63-402: A telephone directory , commonly called a telephone book , telephone address book , phonebook , or the white and yellow pages , is a listing of telephone subscribers in a geographical area or subscribers to services provided by the organization that publishes the directory. Its purpose is to allow the telephone number of a subscriber identified by name and address to be found. The advent of
126-589: A copyright on telephone listings, because copyright protects creativity and not the mere labor of collecting existing information. In late July 1995 Kapitol launched the Infobel.be website. Infobel was then the first telephone directory website launched on the then-nascent Internet. In 1996, in the US the first telephone directories went online. Yellowpages.com and Whitepages.com both saw their start in April. In 1999,
189-422: A stem cell transplant , alkylating agents , or corticosteroid therapy , regardless of immunization status; travel to areas where measles commonly occurs or contact with travelers from such an area; and the loss of passive, inherited antibodies before the age of routine immunization. Once the measles virus gets onto the mucosa , it infects the epithelial cells in the trachea or bronchi. Measles virus uses
252-582: A billion people. Vaccination rates have been high enough to make measles relatively uncommon. Adverse reactions to vaccination are rare, with fever and pain at the injection site being the most common. Life-threatening adverse reactions occur in less than one per million vaccinations (<0.0001%). In developing countries where measles is common , the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends two doses of vaccine be given, at six and nine months of age. The vaccine should be given whether
315-453: A correlation between children who take aspirin and the development of Reye syndrome . The use of vitamin A during treatment is recommended to decrease the risk of blindness; however, it does not prevent or cure the disease. A systematic review of trials into its use found no reduction in overall mortality, but two doses (200,000 IU ) of vitamin A was shown to reduce mortality for measles in children younger than two years of age. It
378-441: A decrease in immunization. Symptoms typically begin 10–14 days after exposure. The classic symptoms include a four-day fever (the four Ds) and the three Cs— cough , coryza (head cold, fever, sneezing), and conjunctivitis (red eyes)—along with a maculopapular rash . Fever is common and typically lasts for about one week; the fever seen with measles is often as high as 40 °C (104 °F). Koplik's spots seen inside
441-754: A form of modified measles. Modified measles is characterized by a prolonged incubation period , milder, and less characteristic symptoms (sparse and discrete rash of short duration). Complications of measles are relatively common, ranging from mild ones such as diarrhea to serious ones such as pneumonia (either direct viral pneumonia or secondary bacterial pneumonia ), laryngotracheobronchitis (croup) (either direct viral laryngotracheobronchitis or secondary bacterial bronchitis), otitis media , acute brain inflammation , corneal ulceration (leading to corneal scarring ), and in about 1 in 600 unvaccinated infants under 15 months while more rarely in older children and adults, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis , which
504-691: A measles outbreak in the German capital of Berlin resulted in at least 782 cases. In 2017, numbers continued to increase in Europe to 21,315 cases, with 35 deaths. In preliminary figures for 2018, reported cases in the region increased 3-fold to 82,596 in 47 countries, with 72 deaths; Ukraine had the most cases (53,218), with the highest incidence rates being in Ukraine (1209 cases per million), Serbia (579), Georgia (564) and Albania (500). The previous year (2017) saw an estimated measles vaccine coverage of 95% for
567-412: A newly made virus. Within days, the measles virus spreads through local tissue and is picked up by dendritic cells and alveolar macrophages , and carried from that local tissue in the lungs to the local lymph nodes. From there it continues to spread, eventually getting into the blood and spreading to more lung tissue, as well as other organs like the intestines and the brain. Functional impairment of
630-414: A protein on its surface called hemagglutinin (H protein), to bind to a target receptor on the host cell, which could be CD46 , which is expressed on all nucleated human cells, CD150 , aka signaling lymphocyte activation molecule or SLAM, which is found on immune cells like B or T cells, and antigen-presenting cells, or nectin-4 , a cellular adhesion molecule. Once bound, the fusion, or F protein helps
693-473: A second dose of the MMR vaccine is given, it will provide immunity in 99% of children. There is no evidence that the measles vaccine virus can be transmitted to other persons. There is no specific antiviral treatment if measles develops. Instead the medications are generally aimed at treating superinfections, maintaining good hydration with adequate fluids, and pain relief. Some groups, like young children and
