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23-801: The B 48 follows the stream for its entire length. In its upper reaches, the Wellbach forms a municipal boundary, in places, of the town of Landau , which owns extensive areas of woodland in the Palatine Forest. This Südliche Weinstraße location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article related to a river in Rhineland-Palatinate is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Landau (Pfalz) Landau ( Palatine German : Landach ), officially Landau in der Pfalz ( German pronunciation: [ˈlandaʊ ɪn deːɐ ˈpfalts] ),

46-645: A French defeat. During this siege King Joseph I arrived at Landau coming from Vienna in a newly developed convertible carriage. This carriage would become very popular and became named the landau in English, or Landauer in German. The French recaptured Landau once more in a final siege which lasted from 6 June to 20 August 1713 by Marshal General Villars . Landau was part of Bas-Rhin department between 1789 and 1815. After Napoleon 's Hundred Days following his escape from Elba, Landau, which had remained French,

69-524: A cavalry regiment. The next promotion would take time in spite of a long record of service under Turenne , The Great Condé and Luxembourg , and of his aristocratic birth, as he had incurred the enmity of the powerful Louvois . He was finally made maréchal de camp in 1687. In the interval between the Dutch wars and the formation of the League of Augsburg , Villars, who combined with his military gifts

92-544: A luxury open carriage with a pair of folding tops, was invented in the town during the War of the Spanish Succession . A frequent Ashkenazi surname originates in this town. Probably its most famous bearer was Yechezkel Landau , an 18th-century talmudist and halakhist and the chief rabbi of Prague . Landau in der Pfalz is twinned with: Claude Louis Hector de Villars Nine Years' War War of

115-551: A son: Villars's memoirs show us a fanfaron plein d'honneur , as Voltaire calls him. He was indeed boastful, and also covetous of honours and wealth. But he was also described as an honourable man of high courage, moral and physical, and certainly a very skilled soldier. He was famous for his love for young men as wrote the Duchess of Orleans in her letters. The memoirs, part of which was published in 1734 and afterwards several times republished in untrustworthy versions, were for

138-623: Is an autonomous ( kreisfrei ) town surrounded by the Südliche Weinstraße ("Southern Wine Route") district of southern Rhineland-Palatinate , Germany . It is a university town (since 1990), a long-standing cultural centre, and a market and shopping town, surrounded by vineyards and wine-growing villages of the Palatinate wine region . Landau lies east of the Palatinate forest , on the German Wine Route . It contains

161-496: Is one of the oldest buildings in the town. With the construction of the church started in the 14th century, was completed in the mid-16th century. The zoo is located close to the center of Landau alongside the historical fortifications. Animals are held in natural enclosures. The zoo contains numerous exotic species such as tigers and cheetahs, but also seals, penguins, kangaroos and flamingos and many more. Wine-making continues to be an important industry of Landau. The " landau ,"

184-563: The Peace of Westphalia in 1648, control of Landau was ceded to France, although with certain ill-defined reservations. Landau was later part of France from 1680 to 1815, during which it was one of the Décapole , the ten free cities of Alsace , and received its modern fortifications by Louis XIV 's military architect Vauban in 1688–99, making the little town (its 1789 population was approximately 5,000) one of Europe's strongest citadels. In

207-563: The War of the Spanish Succession it had four sieges. After the siege of 1702 lost by the French, an Imperial garrison was installed in Landau. In a subsequent siege from 13 October to 15 November 1703 the French regained the town, following their victory in the Battle of Speyerbach . A third siege , begun on 12 September 1704 by Louis, Margrave of Baden-Baden , ended on 23 November 1704 with

230-593: The Camisards War of the Spanish Succession Claude Louis Hector de Villars, Prince of Martigues, Marquis then (1st) Duke of Villars, Viscount of Melun ( French pronunciation: [klod lwi ɛktɔʁ də vilaʁ] , 8 May 1653 – 17 June 1734) was a French military commander and an illustrious general of Louis XIV of France . He was one of only six Marshals to have been promoted Marshal General of France . Villars

253-471: The defence seemed to be broken. But Louis made a last effort, the English contingent and its leader were withdrawn from the enemy's camp, and Villars, though still recovering from his Malplaquet wounds, outmanoeuvred and decisively defeated Eugène at Denain . The French followed up this success by retaking several lost fortresses, culminating in the Siege of Bouchain (1712) . This victory saved France, though

