, WebSocket servers must validate the "Origin" header against the expected origins during connection establishment, to avoid cross-site WebSocket hijacking attacks (similar to cross-site request forgery ), which might be possible when the connection is authenticated with cookies or HTTP authentication. It

2835-435: The WebSocket protocol. Some proxy servers are transparent and work fine with WebSocket; others will prevent WebSocket from working correctly, causing the connection to fail. In some cases, additional proxy-server configuration may be required, and certain proxy servers may need to be upgraded to support WebSocket. If unencrypted WebSocket traffic flows through an explicit or a transparent proxy server without WebSockets support,

2916-443: The WebSocket server. In the case of transparent proxy servers, the browser is unaware of the proxy server, so no HTTP CONNECT is sent. However, since the wire traffic is encrypted, intermediate transparent proxy servers may simply allow the encrypted traffic through, so there is a much better chance that the WebSocket connection will succeed if WebSocket Secure is used. Using encryption is not free of resource cost, but often provides

2997-426: The client and server can, at any time, send messages to each other, such as data messages (text or binary) and control messages (close, ping, pong). A message is composed of one or more frames. Fragmentation allows a message to be split into two or more frames. It enables sending messages with initial data available but complete length unknown. Without fragmentation, the whole message must be sent in one frame, so

3078-476: The complete length is needed before the first byte can be sent, which requires a buffer. It also enables multiplexing several streams simultaneously (e.g. to avoid monopolizing a socket for a single large payload ). Web API A secure version of the WebSocket protocol is implemented in Firefox 6, Safari 6, Google Chrome 14, Opera 12.10 and Internet Explorer 10. A detailed protocol test suite report lists

3159-530: The conformance of those browsers to specific protocol aspects. An older, less secure version of the protocol was implemented in Opera 11 and Safari 5, as well as the mobile version of Safari in iOS 4.2 . The BlackBerry Browser in OS7 implements WebSockets. Because of vulnerabilities, it was disabled in Firefox 4 and 5, and Opera 11. Using browser developer tools, developers can inspect the WebSocket handshake as well as

3240-444: The connection is unencrypted or port 443 if the connection is encrypted, see also List of TCP and UDP port numbers ). In HTTP/2, a TCP/IP connection plus multiple protocol channels are used. In HTTP/3, the application transport protocol QUIC over UDP is used. Data is exchanged through a sequence of request–response messages which are exchanged by a session layer transport connection. An HTTP client initially tries to connect to

3321-444: The connection is unencrypted or port 443 if the connection is encrypted, see also List of TCP and UDP port numbers ). In HTTP/2, a TCP/IP connection plus multiple protocol channels are used. In HTTP/3, the application transport protocol QUIC over UDP is used. Data is exchanged through a sequence of request–response messages which are exchanged by a session layer transport connection. An HTTP client initially tries to connect to

WebSocket - Misplaced Pages Continue

3402-453: The connection open. In this way, a two-way ongoing conversation can take place between the client and the server. The communications are usually done over TCP port number 443 (or 80 in the case of unsecured connections), which is beneficial for environments that block non-web Internet connections using a firewall . Additionally, WebSocket enables streams of messages on top of TCP. TCP alone deals with streams of bytes with no inherent concept of

3483-487: The connection will likely fail. If an encrypted WebSocket connection is used, then the use of Transport Layer Security (TLS) in the WebSocket Secure connection ensures that an HTTP CONNECT command is issued when the browser is configured to use an explicit proxy server. This sets up a tunnel, which provides low-level end-to-end TCP communication through the HTTP proxy, between the WebSocket Secure client and

3564-454: The connection. Closing a connection is usually advertised in advance by using one or more HTTP headers in the last request/response message sent to server or client. In HTTP/0.9 , the TCP/IP connection is always closed after server response has been sent, so it is never persistent. HTTP#Request methods This is an accepted version of this page HTTP ( Hypertext Transfer Protocol )

3645-416: The establishment of TCP connections presents considerable overhead, especially under high traffic conditions. HTTP/2 is a revision of previous HTTP/1.1 in order to maintain the same client–server model and the same protocol methods but with these differences in order: HTTP/2 communications therefore experience much less latency and, in most cases, even higher speeds than HTTP/1.1 communications. HTTP/3

3726-416: The establishment of TCP connections presents considerable overhead, especially under high traffic conditions. HTTP/2 is a revision of previous HTTP/1.1 in order to maintain the same client–server model and the same protocol methods but with these differences in order: HTTP/2 communications therefore experience much less latency and, in most cases, even higher speeds than HTTP/1.1 communications. HTTP/3

