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48-508: West Livingston is a census-designated place (CDP) in western Polk County , Texas , United States, located along the eastern shore of Lake Livingston 6 miles (9.7 km) west of central Livingston . The population was 8,156 at the 2020 census . The development in West Livingston began in the late 20th century. The Handbook of Texas stated that the community was "probably" named after its geographic location. According to

96-500: A "growth machine" that spreads the urbanization of the United States. They can obscure smaller settlements that are also going through similar phases of redevelopment. Depending on the size of the settlements the modes of urban politics can change. "State interventions are important both conceptually and to the empirical matter of this article since the extent, timing, nature, and legacies of state interventions significantly shape

144-421: A CDP have no legal status and may not always correspond with the local understanding of the area or community with the same name. However, criteria established for the 2010 census require that a CDP name "be one that is recognized and used in daily communication by the residents of the community" (not "a name developed solely for planning or other purposes") and recommend that a CDP's boundaries be mapped based on

192-539: A considerable debate among economists as to whether "jobs follow people or people follow jobs," but in the context of the edge city phenomenon, workers have been drawn from metropolitan business hubs in favor of the edge city economy. Developers of edge cities have been shown to strategically plan expansion of such business areas to draw workers away from more dense port cities and thereby keep profits from surrounding interests. Edge cities contribute greatly to urban development by creating new jobs by attracting workers from

240-435: A half-century later, the D Line subway extension will finally provide rail access, with Century City/Constellation station planned to open in 2025. As recently as 2003, some critics believed that edge cities might turn out to have been only a 20th-century phenomenon because of their limitations. The residents of the low-density housing areas around them tend to be fiercely resistant to their outward expansion (as has been

288-500: A history of severe traffic problems if one of these freeways goes unbuilt. In particular, Century City , a pioneering 1960s edge city built on a former 20th Century Fox backlot in western Los Angeles, was built with long-term plans for access via an urban rail system and the planned Beverly Hills Freeway . Neither project ever came to fruition, resulting in massive congestion on the surface streets connecting Century City to existing freeways, every two miles (3 km) distant. More than

336-461: A population of at least 10,000. For the 1970 Census , the population threshold for "unincorporated places" in urbanized areas was reduced to 5,000. For the 1980 Census , the designation was changed to "census designated places" and the designation was made available for places inside urbanized areas in New England. For the 1990 Census , the population threshold for CDPs in urbanized areas

384-514: A push for more accessibility by transit and bicycle, and addition of housing in denser, urban-style neighborhoods within the edge city. For example, at Tysons, in the Washington, D.C., metro area, the plan remains to see the city become the downtown core of Fairfax County. To this point "…eight districts have been delimited, with four centered on new metro stations being transit-oriented development districts". Future plans to transportation around

432-440: A significant growth in sophisticated retail, entertainment, and consumer service facilities, which in turn leads to a rise in local employment opportunities. The edge city has a tendency to affect the surrounding areas by procuring more opportunities within the labor market. Edge Cities are well suited to an economy which is known for a service-oriented market as well as sustaining major manufacturing sectors. Political groups aid

480-548: A ‘privatopia’ is formed within edge city residential areas, where the private housing developments are administered by homeowner associations. In 1964 there were fewer than 500 associations, but “…by 1992, there were 150,000 associations privately governing approximately 32 million Americans”. As with any city, edge cities go through phases of growth and redevelopment. Politics within Edge Cities are unique in that they typically revolve around developing them. They contribute to

528-468: Is a concentration of business, shopping, and entertainment outside a traditional downtown or central business district , in what had previously been a suburban, residential or rural area. The term was popularized by the 1991 book Edge City: Life on the New Frontier by Joel Garreau , who established its current meaning while working as a reporter for The Washington Post . Garreau argues that

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576-452: Is back!". Garreau shows how edge cities developed in a U.S. context. Starting in the 1950s, businesses were incentivized to open branches in the suburbs and eventually in many cases, leave traditional downtowns entirely, due to increased use of the automobile and move of middle and upper class residents to suburbs, which in turn led to frustration with downtown traffic and lack of parking. Escalating land values in central downtown areas, and