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#1732783042611756-410: A year, primarily in the developing areas of Africa and Asia. It is one of the leading vaccine-preventable disease causes of death. In 1980, 2.6 million people died from measles, and in 1990, 545,000 died due to the disease; by 2014, global vaccination programs had reduced the number of deaths from measles to 73,000. Despite these trends, rates of disease and deaths increased from 2017 to 2019 due to
819-586: Is a highly contagious, vaccine-preventable infectious disease caused by measles virus . Other names include morbilli , rubeola , red measles , and English measles . Both rubella , also known as German measles , and roseola are different diseases caused by unrelated viruses. Symptoms usually develop 10–12 days after exposure to an infected person and last 7–10 days. Initial symptoms typically include fever , often greater than 40 °C (104 °F), cough, runny nose , and inflamed eyes . Small white spots known as Koplik's spots may form inside
882-615: Is also recommended for children. Among cases reported in the U.S. between 1985 and 1992, death occurred in only 0.2% of cases, but may be up to 10% in people with malnutrition . Most of those who die from the infection are less than five years old. The measles vaccine is effective at preventing the disease, is exceptionally safe, and is often delivered in combination with other vaccines. Vaccination resulted in an 80% decrease in deaths from measles between 2000 and 2017, with about 85% of children worldwide having received their first dose as of 2017. Measles affects about 20 million people
945-433: Is caused by the measles virus , a single-stranded, negative-sense , enveloped RNA virus of the genus Morbillivirus within the family Paramyxoviridae . The virus is highly contagious and is spread by coughing and sneezing via close personal contact or direct contact with secretions. Measles is the most contagious virus known. It remains infective for up to two hours in that airspace or nearby surfaces. Measles
1008-602: Is classically described as a generalized red maculopapular rash that begins several days after the fever starts. It starts on the back of the ears and, after a few hours, spreads to the head and neck before spreading to cover most of the body. The measles rash appears two to four days after the initial symptoms and lasts for up to eight days. The rash is said to "stain", changing color from red to dark brown, before disappearing. Overall, measles usually resolves after about three weeks. People who have been vaccinated against measles but have incomplete protective immunity may experience
1071-435: Is extremely infectious and its continued circulation in a community depends on the generation of susceptible hosts by birth of children. In communities that generate insufficient new hosts the disease will die out. This concept was first recognized in measles by Bartlett in 1957, who referred to the minimum number supporting measles as the critical community size (CCS). Analysis of outbreaks in island communities suggested that
1134-494: Is important for public health efforts. Measles is not known to occur in other animals. Once a person has become infected, no specific treatment is available, although supportive care may improve outcomes. Such care may include oral rehydration solution (slightly sweet and salty fluids), healthy food, and medications to control the fever. Antibiotics should be prescribed if secondary bacterial infections such as ear infections or pneumonia occur. Vitamin A supplementation
1197-451: Is not ideal, as saliva contains many other fluids and proteins which may make it difficult to collect samples and detect measles antibodies. Saliva also contains 800 times fewer antibodies than blood samples do, which makes salivary testing additionally difficult. Positive contact with other people known to have measles adds evidence to the diagnosis. Mothers who are immune to measles pass antibodies to their children while they are still in
1260-590: Is often printed on blue pages or green pages. Telephone directories can be published in hard copy or in electronic form. In the latter case, the directory can be on physical media such as CD-ROM, or using an online service through proprietary terminals or over the Internet. In many countries, directories are both published in book form and also available over the Internet. Printed directories were usually supplied free of charge. Selectphone (ProCD) Inc.) and PhoneDisc (Digital Directory Assistance Inc) were among
1323-796: Is progressive and eventually lethal. In addition, measles can suppress the immune system for weeks to months, and this can contribute to bacterial superinfections such as otitis media and bacterial pneumonia. Two months after recovery there is a 11–73% decrease in the number of antibodies against other bacteria and viruses. The death rate in the 1920s was around 30% for measles pneumonia. People who are at high risk for complications are infants and children aged less than 5 years; adults aged over 20 years; pregnant women; people with compromised immune systems, such as from leukemia , HIV infection or innate immunodeficiency; and those who are malnourished or have vitamin A deficiency . Complications are usually more severe in adults. Between 1987 and 2000,