3807-443: The first documented official version of HTTP was written as a plain document, less than 700 words long, and this version was named HTTP/0.9, which supported only GET method, allowing clients to only retrieve HTML documents from the server, but not supporting any other file formats or information upload. Since 1992, a new document was written to specify the evolution of the basic protocol towards its next full version. It supported both

3888-443: The first documented official version of HTTP was written as a plain document, less than 700 words long, and this version was named HTTP/0.9, which supported only GET method, allowing clients to only retrieve HTML documents from the server, but not supporting any other file formats or information upload. Since 1992, a new document was written to specify the evolution of the basic protocol towards its next full version. It supported both

3969-753: The framework of the Internet protocol suite . Its definition presumes an underlying and reliable transport layer protocol. In HTTP/3 , the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is no longer used, but the older versions are still more used and they most commonly use TCP. They have also been adapted to use unreliable protocols such as the User Datagram Protocol (UDP), which HTTP/3 also (indirectly) always builds on, for example in HTTPU and Simple Service Discovery Protocol (SSDP). HTTP resources are identified and located on

4050-545: The framework of the Internet protocol suite . Its definition presumes an underlying and reliable transport layer protocol. In HTTP/3 , the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is no longer used, but the older versions are still more used and they most commonly use TCP. They have also been adapted to use unreliable protocols such as the User Datagram Protocol (UDP), which HTTP/3 also (indirectly) always builds on, for example in HTTPU and Simple Service Discovery Protocol (SSDP). HTTP resources are identified and located on

4131-512: The group stopped its activity passing the technical problems to IETF. In 2007, the IETF HTTP Working Group (HTTP WG bis or HTTPbis) was restarted firstly to revise and clarify previous HTTP/1.1 specifications and secondly to write and refine future HTTP/2 specifications (named httpbis). In 2009, Google , a private company, announced that it had developed and tested a new HTTP binary protocol named SPDY . The implicit aim

SECTION 50

#1732775635980

4212-436: The group stopped its activity passing the technical problems to IETF. In 2007, the IETF HTTP Working Group (HTTP WG bis or HTTPbis) was restarted firstly to revise and clarify previous HTTP/1.1 specifications and secondly to write and refine future HTTP/2 specifications (named httpbis). In 2009, Google , a private company, announced that it had developed and tested a new HTTP binary protocol named SPDY . The implicit aim

4293-421: The highest success rate, since it would be travelling through a secure tunnel. A mid-2010 draft (version hixie-76) broke compatibility with reverse proxies and gateways by including eight bytes of key data after the headers, but not advertising that data in a Content-Length: 8 header. This data was not forwarded by all intermediates, which could lead to protocol failure. More recent drafts (e.g., hybi-09) put

4374-453: The key data in a Sec-WebSocket-Key header, solving this problem. HTTP This is an accepted version of this page HTTP ( Hypertext Transfer Protocol ) is an application layer protocol in the Internet protocol suite model for distributed, collaborative, hypermedia information systems. HTTP is the foundation of data communication for the World Wide Web , where hypertext documents include hyperlinks to other resources that

4455-458: The need to start to focus on a new HTTP/2 protocol (while finishing the revision of HTTP/1.1 specifications), maybe taking in consideration ideas and work done for SPDY. After a few months about what to do to develop a new version of HTTP, it was decided to derive it from SPDY. In May 2015, HTTP/2 was published as RFC   7540 and quickly adopted by all web browsers already supporting SPDY and more slowly by web servers. In June 2014,

4536-458: The need to start to focus on a new HTTP/2 protocol (while finishing the revision of HTTP/1.1 specifications), maybe taking in consideration ideas and work done for SPDY. After a few months about what to do to develop a new version of HTTP, it was decided to derive it from SPDY. In May 2015, HTTP/2 was published as RFC   7540 and quickly adopted by all web browsers already supporting SPDY and more slowly by web servers. In June 2014,

4617-722: The network by Uniform Resource Locators (URLs), using the Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs) schemes http and https . As defined in RFC   3986 , URIs are encoded as hyperlinks in HTML documents, so as to form interlinked hypertext documents. In HTTP/1.0 a separate TCP connection to the same server is made for every resource request. In HTTP/1.1 instead a TCP connection can be reused to make multiple resource requests (i.e. of HTML pages, frames, images, scripts , stylesheets , etc.). HTTP/1.1 communications therefore experience less latency as

4698-590: The network by Uniform Resource Locators (URLs), using the Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs) schemes http and https . As defined in RFC   3986 , URIs are encoded as hyperlinks in HTML documents, so as to form interlinked hypertext documents. In HTTP/1.0 a separate TCP connection to the same server is made for every resource request. In HTTP/1.1 instead a TCP connection can be reused to make multiple resource requests (i.e. of HTML pages, frames, images, scripts , stylesheets , etc.). HTTP/1.1 communications therefore experience less latency as

