Misplaced Pages

#766233

43-448: British armsmaker Philip Webley and Son of Birmingham produced their first caplock revolvers ( Webley Longspur ) in 1853 with limited success, due to the popularity of the already established Adams revolvers . Taking lead in the new (at the time) centerfire metal cartridge technology, they produced their first breachloading, centerfire cartridge revolvers in 1867. They immediately became popular with British Army officers, who at

86-473: A 2.5 in barrel was produced, which was the precursor of the famous British Buldog revolvers. Produced from 1872, slightly smaller (8.25 in length, 3.5 in barrel) and lighter (0.76 kg) model, with the same overall characteristics. They were made in a variety of calibers, from .320 and .380 to .450. Service revolvers were six-shot, but smaller commercial 5-shot variants were also very popular. These revolvers were massively used by British officers and horsemen in

129-459: A network of organizations, facilities, and resources to produce weapons and equipment for their military forces (and sometimes those of other countries). This is often referred to as a defense industrial base . Entities involved in arms production for military purposes vary widely, and include private sector commercial firms , state-owned enterprises and public sector organizations, and scientific and academic institutions. Such entities perform

172-666: A shipyard at Elswick to specialize in warship production – at the time, it was the only factory in the world that could build a battleship and arm it completely. The factory produced warships for foreign naval forces, including the Imperial Japanese Navy . Several Armstrong cruisers played an important role in defeating the Russian fleet at the Battle of Tsushima in 1905. In the American Civil War in 1861

215-522: A wide variety of functions, including research and development , engineering , production, and servicing of military material, equipment, and facilities. The weapons they produce are often made, maintained, and stored in arsenals. In 2024, the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) estimated global military expenditure at $ 2.443 trillion, the highest level ever recorded by SIPRI and

258-462: Is also a large global market in second-hand naval vessels, generally purchased by developing countries from Western governments. The cybersecurity industry is expected to be of increasing importance to defense, intelligence, and homeland security agencies. According to research institute SIPRI , the volume of international transfers of major weapons in 2010–14 was 16 percent higher than in 2005–2009. The five biggest exporters in 2010–2014 were

301-418: Is as follows: Infrastructure includes areas that support both the public's members and the public sector itself. Streets and highways are used both by those who work for the public sector and also by the citizenry. The former, who are public employees, are also part of the citizenry. Public roads , bridges , tunnels , water supply , sewers , electrical grids and telecommunication networks are among

344-525: Is composed of the economic sectors that are intended to earn a profit for the owners of the enterprise. The voluntary, civic, or social sector concerns a diverse array of non-profit organizations emphasizing civil society . In the United Kingdom, the term "wider public sector" is often used, referring to public sector organizations outside central government. The organization of the public sector can take several forms, including: A borderline form

387-485: Is presented by 5-year moving averages. Next to SIPRI, there are several other sources that provide data on international transfers of arms. These include national reports by national governments about arms exports, the UN register on conventional arms, and an annual publication by the U.S. Congressional Research Service that includes data on arms exports to developing countries as compiled by U.S. intelligence agencies. Due to

430-760: Is substantial. There is relatively little regulation at the international level, and as a result, many weapons fall into the hands of organized crime, rebel forces, terrorists, or regimes under sanctions. The Control Arms Campaign , founded by Amnesty International , Oxfam , and the International Action Network on Small Arms , estimated in 2003 that there are over 639 million small arms in circulation and that over 1,135 companies based in more than 98 countries manufacture small arms as well as their various components and ammunition. Encompassing military aircraft (both land-based and naval aviation ), conventional missiles, and military satellites , this

473-681: Is the most technologically advanced sector of the market. It is also the least competitive from an economic standpoint, with a handful of companies dominating the entire market. The top clients and major producers are virtually all located in the western world and Russia, with the United States easily in the first place. Prominent aerospace firms include Rolls-Royce , BAE Systems , Saab AB , Dassault Aviation , Sukhoi , Mikoyan , EADS , Leonardo , Thales Group , Lockheed Martin , Northrop Grumman , RTX Corporation , and Boeing . There are also several multinational consortia mostly involved in