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#17327830426111386-462: Is recommended that children be immunized against measles at 12 months, generally as part of a three-part MMR vaccine (measles, mumps , and rubella ). The vaccine is generally not given before this age because such infants respond inadequately to the vaccine due to an immature immune system. A second dose of the vaccine is usually given to children between the ages of four and five, to increase rates of immunity. Measles vaccines have been given to over
1449-479: Is so contagious that if one person has it, 90% of non-immune people who have close contact with them (e.g., household members) will also become infected. Humans are the only natural hosts of the virus, and no other animal reservoirs are known to exist, although mountain gorillas are believed to be susceptible to the disease. Risk factors for measles virus infection include immunodeficiency caused by HIV/AIDS , immunosuppression following receipt of an organ or
1512-621: Is sorted by phone number, so the name and address of a subscriber is looked up by phone number. Subscriber Too Many Requests If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request from 172.68.168.236 via cp1112 cp1112, Varnish XID 950343008 Upstream caches: cp1112 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Thu, 28 Nov 2024 08:37:22 GMT Measles Measles (probably from Middle Dutch or Middle High German masel(e) ("blemish, blood blister "))
1575-446: Is the most common fatal complication of measles infection and accounts for 56–86% of measles-related deaths. Possible consequences of measles virus infection include laryngotracheobronchitis , sensorineural hearing loss , and—in about 1 in 10,000 to 1 in 300,000 cases — panencephalitis , which is usually fatal. Acute measles encephalitis is another serious risk of measles virus infection. It typically occurs two days to one week after
1638-442: Is unclear if zinc supplementation in children with measles affects outcomes as it has not been sufficiently studied. There are no adequate studies on whether Chinese medicinal herbs are effective. Most people survive measles, though in some cases, complications may occur. About 1 in 4 individuals will be hospitalized and 1–2 in 1,000 will die. Complications are more likely in children under age 5 and adults over age 20. Pneumonia
1701-965: The American Red Cross , the United States CDC , the United Nations Foundation , UNICEF and the WHO. Globally, measles fell 60% from an estimated 873,000 deaths in 1999 to 345,000 in 2005. Estimates for 2008 indicate deaths fell further to 164,000 globally, with 77% of the remaining measles deaths in 2008 occurring within the Southeast Asian region. There were 142,300 measles related deaths globally in 2018, of which most cases were reported from African and eastern Mediterranean regions. These estimates were slightly higher than that of 2017, when 124,000 deaths were reported due to measles infection globally. In 2000,
1764-472: The reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay. This method is particularly useful to confirm cases when the IgM antibodies results are inconclusive. For people unable to have their blood drawn , saliva can be collected for salivary measles-specific IgA testing. Salivary tests used to diagnose measles involve collecting a saliva sample and testing for the presence of measles antibodies. This method
1827-479: The 21st century, printed telephone directories are increasingly criticized as waste. In 2012, after some North American cities passed laws banning the distribution of telephone books, an industry group sued and obtained a court ruling permitting the distribution to continue. In 2010, manufacture and distribution of telephone directories produced over 1,400,000 metric tons of greenhouse gases and consumed over 600,000 tons of paper annually. A reverse telephone directory
1890-469: The CCS for measles is around 250,000. To achieve herd immunity , more than 95% of the community must be vaccinated due to the ease with which measles is transmitted from person to person. In 2011, the WHO estimated that 158,000 deaths were caused by measles. This is down from 630,000 deaths in 1990. As of 2018, measles remains a leading cause of vaccine-preventable deaths in the world. In developed countries
1953-572: The Internet, search engines , and smartphones in the 21st century greatly reduced the need for a paper phone book. Some communities, such as Seattle and San Francisco , sought to ban their unsolicited distribution as wasteful, unwanted and harmful to the environment. The slogan "Let Your Fingers Do the Walking" refers to use of phone books. Subscriber names are generally listed in alphabetical order, together with their postal or street address and telephone number . In principle every subscriber in
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2016-452: The US, under current rules and practices, mobile phone and voice over IP listings are not included in telephone directories. Efforts to create cellular directories have met stiff opposition from several fronts, including those who seek to avoid telemarketers . A telephone directory and its content may be known by the colour of the paper it is printed on. Other colors may have other meanings; for example, information on government agencies
