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58-458: Play I, Burning Incense and Worshiping the Moon Play II, Icy Strings Spell Out Grief Play III, Feelings Transmitted by Lines of Poetry Play IV, A Clandestine Meeting of Rain and Clouds Play V, A Reunion Ordained by Heaven The play has twenty-one acts in five parts. It tells the story of a secret love affair between Zhang Sheng (张生), a young scholar, and Cui Yingying , the daughter of

116-447: A Kunshan native Liang Chenyu (梁辰魚), has been described as the first Kunqu opera. The story of Washing Silken Gauze was based on Spring and Autumn Annals of Wu and Yue , and the use of elegant "water mill" tunes in the opera earned it wide praise from scholars. Kunqu operas then became popular throughout China, and the emergence of Kunqu is said to have ushered in a "second Golden Era of Chinese drama." The most famous Kunqu opera

174-466: A chief minister of the Tang court. The two first meet in a Buddhist monastery. Yingying and her mother have stopped there to rest while escorting the coffin of Yingying's father to their native town. Zhang Sheng falls in love with her immediately, but is prevented from expressing his feelings while Yingying is under her mother's watchful eye. The most he can do is express his love in a poem read aloud behind

232-513: A complete and unique performance system of Kunqu Opera in terms of characterizing characters, expressing characters' psychological states, rendering drama and enhancing appeal. It includes three aspects: rich clothing styles, exquisite colors and decorations, and the use of faces  [ zh ] . In addition to inheriting the costume styles of opera characters since the Yuan and Ming dynasties, some costumes of Kunqu opera are very similar to

290-578: A few large class clubs have 27 actors. General class club as long as ten doors complete, can perform, other roles can be replaced by close to the door of the actor, the ten basic door is known as the "ten court column," they are: net, official health, cloth health, old age, end, Zhengdan, five Dan, six Dan, vice, ugly. Some of the most readily recognizable qualities of performance are: net, old, official students, Zhengdan four doors. Each line of Kun opera has developed its own set of procedures and techniques in performance. These stylized action language has formed

348-455: A folding drama with a strong story. Adapted to the needs of the performance venue with strong lyricism and movement, many lyrical dance performances have been created, which have become the main performance means of many single-fold lyric song and dance. The Nianbai of Kunqu Opera is also very characteristic, because Kunqu Opera was developed from Wuzhong, so its voice has the characteristics of Wu Nong soft language. Among them, Harlequin also has

406-573: A local white based on the Wu dialect, such as Su Bai, Yangzhou Bai , etc. This market language in the Wuzhong area , has a strong sense of life, and often uses Allegro-style rhyme white, which is very distinctive. In addition, the singing of Kunqu opera has extremely strict specifications for the sound of words, lines, rhythm, etc., forming a complete singing theory. Kunqu opera is divided into three categories: sinian horn, fresh horn and pure clown. Because

464-592: A representative opera of the whole nation. During the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty , the development of Kunqu opera entered its heyday, and since then Kunqu opera has begun to dominate the pear garden, which has lasted for six or seven hundred years, becoming the oldest existing form of opera with a long tradition in China and even the world. The Kunshan singing began to spread its area, initially limited to

522-417: A secret union. When Yingying's mother discovers what her daughter has done, she reluctantly consents to a formal marriage on one condition: Zhang must travel to the capital and pass the civil service examination. To the joy of the young lovers, Zhang Sheng proves to be a brilliant scholar, and is appointed to high office. The story thus ends on a happy note, as the two are finally married. The original story

580-527: A superb dance move , but also an effective means to express the character's character and the meaning of the lyrics . The opera dance of Kunqu Opera has absorbed and inherited the traditions of ancient folk dance and court dance , and has accumulated rich experience in the close integration of rap and dance through long-term stage performance practice. To meet the needs of the performance venue of narrative writing, many dance performances that focus on description are created, and cooperate with "drama" to become

638-490: A wealthy customer who was a fan of the story. From the 13th century to the 21st century, many scenes from The Romance of the Western Chamber decorated Chinese porcelain , although these have not been consistently recognized. Scenes from The Romance of the Western Chamber appear in porcelain of different periods, including the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. For example, the image of Yingying burning incense in

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696-524: Is The Peony Pavilion written by Tang Xianzu in the Ming dynasty. Other important works include The Palace of Eternal Life written by Hong Sheng, and The Peach Blossom Fan by Kong Shangren written in the early Qing period. </ref> The operas were not necessarily performed in full, but may be performed as excerpts or highlights (折子戲, zhézixì ), which became the norm by 1760s and over 400 pieces of these were known. Kunqu performance influenced