SECTION 10

#1732783365767

516-410: Is typically exercised through the use of diplomacy , which seeks to persuade governments to accept such limitations through agreements and treaties , although it may also be forced upon non-consenting governments. Public sector The public sector , also called the state sector , is the part of the economy composed of both public services and public enterprises . Public sectors include

559-470: The Anglo-Zulu War (1879). Practical use in combat showed that they were mostly effective on the distance of less than 25 yards. Arms industry The arms industry , also known as the defense (or defence) industry , military industry , or the arms trade , is a global industry which manufactures and sells weapons and other military technology to a variety of customers, including

602-542: The British government awarded a contract to the Elswick Ordnance Company to supply the latest loading artillery pieces. This galvanized the private sector into weapons production, with the surplus increasingly exported to foreign countries. William Armstrong became one of the first international arms dealers, selling his systems to governments across the world from Brazil to Japan. In 1884, he opened

645-561: The Cold War when the United States and the USSR supplied weapons to their proxies across the world, particularly third world countries (see Nixon Doctrine ). This category includes everything from light arms to heavy artillery , and the majority of producers are small. Many are located in third-world countries. International trade in handguns , machine guns , tanks , armored personnel carriers , and other relatively inexpensive weapons

688-760: The National Shooting Sports Foundation members' ability to obtain an export license from taking a month to taking just four days. This was due to the United States Department of Commerce and agencies associated with ITAR expediting weapons shipments to Ukraine. In addition, the time it took to obtain a permit to buy a firearm in Ukraine also decreased from a few months to a few days. Figures are SIPRI Trend Indicator Values (TIVs) expressed in millions. These numbers may not represent real financial flows as prices for

731-421: The armed forces of states and civilian individuals and organizations. Products of the arms industry include weapons , munitions , weapons platforms , communications systems , and other electronics, and related equipment. The arms industry also provides defense-related services, such as logistical and operational support. As a matter of policy, many governments of industrialized countries maintain or support

774-653: The North had about ten times the manufacturing capacity of the economy of the Confederate States of America . This advantage over the South included the ability to produce (in relatively small numbers) breech-loading rifles for use against the muzzle-loading rifled muskets of the South. This began the transition to industrially produced mechanized weapons such as the Gatling gun. This industrial innovation in

817-530: The State civil service ( Fonction publique d'État , FPE) includes teachers and soldiers, and employs 44% of the workforce. The local civil service ( Fonction publique territoriale ; FPT) is made up of employees of town halls and regional councils: 25% of the workforce. The hospital civil service ( Fonction publique hospitalière , FPH) consists of doctors and nurses and is 21% of the workforce. Right-libertarian and Austrian School economists have criticized

860-651: The United States, Russia, China, Germany, and France, and the five biggest importers were India, Saudi Arabia, China, the United Arab Emirates, and Pakistan. The flow of arms to the Middle East increased by 87 percent between 2009–13 and 2014–18, while there was a decrease in flows to all other regions: Africa, the Americas, Asia and Oceania, and Europe. SIPRI has identified 67 countries as exporters of major weapons in 2014–18. The top 5 exporters during

903-548: The Webley revolver was adopted as their first service weapon, it was known after that as the Royal Irish Constabulary revolver. Designed in 1867 for .442 centerfire cartridge, it was one of the earliest British breachloading revolvers. Solid frame revolver, with a round barrel screwed into the frame, and a one piece wooden grip held by two vertical screws. The foresight is sloted in, mostly semi-round, while

SECTION 20

#1732783365767

946-528: The allies. In 1885, France decided to capitalize on this increasingly lucrative trade and repealed its ban on weapon exports. The regulatory framework for the period up to the First World War was characterized by a laissez-faire policy that placed little obstruction in the way of weapons exports. Due to the carnage of World War I, arms traders began to be regarded with odium as "merchants of death" and were accused of having instigated and perpetuated