2079-467: The WHO established the Global Measles and Rubella Laboratory Network (GMRLN) to provide laboratory surveillance for measles, rubella , and congenital rubella syndrome . Data from 2016 to 2018 show that the most frequently detected measles virus genotypes are decreasing, suggesting that increasing global population immunity has decreased the number of chains of transmission. Cases reported in
2142-473: The WHO. In November 2024, the WHO and CDC reported that that measles cases increased by 20% last year, primarily due to insufficient vaccine coverage in the world’s poorest and conflict-affected regions. Nearly half of the major outbreaks occurred in Africa, where deaths rose by 37%, the agencies noted. In 2023, approximately 10.3 million cases of the highly contagious disease were reported, up from 8.65 million
2205-631: The age of 5 years. In February 2024, the World Health Organization said more than half of the world was at risk of a measles outbreak due to Covid-19 pandemic-related disruptions in that month. All the world regions have reported such outbreaks with the exception of the Americas , though these could still be expected to become hotspots in the future. Death rates during the outbreaks tend to be higher among poorer countries but middle income nations are also heavily impacted, according to
2268-448: The brain may occur. Measles is an airborne disease which spreads easily from one person to the next through the coughs and sneezes of infected people. It may also be spread through direct contact with mouth or nasal secretions . It is extremely contagious: nine out of ten people who are not immune and share living space with an infected person will be infected. Furthermore, measles's reproductive number estimates vary beyond
2331-765: The case fatality rate across the United States was three deaths per 1,000 cases attributable to measles, or 0.3%. In underdeveloped nations with high rates of malnutrition and poor healthcare , fatality rates have been as high as 28%. In immunocompromised persons (e.g., people with AIDS ) the fatality rate is approximately 30%. Even in previously healthy children, measles can cause serious illness requiring hospitalization. One out of every 1,000 measles cases progresses to acute encephalitis , which often results in permanent brain damage. One to three out of every 1,000 children who become infected with measles will die from respiratory and neurological complications. Measles
2394-474: The child is HIV-infected or not. The vaccine is less effective in HIV-infected infants than in the general population, but early treatment with antiretroviral drugs can increase its effectiveness. Measles vaccination programs are often used to deliver other child health interventions as well, such as bed nets to protect against malaria , antiparasite medicine and vitamin A supplements, and so contribute to
2457-509: The creation of a new typeface , known as Bell Gothic , the purpose of which was to be readable at very small font sizes when printed on newsprint where small imperfections were common. In 1981, France became the first country to have an electronic directory on a system called Minitel . The directory is called "11" after its telephone access number. In 1991, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled (in Feist v. Rural ) that telephone companies do not have
2520-447: The earliest such products. These were not a matter of a single click: PhoneDisc, depending on the mix of Residential, Business or both, involved up to eight CD-ROMs. SelectPhone is fewer CD-ROMs: five. Both provide a reverse lookup feature (by phone number or by address), albeit involving up to five CD-ROMs. The combination of phone number lookups, along with Internet access, was offered by some service providers; VoIP (Voice over IP)
2583-539: The first dose and 90% for the second dose in the region, the latter figure being the highest-ever estimated second-dose coverage. In 2019, the United Kingdom, Albania, the Czech Republic, and Greece lost their measles-free status due to ongoing and prolonged spread of the disease in these countries. In the first 6 months of 2019, 90,000 cases occurred in Europe. As a result of widespread vaccination,
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2646-666: The first online telephone directories and people-finding sites such as LookupUK.com went online in the UK. In 2003, more advanced UK searching including Electoral Roll became available on LocateFirst.com. With online directories, and with many people giving up landlines for cell phones whose numbers are not listed in telephone directories, printed directories are no longer as necessary as they once were. Regulators no longer required that residential listings be printed, starting with New York in 2010. Yellow pages continued to be printed because some advertisers still reached consumers that way. In
2709-466: The first three months of 2019, were 300% higher than in the first three months of 2018, with outbreaks in every region of the world, even in countries with high overall vaccination coverage where it spread among clusters of unvaccinated people. The numbers of reported cases as of mid-November is over 413,000 globally, with an additional 250,000 cases in DRC (as reported through their national system), similar to