4779-503: The new versions of browsers and servers was rapid. In March 1996, one web hosting company reported that over 40% of browsers in use on the Internet used the new HTTP/1.1 header "Host" to enable virtual hosting , and that by June 1996, 65% of all browsers accessing their servers were pre-standard HTTP/1.1 compliant. In January 1997, RFC   2068 was officially released as HTTP/1.1 specifications. In June 1999, RFC   2616

4860-447: The new versions of browsers and servers was rapid. In March 1996, one web hosting company reported that over 40% of browsers in use on the Internet used the new HTTP/1.1 header "Host" to enable virtual hosting , and that by June 1996, 65% of all browsers accessing their servers were pre-standard HTTP/1.1 compliant. In January 1997, RFC   2068 was officially released as HTTP/1.1 specifications. In June 1999, RFC   2616

4941-811: The request and may also contain requested content in its message body. A web browser is an example of a user agent (UA). Other types of user agent include the indexing software used by search providers ( web crawlers ), voice browsers , mobile apps , and other software that accesses, consumes, or displays web content. HTTP is designed to permit intermediate network elements to improve or enable communications between clients and servers. High-traffic websites often benefit from web cache servers that deliver content on behalf of upstream servers to improve response time. Web browsers cache previously accessed web resources and reuse them, whenever possible, to reduce network traffic. HTTP proxy servers at private network boundaries can facilitate communication for clients without

SECTION 60

#1732775635980

5022-548: The scheme name and fragment (i.e. # is not supported), the rest of the URI components are defined to use URI generic syntax . WebSocket was first referenced as TCPConnection in the HTML5 specification, as a placeholder for a TCP-based socket API. In June 2008, a series of discussions were led by Michael Carter that resulted in the first version of the protocol known as WebSocket. Before WebSocket, port 80 full-duplex communication

5103-450: The server returns an HTTP response with status code 101 ( Switching Protocols ) on success. This means a WebSocket server can use the same port as HTTP (80) and HTTPS (443) because the handshake is compatible with HTTP. Example request: Example response: In HTTP each line ends in \r\n and the last line is empty. Once the connection is established, communication switches to a binary frame-based protocol which does not conform to

5184-417: The simple request method of the 0.9 version and the full GET request that included the client HTTP version. This was the first of the many unofficial HTTP/1.0 drafts that preceded the final work on HTTP/1.0. After having decided that new features of HTTP protocol were required and that they had to be fully documented as official RFCs , in early 1995 the HTTP Working Group (HTTP WG, led by Dave Raggett )

5265-417: The simple request method of the 0.9 version and the full GET request that included the client HTTP version. This was the first of the many unofficial HTTP/1.0 drafts that preceded the final work on HTTP/1.0. After having decided that new features of HTTP protocol were required and that they had to be fully documented as official RFCs , in early 1995 the HTTP Working Group (HTTP WG, led by Dave Raggett )

5346-450: The user can easily access, for example by a mouse click or by tapping the screen in a web browser . Development of HTTP was initiated by Tim Berners-Lee at CERN in 1989 and summarized in a simple document describing the behavior of a client and a server using the first HTTP version, named 0.9. That version was subsequently developed, eventually becoming the public 1.0. Development of early HTTP Requests for Comments (RFCs) started

5427-421: The wire". As of August 2024, it is supported by 66.2% of websites (35.3% HTTP/2 + 30.9% HTTP/3 with backwards compatibility) and supported by almost all web browsers (over 98% of users). It is also supported by major web servers over Transport Layer Security (TLS) using an Application-Layer Protocol Negotiation (ALPN) extension where TLS 1.2 or newer is required. HTTP/3 , the successor to HTTP/2,

5508-411: Was added to Cloudflare and Google Chrome first, and is also enabled in Firefox . HTTP/3 has lower latency for real-world web pages, if enabled on the server, and loads faster than with HTTP/2, in some cases over three times faster than HTTP/1.1 (which is still commonly only enabled). HTTP functions as a request–response protocol in the client–server model . A web browser , for example, may be

5589-503: Was already used by many web browsers and web servers. In early 1996 developers started to even include unofficial extensions of the HTTP/1.0 protocol (i.e. keep-alive connections, etc.) into their products by using drafts of the upcoming HTTP/1.1 specifications. Since early 1996, major web browsers and web server developers also started to implement new features specified by pre-standard HTTP/1.1 drafts specifications. End-user adoption of