989-442: The backsight is a long, V-shaped groove on the top strap above the cylinder. It has a loading gate hinged at the bottom that opens sideways, held by a flat spring. The six cambered cylinder is plain in the early models, while in later ones it was fluted to achieve a small reduction in weight. The ejector rod is mounted on a yoke (swivel) under the barrel and mostly housed in the hollow cylinder arbor, so it can be pulled out and swung to

1032-546: The defense industry was adopted by Prussia in its 1864, 1866, and 1870–71 defeats of Denmark, Austria, and, France respectively. By this time the machine gun had begun entering arsenals. The first examples of its effectiveness were in 1899 during the Boer War and in 1905 during the Russo-Japanese War . However, Germany led the innovation of weapons and this advantage in the weapons of World War I nearly defeated

1075-557: The different methodologies and definitions used different sources often provide significantly different data. SIPRI uses the "trend-indicator values" (TIV). These are based on the known unit production costs of weapons and represent the transfer of military resources rather than the financial value of the transfer. Units are in Trend Indicator Values expressed as millions of U.S. dollars at 1990s prices. These numbers may not represent real financial flows as prices for

1118-528: The idea of public sector provision of goods and services as inherently inefficient. In 1961, Murray Rothbard wrote: "Any reduction of the public sector, any shift of activities from the public to the private sphere, is a net moral and economic gain." American libertarians and anarcho-capitalists have also argued that the system by which the public sector is funded, namely taxation, is itself coercive and unjust . However, even notable small-government proponents have pushed back on this point of view, citing

1161-399: The individual who uses the service. Public enterprises, or state-owned enterprises, are self-financing commercial enterprises that are under public ownership which provide various private goods and services for sale and usually operate on a commercial basis. Organizations that are not part of the public sector are either part of the private sector or voluntary sector . The private sector

1204-698: The manufacturing of fighter jets , such as the Eurofighter . The largest military contract in history, signed in October 2001, involved the development of the Joint Strike Fighter . Several of the world's great powers maintain substantial naval forces to provide a global presence, with the largest nations possessing aircraft carriers , nuclear submarines and advanced anti-air defense systems . The vast majority of military ships are conventionally powered, but some are nuclear-powered . There

1247-469: The number of firearms in circulation had increased significantly between 2006 and 2017, primarily due to increases in civilian possession. During the early modern period , England, France, Sweden, and the Netherlands became self-sufficient in arms production, with diffusion and migration of skilled workers to more peripheral countries such as Portugal and Russia. The modern arms industry emerged in

1290-619: The period were responsible for 75 percent of all arms exports. The composition of the five largest exporters of arms changed between 2014 and 2018 and remained unchanged compared to 2009–13, although their combined total exports of major arms were 10 percent higher. In 2014–18, significant increases in arms exports from the US, France and Germany were seen, while Chinese exports rose marginally and Russian exports decreased. In 2014–18, 155 countries (about three-quarters of all countries) imported major weapons. The top 5 recipients accounted for 33 percent of

1333-404: The public goods and governmental services such as the military , law enforcement , infrastructure , public transit , public education , along with health care and those working for the government itself, such as elected officials . The public sector might provide services that a non-payer cannot be excluded from (such as street lighting), services which benefit all of society rather than just

Webley RIC - Misplaced Pages Continue

1376-522: The public infrastructure. Rates of pay for public sector staff may be negotiated by employers and their staff or staff representatives such as trade unions . In some cases, for example in the United Kingdom, a pay review body is charged with making independent recommendations on rates of pay for groups of public sector staff. As of 2017, France had 5.6 million civil servants , amounting to 20% of all jobs in France. They are subdivided into three types:

1419-482: The right when needed. When the ejector rod is drawn out, the cylinder may be removed after drawing the arbor forward. The revolver has a double-action lock, with a half-cock position for loading. These revolvers were made in a variety of calibers, but no less than .410 in (10.4 mm). They were widely used all over the British Empire, and copied in various European countries. In 1872, a pocket model (.442 in) with