624-1047: Is more often the case in the East than in the Midwest, South, or West). They are numerous—almost 200 in the United States, compared to 45 downtowns of comparable size —and are large geographically because they are built at automobile scale. Garreau identified three distinct varieties of the edge city phenomenon: Additional terms are used to refer to edge cities, such as suburban business districts , major diversified centers , suburban cores , minicities , suburban activity centers , cities of realms , galactic cities , urban subcenters , pepperoni-pizza cities , superburbia , technoburbs , nucleations , disurbs , service cities , perimeter cities , peripheral centers , urban villages , and suburban downtowns . Spatially, edge cities primarily consist of mid-rise office towers (with some skyscrapers ) surrounded by massive surface parking lots and meticulously manicured lawns, almost reminiscent of

672-654: The 1890 Census , in which the Census mixed unincorporated places with incorporated places in its products with "town" or "village" as its label. This made it confusing to determine which of the "towns" were or were not incorporated. The 1900 through 1930 Censuses did not report data for unincorporated places. For the 1940 Census , the Census Bureau compiled a separate report of unofficial, unincorporated communities of 500 or more people. The Census Bureau officially defined this category as "unincorporated places" in

720-461: The 1950 Census and used that term through the 1970 Census. For the 1950 Census, these types of places were identified only outside " urbanized areas ". In 1960 , the Census Bureau also identified unincorporated places inside urbanized areas (except in New England , whose political geography is based on the New England town , and is distinctly different from other areas of the U.S.), but with

768-463: The Mexico–United States border , and unincorporated resort and retirement communities and their environs. The boundaries of any CDP may change from decade to decade, and the Census Bureau may de-establish a CDP after a period of study, then re-establish it some decades later. Most unincorporated areas within the United States are not and have not been included in any CDP. The boundaries of

816-565: The United Arab Emirates , the edge city is quickly emerging as an important new development form as automobile ownership skyrockets and marginal land is bulldozed for development. For example, the outskirts of Bangalore , India are increasingly replete with mid-rise mirrored-glass office towers set amid lush gardens and sprawling parking lots where many foreign companies have set up shop. Dubai offers another example. The emergence of edge cities has not been without consequences to

864-591: The United States Census Bureau , the CDP has a total area of 24.0 square miles (62 km), of which 23.9 square miles (62 km) is land and 0.04 square miles (0.10 km) (0.17%) is water. West Livingston is located on the southeast shore of Lake Livingston and is north of Lake Livingston State Park. It is south of US Route 190 . As of the 2020 United States census , there were 8,156 people, 1,700 households, and 1,223 families residing in

912-713: The streetcar has a pedestrian-friendly grid pattern of relatively narrow streets, most edge cities instead have a hierarchical street arrangement centered on pedestrian-hostile arterial roads , making most of this generation of edge cities difficult to get to and get around with public transportation or by walking, although transit was sometimes added in later decades, such as the Silver Line metro linking Downtown Washington, D.C. , with Arlington and Tysons edge cities, and government-planned edge cities in London ( Canary Wharf ) and Paris ( La Défense ) integrated transit from

960-508: The CDP. As of the census of 2000, there were 6,612 people, 1,494 households, and 1,087 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 276.2 inhabitants per square mile (106.6/km). There were 2,285 housing units at an average density of 95.4 per square mile (36.8/km). The racial makeup of the CDP was 66.56% White , 29.93% African American , 0.27% Native American , 0.36% Asian , 1.92% from other races , and 0.95% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 14.70% of

1008-401: The Census Bureau considers some towns in New England states, New Jersey and New York as well as townships in some other states as MCDs, even though they are incorporated municipalities in those states. In such states, CDPs may be defined within such towns or spanning the boundaries of multiple towns. There are a number of reasons for the CDP designation: Edge city An edge city

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1056-722: The City of Livingston. The CDP also has the Texas Department of Criminal Justice Allan B. Polunsky Unit , the location of the State of Texas death row for men since 1999. West Livingston is served by the Livingston Independent School District . The Texas Legislature designated Polk County as being in the boundary of Angelina College 's district. Census-designated place CDPs have been used in each decennial census since 1980 as

1104-614: The Miracle Mile as a retail strip). Garreau's classic example of an edge city is the information technology center Tysons, Virginia , west of Washington, D.C. Garreau shows how edge cities have also developed in other countries, specifically citing Canada, Mexico, Australia, and cities such as Paris, London, Karachi, Jakarta, and Tianjin, China. In the cases of London and Paris he notes how these edge cities developed with government planning and with integrated public transportation. Edge cities planned around freeway interchanges have