5670-450: Was already used by many web browsers and web servers. In early 1996 developers started to even include unofficial extensions of the HTTP/1.0 protocol (i.e. keep-alive connections, etc.) into their products by using drafts of the upcoming HTTP/1.1 specifications. Since early 1996, major web browsers and web server developers also started to implement new features specified by pre-standard HTTP/1.1 drafts specifications. End-user adoption of

5751-517: Was attainable using Comet channels; however, Comet implementation is nontrivial, and due to the TCP handshake and HTTP header overhead, it is inefficient for small messages. The WebSocket protocol aims to solve these problems without compromising the security assumptions of the web. The name "WebSocket" was coined by Ian Hickson and Michael Carter shortly thereafter through collaboration on the #whatwg IRC chat room, and subsequently authored for inclusion in

5832-466: Was coined by Ted Nelson in 1965 in the Xanadu Project , which was in turn inspired by Vannevar Bush 's 1930s vision of the microfilm-based information retrieval and management " memex " system described in his 1945 essay " As We May Think ". Tim Berners-Lee and his team at CERN are credited with inventing the original HTTP, along with HTML and the associated technology for a web server and

5913-403: Was coined by Ted Nelson in 1965 in the Xanadu Project , which was in turn inspired by Vannevar Bush 's 1930s vision of the microfilm-based information retrieval and management " memex " system described in his 1945 essay " As We May Think ". Tim Berners-Lee and his team at CERN are credited with inventing the original HTTP, along with HTML and the associated technology for a web server and

5994-482: Was constituted with the aim to standardize and expand the protocol with extended operations, extended negotiation, richer meta-information, tied with a security protocol which became more efficient by adding additional methods and header fields . The HTTP WG planned to revise and publish new versions of the protocol as HTTP/1.0 and HTTP/1.1 within 1995, but, because of the many revisions, that timeline lasted much more than one year. The HTTP WG planned also to specify

6075-482: Was constituted with the aim to standardize and expand the protocol with extended operations, extended negotiation, richer meta-information, tied with a security protocol which became more efficient by adding additional methods and header fields . The HTTP WG planned to revise and publish new versions of the protocol as HTTP/1.0 and HTTP/1.1 within 1995, but, because of the many revisions, that timeline lasted much more than one year. The HTTP WG planned also to specify

6156-418: Was initiated by Tim Berners-Lee at CERN in 1989 and summarized in a simple document describing the behavior of a client and a server using the first HTTP version, named 0.9. That version was subsequently developed, eventually becoming the public 1.0. Development of early HTTP Requests for Comments (RFCs) started a few years later in a coordinated effort by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and

6237-408: Was published in 2022. As of February 2024, it is now used on 30.9% of websites and is supported by most web browsers, i.e. (at least partially) supported by 97% of users. HTTP/3 uses QUIC instead of TCP for the underlying transport protocol. Like HTTP/2, it does not obsolete previous major versions of the protocol. Support for HTTP/3 was added to Cloudflare and Google Chrome first, and

6318-433: Was released to include all improvements and updates based on previous (obsolete) HTTP/1.1 specifications. Resuming the old 1995 plan of previous HTTP Working Group, in 1997 an HTTP-NG Working Group was formed to develop a new HTTP protocol named HTTP-NG (HTTP New Generation). A few proposals / drafts were produced for the new protocol to use multiplexing of HTTP transactions inside a single TCP/IP connection, but in 1999,

6399-433: Was released to include all improvements and updates based on previous (obsolete) HTTP/1.1 specifications. Resuming the old 1995 plan of previous HTTP Working Group, in 1997 an HTTP-NG Working Group was formed to develop a new HTTP protocol named HTTP-NG (HTTP New Generation). A few proposals / drafts were produced for the new protocol to use multiplexing of HTTP transactions inside a single TCP/IP connection, but in 1999,

6480-463: Was to greatly speed up web traffic (specially between future web browsers and its servers). SPDY was indeed much faster than HTTP/1.1 in many tests and so it was quickly adopted by Chromium and then by other major web browsers. Some of the ideas about multiplexing HTTP streams over a single TCP/IP connection were taken from various sources, including the work of W3C HTTP-NG Working Group. In January–March 2012, HTTP Working Group (HTTPbis) announced

6561-463: Was to greatly speed up web traffic (specially between future web browsers and its servers). SPDY was indeed much faster than HTTP/1.1 in many tests and so it was quickly adopted by Chromium and then by other major web browsers. Some of the ideas about multiplexing HTTP streams over a single TCP/IP connection were taken from various sources, including the work of W3C HTTP-NG Working Group. In January–March 2012, HTTP Working Group (HTTPbis) announced

#979020