754-412: Is [sex] between Heaven and Earth, therefore Heaven and Earth should be abolished?". Since the appearance of this play in the thirteenth century, it has enjoyed unparalleled popularity. The play has given rise to innumerable sequels, parodies, and rewritings; it has influenced countless later plays, short stories, and novels and has played a crucial role in the development of drama criticism. The theme of

812-496: Is a Kunqu opera spread in the Jinhua area of Zhejiang . It is called "Cao Kun" because of its simplification or change of local customs in language and melody. Because of the long-term floating performances in rural grasslands and temple fairs, farmers as the main audience, the language is more popular, the pursuit of plot twists and turns, singing tone is not rigidly four-tone style, mainly performing martial arts, work drama. Since

870-410: Is a fictional character from " Yingying's Biography ", a Chinese story by Yuan Zhen (779–831), and Romance of the Western Chamber , a Chinese play by Wang Shifu (1250–1337?). This Chinese literature-related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Kunqu Kunqu ( Chinese : 崑曲 ), also known as Kunju ( 崑劇 ), K'un-ch'ü , Kun opera or Kunqu Opera ,

928-556: Is a rarity in the traditional culture and art of the Han nationality in China, especially in the art of opera. It is called an "orchid" in the hundred gardens. Kunqu Opera is a blend of singing, dancing and martial arts. It is known for its elegant lyrics, graceful style and delicate performance. It is one of the operas under the Southern Opera system, known as the "ancestor of hundred operas." Kunqu Opera uses drum and plate to control

986-450: Is not the geographical location of the troupe, but whether the music is southern or northern. Kunqu Qupai music can be divided into vocal qupai and instrumental Qupai according to its different uses. The biggest feature of Kunqu opera performance is strong lyricism, delicate movements, and the combination of singing and dancing is ingenious and harmonious. Kunqu opera is a comprehensive art of song, dance, mediation, and white performance, and

1044-617: Is one of the oldest extant forms of Chinese opera . It evolved from a music style local to Kunshan , part of the Wu cultural area , and later came to dominate Chinese theater from the 16th to the 18th centuries. It has been listed as one of the Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO . Wei Liangfu  [ zh ] refined the musical style of kunqu, and it gained widespread popularity when Liang Chenyu used

1102-546: Is stationed not far away. The general subdues the bandits, and it seems that Zhang Sheng and Cui Yingying are set to be married. However, Yingying's mother begins to regret her rash promise to Zhang Sheng, and takes back her word, with the excuse that Yingying is already betrothed to the son of another high official of the court. The two young lovers are greatly disappointed, and begin to pine away with their unfulfilled love. Fortunately, Yingying's maid, Hongniang , takes pity on them, and ingeniously arranges to bring them together in

1160-435: Is the oldest existing drama form in China with a complete performance system, which has had a profound influence on later Chinese operas. Chinese opera has been spreading on the stage since its formation. With the change of time, the script, the voice and the performance are constantly changing. Kunqu Opera, on the other hand, is known as a "living fossil" with less changes and more traditional features of traditional operas. It

1218-466: Is the only one of the three ancient operas in the world that has been preserved so far. It is also the representative of the traditional culture and art of the Han nationality. Due to the extensive performance activities of Kunban, in the last years of Wanli, Kunqu opera was introduced to Beijing and Hunan through Yangzhou , ranking first among all voices and becoming the standard singing tone of legendary scripts: "Four Square Songs Must Zong Wumen." At

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1276-701: The Ming dynasty . Jia Baoyu and Lin Daiyu reading Romance of the Western Chamber together is a very famous episode in the Dream of the Red Chamber . In chapter twenty-three, Lin Daiyu is surprised to find that Jia Baoyu is reading the play because in the Qing dynasty , this book was forbidden to read. At first, Baoyu tries to hide the book, but he could not hide it from her. Later, he expressed his love for Lin Daiyu through

1334-749: The Suzhou area , and during the Wanli period, it expanded to the south of the Yangtze River and north of the Qiantang River with Suzhou as the center, and also flowed into Beijing at the end of the Wanli period. In the Qing Dynasty , the Kangxi Emperor loved Kunqu opera, which made it even more popular. In this way, the Kunshan singing became the most influential vocal cavity drama from

1392-534: The 13th century, but also relate to early poetry inspired by narratives of the Song dynasty , as well as dramas and story-telling performances of songs in the Jin dynasty. There have been numerous English translations: The book was translated into Manchu as Möllendorff : Manju nikan Si siang ki. Vincenz Hundhausen made a German translation of this story. A French translation was made by Stanislas Julien in 1872. It