1152-479: The area continue to be made, the accessibility of the area is on the rise with many forms of transportation being formed. "The aims of the plan are for 75% of development to be within half a mile of metro stations, an urban center of 200,000 jobs and 100,000 residents, a jobs balance of 4.0 per household". Despite the lessons of the American experience, in rapidly developing countries such as China and India and

1200-404: The average family size was 2.91. In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 13.5% under the age of 18, 13.0% from 18 to 24, 42.6% from 25 to 44, 20.1% from 45 to 64, and 10.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 243.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 289.4 males. The median income for a household in the CDP

1248-484: The boundaries for CDPs. The PSAP was to be offered to county and municipal planning agencies during 2008. The boundaries of such places may be defined in cooperation with local or tribal officials, but are not fixed, and do not affect the status of local government or incorporation; the territories thus defined are strictly statistical entities. CDP boundaries may change from one census to the next to reflect changes in settlement patterns. Further, as statistical entities,

1296-419: The boundaries of the CDP may not correspond with local understanding of the area with the same name. Recognized communities may be divided into two or more CDPs while on the other hand, two or more communities may be combined into one CDP. A CDP may also cover the unincorporated part of a named community, where the rest lies within an incorporated place. By defining an area as a CDP, that locality then appears in

1344-476: The case in Tysons and Century City ), but because their internal road networks are severely limited in capacity, densification is more difficult than in the traditional grid network that characterizes traditional CBDs and secondary downtowns. As a result, construction of medium- and high-density housing in edge cities ranges was perceived to be "difficult to impossible". Because most are built at automobile scale, it

1392-518: The counterparts of incorporated places , such as self-governing cities , towns , and villages , for the purposes of gathering and correlating statistical data. CDPs are populated areas that generally include one officially designated but currently unincorporated community, for which the CDP is named, plus surrounding inhabited countryside of varying dimensions and, occasionally, other, smaller unincorporated communities as well. CDPs include small rural communities, edge cities , colonias located along

1440-662: The creation of the edge city in a particular way. There is usually a development commission or similar organization that operates in parallel to, and interact with standard city, county, and state government institutions. Some authors call such commissions private "proto-government" or "shadow governments". According to authors Phelps and Dear, these "shadow governments can tax, legislate for, and police their communities, but they are rarely accountable, are responsive primarily to wealth (as opposed to numbers of voters), and subject to few constitutional constraints”, as "edge cities have had substantial investments placed in them". In most cases

1488-423: The designs of Le Corbusier . Instead of a traditional street grid, their street networks are hierarchical , consisting of winding parkways (often lacking sidewalks) that feed into arterial roads or freeway ramps. However, edge cities feature job density similar to that of secondary downtowns found in places such as Newark and Pasadena ; indeed, Garreau writes that edge cities' development proves that "density

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1536-460: The development of communications (telephone, fax, email and other electronic communication) also enabled the trend. Despite early examples in the 1920s, it was not until car ownership surged in the 1950s, after four decades of fast, steady growth, that it was possible for edge cities to emerge on a large scale. Whereas virtually every American central business district (CBD) or secondary downtown that developed around non-motorized transportation or

1584-479: The edge city and the surrounding areas. Through Garreau, the term edge city has provided information on how corporate players remain important to the strength of urban and regional subsets. Garreau describes that the edge city has a tendency to have a large service-oriented industry linked to the national economy. The edge city offers supplies to the local area in the form of retail facilities and consumer services. Progressively different services begin to move towards

1632-469: The edge city as the population of corporate businesses increase. The corporate offices fill in space in edge cities and provide connections to exterior locations if decisions are being made from those locales. Not only do corporate, service, and transportation based edge cities exist, but the innovation-driven edge cities will generate extra- metropolitan linkages. These innovative edge cities expand various corporate activities as hosts. Edge cities may create

1680-695: The edge city has become the standard form of urban growth worldwide, representing a 20th-century urban form unlike that of the 19th-century central downtown . Other terms for these areas include suburban activity centers , megacenters , and suburban business districts . These districts have now developed in many countries. In 1991, Garreau established five rules for a place to be considered an edge city: Most edge cities develop at or near existing or planned freeway intersections, and are especially likely to develop near major airports . They rarely include heavy industry . They often are not separate legal entities but are governed as part of surrounding counties (this