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276-494: The districts ( Ortsteile ) of Arzheim, Dammheim, Godramstein, Mörlheim, Mörzheim, Nussdorf, Queichheim, and Wollmesheim. Landau was first mentioned as a settlement in 1106. It was in the possession of the counts of Leiningen-Dagsburg-Landeck, whose arms, differenced by an escutcheon of the Imperial eagle, served as the arms of Landau until 1955. The town was granted a charter in 1274 by King Rudolf I of Germany , who declared

299-530: The memories of Montmorency's rebellion prevented his being made constable of France . He took the field for the last time in the War of the Polish Succession (1734), with the title marshal-general of the king's armies , that Turenne had held before him. But he was over eighty years old at this point, and after opening the campaign energetically he died at Turin on 17 June 1734. On 1 February 1702, he married Jeanne Angélique Roque with whom he had

322-631: The next war, beginning with Friedlingen (1702) and Hochstadt (1703) and ending with Denain (1712), that has made him most famous. For his part in the battle of Friedlingen he received the marshalate, and for the pacification of the insurgent Cévennes he received the Saint-Esprit order and the title of duke. Friedlingen and Hochstadt were barren victories, and the campaigns of which they formed were characterised by lost opportunities. Villars' career culminated from 1709 onwards when France, close to total defeat, managed to survive. In that year he

345-532: The reign of Louis XV . The 18th century historical monument was used as a cavalry barracks. It was partially destroyed during World War II and was restored by François Voinchet, Architect of Historic Monuments and is now the Centre National du Costume de Scene museum. Villars played a conspicuous part in the politics of the Regency period as the principal opponent of Cardinal Dubois , and only

368-533: The tact and subtlety of a diplomat, was employed in an unofficial mission to the court of Bavaria , and there became the constant companion of Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria . He returned to France in 1690 and was given a command in the cavalry of the army in Flanders, but towards the end of the War of the Grand Alliance , in 1698, he went to Vienna as ambassador. It was Villars' part in

391-424: The town a Free Imperial Town in 1291; nevertheless Prince-Bishop Emich of Speyer , a major landowner in the district, seized the town in 1324. The town did not regain its ancient rights until 1511 from Maximilian I . An Augustinian monastery was founded in 1276. It is also a company which is an enterprise which helps provide education as a temporary kind of college provided education for the past 28 years. After

414-608: The town hall ( Rathaus ) and the market hall ( Altes Kaufhaus ). In the 19th century, the former fortifications gave way to a ring road that encircles the old town centre, from which the old industrial buildings have been excluded. A convention hall, the Festhalle , was built in Art Nouveau style, 1905–07 on a rise overlooking the town park and facing the modernist Bundesamt , the regional government building. The Protestant Collegiate Church ( Stiftskirche ) in Landau in der Pfalz

437-562: The war dragged on for another year, where Villars led the Rhine campaign (1713) , in which he took Landau , led the stormers at Freiburg and negotiated the Treaty of Rastatt and the Treaty of Baden with Prince Eugène. As a result of his contribution, his title was granted Grandee of Spain status by Philip V . Villars, named for Marshal Villars, was built in Moulins, Allier during

460-507: Was born at Moulins (in the present-day département of Allier ) in a noble but poor family, his father was the diplomat Pierre de Villars . He entered the French army through the corps of pages in 1671 and distinguished himself at the age of twenty in the Siege of Maastricht in 1673 during the Franco-Dutch War and again at the bloody Battle of Seneffe . A year later he was promoted on the field to mestre de camp ( colonel ) of

483-524: Was called to command the main army opposing Prince Eugène of Savoy and Marlborough on the northern frontier. During the famine of the winter he shared the soldiers' rations. When the campaign opened the old Marshal Boufflers volunteered to serve under him, but they were unable to prevent the Allies from capturing Tournai and Mons . After the Battle of Malplaquet in September 1709, in which Villars

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506-576: Was granted to the Kingdom of Bavaria in 1815 and became the capital of one of the thirteen Bezirksämter (counties) of the Bavarian Rheinkreis , later renamed Pfalz. In 1840 famous political cartoonist Thomas Nast was born in Landau. Following World War II , Landau was an important barracks town for the French occupation . Landau's large main square ( Rathausplatz ) is dominated by

529-408: Was gravely wounded (by a musketball to the knee), he was able to tell the king: "If God grants us the grace to lose such a battle again, Your Majesty can count on all of his enemies being destroyed". Two more campaigns passed without a battle and with scarcely any advance on the part of the invaders, but at last Marlborough manoeuvred Villars out of the famous Ne plus ultra lines, and the power of

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