1462-507: The second half of the nineteenth century as a product of the creation and expansion of the first large military–industrial companies. As smaller countries and even newly industrializing countries like Russia and Japan could no longer produce cutting-edge military equipment with their Indigenous capacity-based resources, they increasingly began to contract the manufacturers of military equipment, such as battleships , artillery pieces and rifles to foreign government military entities. In 1854,

1505-571: The steepest year-on-year increase since 2009. SIPRI further found that the combined revenues of the top 100 largest defense companies totaled $ 597 billion in 2022, with the five largest companies by revenue being Lockheed Martin , RTX , Northrop Grumman , Boeing , and General Dynamics . SIPRI's data also showed that, between 2019 and 2023, the five largest arms exporting nations were the United States , France , Russia , China and Germany (taken together, they supplied approximately 75% of

1548-485: The time were expected to purchase their own personal weapons (swords and pistols) on their own expense, as very robust, compact and reliable weapons. They were the first popular Webley product that made the firm famous. Due to their quality, they remained in production for more than 30 years. In 1868, the Royal Irish Constabulary was formed as a paramilitary force armed with carbines and revolvers. As

1591-451: The total arms imports during the period. The top five arms importers – Saudi Arabia, India, Egypt, Australia, and Algeria – accounted for 35 percent of total arms imports in 2014–18. Of these, Saudi Arabia and India were among the top five importers in both 2009–13 and 2014–18. In 2014–18, the volume of major arms international transfers was 7.8 percent higher than in 2009–13 and 23 percent higher than that in 2004–08. The largest arms importer

1634-400: The underlying arms can be as low as zero in the case of military aid. Arms import rankings fluctuate heavily as countries enter and exit wars. Export data tend to be less volatile as exporters tend to be more technologically advanced and have stable production flows. 5-year moving averages present a much more accurate picture of import volume, free from yearly fluctuations. This is a list of

1677-502: The underlying arms can be as low as zero in the case of military aid. The following are estimates from Stockholm International Peace Research Institute . Overall global arms exports rose of about 6 per-cent in the last 5 years compared to the period 2010-2014 and increased by 20 per-cent since 2005–2009. Rankings for exporters below a billion dollars are less meaningful, as they can be swayed by single contracts. A much more accurate picture of export volume, free from yearly fluctuations,

1720-467: The war for earning their profits from weapons sales. An inquiry into these allegations in Britain failed to find evidence to support them. However, the sea change in attitude about war more generally meant that governments began to control and regulate the trade themselves. The volume of the arms trade greatly increased during the 20th century, and it began to be used as a political tool, especially during

1763-741: The world's arms exports during this period). In some regions of the world, there is a substantial trade in firearms for use by individuals (where such trade is legal, commonly cited purposes include self-defense and hunting/sporting). Trade in small arms , both legal and illegal, may be associated with violent crime and political instability . In 2017, the Small Arms Survey estimated that approximately one billion firearms were in global circulation; of those, 857 million (85%) were possessed by civilians, 133 million (13%) were possessed by national militaries, and 23 million (2%) belonged to law enforcement agencies. The Small Arms Survey also found that

Webley RIC - Misplaced Pages Continue

1806-464: The world's largest arms manufacturers and other military service companies who profit the most from the war economy , their origin is shown as well. The information is based on a list published by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute for 2022. Arms control refers to international restrictions upon the development, production, stockpiling, proliferation, and usage of small arms, conventional weapons, and weapons of mass destruction . It

1849-459: Was Saudi Arabia, importing arms primarily from the United States, United Kingdom, and France. Between 2009–13 and 2014–18, the flow of arms to the Middle East increased by 87 percent. Also including India, Egypt, Australia, and Algeria, the top five importers received 35 percent of the total arms imports, during 2014–18. The five largest exporters were the United States, Russia, France, Germany and China. The 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine changed

#766233