1728-788: The geographic extent associated with inhabitants' regular use of the named place. There is no provision, however, that this name recognition be unanimous for all residents, or that all residents use the community for which the CDP is named for services provided therein. There is no mandatory correlation between CDP names or boundaries and those established for other human purposes, such as post office names or zones, political precincts, or school districts. The Census Bureau states that census-designated places are not considered incorporated places and that it includes only census-designated places in its city population list for Hawaii because that state has no incorporated cities. In addition, census city lists from 2007 included Arlington County, Virginia 's CDP in

1776-556: The list with the incorporated places, but since 2010, only the Urban Honolulu CDP, Hawaii, representing the historic core of Honolulu, Hawaii , is shown in the city and town estimates. The Census Bureau reported data for some unincorporated places as early as the first census in 1790 (for example, Louisville, Kentucky , which was not legally incorporated in Kentucky until 1828), though usage continued to develop through

1824-471: The metropolitan areas around it. Also as a result of the rise of edge cities, more department stores, hotels, apartments, and office spaces are created . There are more edge cities than their downtown counterparts of the same size. Garreau states one reason for the rise of edge cities is that, "Today, we have moved our means of creating wealth, the essence of urbanism - our jobs - out to where most of us have lived and shopped for two generations. That has led to

1872-464: The metropolitan areas they surround. Edge cities arise from population decentralization from large major core cities and has been ongoing since the 1960s. Shifts in socioeconomics in metro areas (including rising real estate prices during periods of stagnant wages), location of metro industrial areas, and labor competition between edge cities and their more central neighbors have been attributed to their development and continued expansion. There has been

1920-422: The mode of urban politics in different places and in a single place over time". State interventions are essential to the politics in developing edge cities. Tysons, Virginia is an example that went through the process of development due to the county government's aggressive recruitment of businesses. Similar methods of development can be seen and applied to other edge cities as well. Tysons recruited businesses with

1968-409: The population. There were 1,494 households, out of which 28.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.3% were married couples living together, 10.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.2% were non-families. 23.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.49 and

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2016-491: The promise of growth in the future. More businesses coming in allowed for the city to grow which led to the businesses growing as well. A chain reaction was created which crafted the modern-day Tysons. This community was also an example of politics playing a role in developing an edge city. It could be traced to a special commission established at the request of the Fairfax County Board of Supervisors that examined

2064-440: The rise of Edge City." In comparison with urban centers edge cities offer global corporations many advantages: cheaper land, security, efficient land communications, advanced technological installations, and a high quality of life for their employees and executives. The appeal of edge cities attract large corporations as well, boosting the already growing city. This concept has showcased the impact that national economies have on

2112-457: The same category of census data as incorporated places. This distinguishes CDPs from other census classifications, such as minor civil divisions (MCDs), which are in a separate category. The population and demographics of the CDP are included in the data of county subdivisions containing the CDP. Generally, a CDP shall not be defined within the boundaries of what the Census Bureau regards to be an incorporated city, village or borough. However,

2160-526: The start. The first edge city was Detroit's New Center , developed in the 1920s, three miles (5 km) north of downtown, as a new downtown for Detroit. New Center and the Miracle Mile section of Wilshire Boulevard in Los Angeles are considered the earliest automobile-oriented urban forms. However the two were built with radically different purposes in mind (New Center as an office park,

2208-481: Was $ 26,732, and the median income for a family was $ 29,122. Males had a median income of $ 28,854 versus $ 21,625 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $ 11,160. About 16.1% of families and 19.2% of the population were below the poverty line , including 24.4% of those under age 18 and 9.6% of those age 65 or over. West Livingston has the Livingston Municipal Airport , operated by

2256-423: Was felt that "mass transit frequently could not serve them well". Pedestrian access to and circulation within an edge city was perceived to be impractical if not impossible, even if residences are nearby. Revitalization of edge cities was seen to be "the major urban renewal project of the 21st century". Today, many edge cities have plans for densification, sometimes around a walkable downtown-style core, often with

2304-481: Was reduced to 2,500. From 1950 through 1990, the Census Bureau specified other population requirements for unincorporated places or CDPs in Alaska , Puerto Rico , island areas, and Native American reservations . Minimum population criteria for CDPs were dropped with the 2000 Census . The Census Bureau's Participant Statistical Areas Program (PSAP) allows designated participants to review and suggest modifications to

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