1450-713: The 1930s, Mei performed Kunqu in the United States and the Soviet Union and was well received. Its melody or tune is one of the Four Great Characteristic Melodies in Chinese opera. In 2006, Zhou Bing acted as a producer and art director for Kunqu (Kun Opera) of sexcentenary. It won Outstanding Documentary Award of 24th China TV Golden Eagle Awards; it won Award of TV Art Features of 21st Starlight Award for 2006. Kunqu Opera

1508-667: The 19th century. In the early 20th century, the elite tried to re-establish Kunqu, and the Academy was founded in 1921 to train performers. </ref> It was later subsidized by the Communist state , but like most traditional forms of Chinese opera, Kunqu was banned during the Cultural Revolution . Kunqu began to revive by the mid-1990s, and it was then declared a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO in 2001, and received generous support by

1566-508: The Western Chamber were the most popular of all. Various Ming painters designed illustrations of the story, including Qian Gu , Tang Yin , and Chen Hongshou . One of the most accomplished renditions of the tale is the series of woodblock prints published, and probably designed, by Min Qiji (1580–after 1661) of Wucheng, Zhejiang province. His work, which dates to 1640, includes a frontispiece depicting Cui Yingying as well as one image for each of

1624-524: The base of Kunqu Opera excellent traditional Chinese Culture Inheritance. Kunqu opera was showcased in the 2019 Chinese Opera Culture Week on Oct 2, 2019. Kunqu Opera is characterized by the character line cavity, cavity with the character walk. Singing also has a certain cavity, different from other operas can be given free play according to the individual conditions of the actors. Instead, there are four strict determinations: tone, cavity, plate and spectrum. The main difference between Nankun and Beikun

1682-534: The centuries that followed. Perhaps bowing to popular sentiment, the ending gradually changed to the happy one seen in the play. The first example of the modified version is a chantefable (諸宮調, zhu gongdiao ) titled Romance of the Western Chamber Zhu Gongdiao (西廂記諸宮調) by Master Dong (董解元, Dong Jieyuan, Jieyuan is an honorific meaning "master") of the Jin dynasty (1115–1234) . Wang Shifu's play

1740-458: The characters of the story appear as if they were paintings on handscrolls, folding fans, or standing screens; inscriptions on a bronze vessel; decorations on a lantern; and puppets used in a theatrical performance. It is possible that the innovative compositions of this album derive from designs by the Yuan artist Sheng Mao , also known as Sheng Mou (1271–1368). The album was likely meant to appeal to

1798-401: The clothes that were popular in society at that time. Reflected in the play, military generals have their own uniforms, and civil officials also have a variety of clothes according to the class hierarchy of feudal society. Facebook is used for the two lines of net and ugly. Very few characters belonging to Sheng and Dan are also used by chance, such as Monkey King (生) and Zhong Wuyan (Dan), and

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1856-488: The colors are basically red, white, and black. After years of running-in processing, Kunqu opera art has formed a fairly perfect system, and this system has long occupied a dominant position in Chinese opera, so Kunqu opera art is revered as the "ancestor of a hundred operas," which has a profound impact on the development of the entire opera, and many local operas have absorbed its artistic nutrients to varying degrees, among which there are still some Kunqu operas. Kunqu Opera

1914-542: The development of performing arts, the division of roles in Kun opera has become more and more detailed. Between Jia and Dao, the role industry of Kun opera combines the original "twelve roles in rivers and lakes" with the later more detailed division of labor. Under the five lines of "Sheng, Dan, Jing, Mo and Chou," there are twenty smaller lines, called "twenty doors." Traditional Kun opera professional class clubs usually only have 18 actors, commonly known as "18 nets," while only

1972-411: The drama is an attack on traditional mores, supporting the longing of young people in those days for freedom of marriage, although it follows the timeworn pattern of a gifted scholar and a beautiful lady falling in love at first sight. According to the orthodox viewpoint of Confucian society, love was not supposed to be a basis for marriage, as most marriages were arranged by the parents of the couples, but

2030-500: The early Kun opera belongs to the Southern Opera system, it inherits the role industry system of the Southern Opera, and simultaneously absorbs the long of the Northern Zaju, taking the basic roles of Sheng, Dan, Jing, Mei, Chou, outer and paste seven acts. Huan Sha Ji, an early work, reflects the character branch method in the early stage of Kun Opera. In addition to following the seven lines of Southern Opera, it also borrowed

2088-521: The end of Ming Dynasty , the main vocal cavity, "Douqiang," contains the components of Kunshan dialect. For example, the representative opera "Ziyuchai," the main tune is "13 tunes." Kunqu Opera also appears in the folk form of sitting and singing. Qing Qianlong 35 years (1770),Jian'ou County established the "Zhai Ya Lin Qu Society", learn to sing Kunqiang, commonly known as "singing a big tune". Kunqu Opera, commonly known as "Cao Kun" and "Jin Kun,"

2146-508: The end of the Ming Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty , Kunqu opera spread to Sichuan , Guizhou and Guangdong , and developed into a national drama. The singing of Kunqu opera was originally based on the Wu language pronunciation of Suzhou, but after it was introduced to various places, it was combined with local dialects and folk music to derive many genres, forming a rich and colorful Kunqu opera cavity system, and becoming

2204-464: The famous sentences from the book. Artists working in different media—including painting, woodblock printmaking, and pottery decoration—drew upon the various literary works that told the story of Zhang Sheng and Cui Yingying, and their work relates to developments in Chinese literature and drama. In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, art that illustrated novels and dramatic productions became increasingly popular, and illustrations of The Romance of

2262-512: The garden has become an archetype in Chinese art and is identifiable in decorated ceramics of the Jin, Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties. Literary and dramatic scenes became popular as decorative patterns on blue-and-white porcelain produced in the Zhizheng era (1341–1367) of the Yuan dynasty. Allusions to The Romance of the Western Chamber in porcelain do not only draw upon Wang Shifu's drama in

2320-770: The government, and experienced a great increase in popularity by 2004. Today, Kunqu is professionally performed in seven major Mainland Chinese cities: Beijing ( Northern Kunqu Theater ), Shanghai ( Shanghai Kunqu Theater ), Suzhou ( Suzhou Kunqu Theater ), Nanjing ( Jiangsu Province Kun Opera ), Chenzhou ( Hunan Kunqu Theater ), Yongjia County / Wenzhou ( Yongjia Kunqu Theater ) and Hangzhou ( Zhejiang Province Kunqu Theater ), as well as in Taipei . Non-professional opera societies are active in many other cities in China and abroad, and opera companies occasionally tour. In 1919 Mei Lanfang and Han Shichang , renowned performers of Kunqu , traveled to Japan to give performances. In

2378-499: The happy ending of The Romance of the Western Chamber embodies the aspirations of people for more meaningful and happier lives. Thus, the biggest difference between The Story of Yingying and The Story of the Western Wing lies in their endings—the former has a sad ending while the latter has a happy ending. What's more, The Romance of the Western Chamber carries a more profound meaning in its conclusion, and directly suggests

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2436-540: The ideal that all lovers in the world be settled down in a family union, with a more sharp-cut theme of attacking traditional mores and the traditional marriage system. Since the first performance, The Romance of the Western Chamber has become the most popular love comedy in China. Nowadays, it is still actively performed on the stage. In the original traditional forms of art performance, such as Kun Opera and Beijing Opera , and other new forms of performance like musical and film. The resourceful maidservant Hongniang in

2494-540: The middle of the Ming Dynasty to the middle of the Qing Dynasty. Ming Wanli period (1573-1619) before the introduction to Fujian. The earliest recorded introduction of Kunshan dialect into Fujian was in 1574. Kunqu Opera is widely distributed in Fujian , and has had some influence on local operas in Fujian more or less, directly or indirectly. In the Confucian drama founded by Cao Xuefu  [ zh ] at

2552-402: The performance characteristics of singing and dancing have been formed in the long-term performance history, especially reflected in the performance body of each character, and its dance body can be roughly divided into two types: one is the auxiliary posture when speaking and the dance of rewriting the intention developed by gestures; One is a lyrical dance with singing lyrics , which is not only

2610-411: The performance of many other styles of Chinese musical theater, including Peking opera , which contains much Kunqu repertoire. Kunqu was referred to as Yabu (雅部, "elegant drama"), and it came under competition from a variety of operas (e.g. Shaanxi Opera, Clapper Opera, Yiyang tunes, Peking Opera , etc.) termed Huabu (花部, "flowery drama"), and as a result, Kunqu troupes experienced a commercial decline in

2668-513: The performance of the Hsi-hsiang chi ...was still forbidden among [good] families." Gui Guang (1613–1673) called the work "a book teaching debauchery." On the other hand, the famous critic Jin Shengtan considered it silly to declare a book containing sex to be immoral, since "If we consider [sex] more carefully, what day is without it? What place is without it? Can we say that because there

2726-714: The rhythm of singing, and Qudi and three-stringed instruments as the main accompaniment instruments. Its pronunciation is "Zhongzhou rhyme." Kunqu Opera was listed as a masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO in 2001, and was included in the Masterpiece of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2008. In December 2018, the General Office of the Ministry of Education announced Peking University as

2784-405: The rhythm of singing, with Qu flute , three strings and so on as the main accompanying instrument; its singing pronunciation is "Zhongzhou Rhyme." Kunqu refers to Kunshan tune (昆山腔, Kūnshān qiāng ), a repertory of songs and performances from Kunshan in Suzhou . The Kunshan tune is often believed to have been developed during the Ming Dynasty by Wei Liangfu  [ zh ] (魏良輔), who

2842-460: The same as Kun opera in the early period. During the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty , The role industry of Kun opera basically maintained the system of "twelve characters in rivers and lakes." During the reign of Qianlong , Kunqu Opera was the most popular, the performing arts were further improved, and new breakthroughs were made in the role industry system for characterizing characters. With

2900-528: The setting method of Xiao Mei and Xiao Dan in Yuan Zaju, and added five lines of Xiao Sheng, Xiao Dan, Xiao Mei, Xiao Wai and Xiao Jing, a total of twelve lines. During the boom of Kun opera in the late Ming Dynasty , in the Ming edition of the legend of Mohan Zhai, the original "tie" was changed to "Old Dan," which also absorbed the branch method of Zaju in the Yuan Dynasty . Other roles are basically

2958-501: The story is so prominent that evolves from a supporting role to an indispensable main character, becoming the synonym of marriage matchmaker in Chinese culture. In some local versions, the plays even is named by her name and the story itself is only slightly changed. The Romance of the Western Chamber also had profound influences on other literary works, such as Dream of the Red Chamber , the first of China's Four Great Classical Novels , and another famous play, The Peony Pavilion , in

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3016-638: The style in his drama Huansha ji ( Washing Silken Gauze ). In 2006, it was listed on the first national intangible cultural heritage list. In 2008, it was included in the List of Representative Works of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. In December 2018, the General Office of the Ministry of Education announced that Peking University is the base for inheriting excellent traditional Chinese culture in Kunqu. Kunqu takes drum and board to control

3074-432: The twenty acts of the Yuan dynasty drama by Wang Shifu. Min Qiji's album may also be one of the first to rely on the Chinese taoban 套板 printing technique, using six colors to fill in contours but also to add modeling and shading to the depicted images. A significant innovation of Min Qiji's album is the presentation of scenes as if they were representations of dramatic performances or already-existing pictorial illustrations:

3132-460: The wall of the courtyard in which Yingying is lodging. However, word of Yingying's beauty soon reaches Sun the Flying Tiger, a local bandit. He dispatches ruffians to surround the monastery, in the hopes of taking her as his consort. Yingying's mother agrees that whoever drives the bandits away can have Yingying's hand in marriage, so Zhang Sheng contacts his childhood friend General Du, who

3190-538: Was a released as a silent film Romance of the Western Chamber in China in 1927, directed by Hou Yao . In 2005, the TVB series Lost in the Chamber of Love made a twist in the tale and had Hongniang , played by Myolie Wu , falling in love with Zhang Sheng, played by Ron Ng , while Cui Yingying, played by Michelle Ye , would marry Emperor Dezong of Tang , played by Kenneth Ma . Cui Yingying Cui Yingying

3248-408: Was closely modeled on this version. Due to scenes that unambiguously described Zhang Sheng and Cui Yingying fulfilling their love outside of the bond of marriage, moralists have traditionally considered The Story of the Western Wing to be an indecent, immoral, and licentious work. It was thus placed high on the list of forbidden books. Tang Laihe is reported to have said, "I heard that in the 1590s

3306-439: Was first told in a literary Chinese short story written by Yuan Zhen during the Tang dynasty. This version was called The Story of Yingying , or Yingying's Biography . This version differs from the later play in that Zhang Sheng ultimately breaks from Yingying, and does not ask for her hand in marriage. Despite the unhappy ending, the story was popular with later writers, and recitative works based on it began accumulating in

3364-716: Was from the port of Taicang . A more recent discovery, however, suggests that Kunshan tune was introduced in the late Yuan dynasty by Gu Jian (顾坚), who developed an early form of Kunqu with a group of musicians in Kunshan. Wei modified Kunshan tune with songs of Haiyan (海鹽) near Hangzhou and Yiyang (弋陽) of Jiangxi ; he also combined nanxi rhythms, which often used flute, with the northern zaju style, where plucked string instruments were preferred. The resultant elegant Kunshan tunes are often called "water mill" tunes (水磨調, shuimo diao ). Kunqu operas are chuanqi -style operas but incorporating Kunshan tune throughout. An opera, Washing Silken Gauze (浣紗記, Huan Sha Ji ) written by

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