2772-433: The frequently cited range of 12 to 18. The NIH quote this 2017 paper saying: "[a] review in 2017 identified feasible measles R 0 values of 3.7–203.3". People are infectious to others from four days before to four days after the start of the rash. While often regarded as a childhood illness, it can affect people of any age. Most people do not get the disease more than once. Testing for the measles virus in suspected cases
2835-812: The geographical coverage area is listed, but subscribers may request the exclusion of their number from the directory, often for a fee; their number is then said to be " unlisted " ( US and Canada ), "ex-directory" ( British English ), or "private" (Australia and New Zealand). A telephone directory may also provide instructions: how to use the telephone service , how to dial a particular number, be it local or international, what numbers to access important and emergency services , utilities, hospitals, doctors, and organizations who can provide support in times of crisis. It may also have civil defense , emergency management , or first aid information. There may be transit maps, postal code/zip code guides, international dialing codes or stadium seating charts, as well as advertising. In
2898-472: The immune system, which can cause deaths from other diseases. Suppression of the immune system by measles lasts about two years and has been epidemiologically implicated in up to 90% of childhood deaths in third world countries, and historically may have caused rather more deaths in the United States, the UK and Denmark than were directly caused by measles. Although the measles vaccine contains an attenuated strain, it does not deplete immune memory. Measles
2961-620: The increasing trends of infection reported in the earlier months of 2019, compared to 2018. In 2019, the total number of cases worldwide climbed to 869,770. The number of cases reported for 2020 is lower compare to 2019. According to the WHO, the COVID-19 pandemic hindered vaccination campaigns in at least 68 countries, including in countries that were experiencing outbreaks, which caused increased risk of additional cases. In 2022, there were an estimated 136,000 measles deaths globally, mostly among unvaccinated or under vaccinated children under
3024-796: The infected dendritic cells by the measles virus is thought to contribute to measles-induced immunosuppression. Typically, clinical diagnosis begins with the onset of fever and malaise about 10 days after exposure to the measles virus, followed by the emergence of cough , coryza , and conjunctivitis that worsen in severity over 4 days of appearing. Observation of Koplik's spots is also diagnostic. Other possible condition that can result in these symptoms include parvovirus , dengue fever , Kawasaki disease , and scarlet fever . Laboratory confirmation is, however, strongly recommended. Laboratory diagnosis of measles can be done with confirmation of positive measles IgM antibodies or detection of measles virus RNA from throat, nasal or urine specimen by using
3087-421: The measles rash breaks out and begins with very high fever, severe headache, convulsions and altered mentation. A person with measles encephalitis may become comatose , and death or brain injury may occur. For people having had measles, it is rare to ever have a symptomatic reinfection. The measles virus can deplete previously acquired immune memory by killing cells that make antibodies, and thus weakens
3150-606: The measles vaccine and autism ; this incorrect concern has reduced the rate of vaccination and increased the number of cases of measles where immunization rates became too low to maintain herd immunity . Additionally, there have been false claims that measles infection protects against cancer. Administration of the MMR vaccine may prevent measles after exposure to the virus (post-exposure prophylaxis). Post-exposure prophylaxis guidelines are specific to jurisdiction and population. Passive immunization against measles by an intramuscular injection of antibodies could be effective up to
3213-467: The mortality rate is lower, for example in England and Wales from 2007 to 2017 death occurred between two and three cases out of 10,000. In children one to three cases out of every 1,000 die in the United States (0.1–0.2%). In populations with high levels of malnutrition and a lack of adequate healthcare, mortality can be as high as 10%. In cases with complications, the rate may rise to 20–30%. In 2012,
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#17327830426113276-405: The mouth are diagnostic for measles, but are temporary and therefore rarely seen. Koplik spots are small white spots that are commonly seen on the inside of the cheeks opposite the molars. They appear as "grains of salt on a reddish background." Recognizing these spots before a person reaches their maximum infectiousness can help reduce the spread of the disease. The characteristic measles rash
3339-448: The mouth two or three days after the start of symptoms. A red, flat rash which usually starts on the face and then spreads to the rest of the body typically begins three to five days after the start of symptoms. Common complications include diarrhea (in 8% of cases), middle ear infection (7%), and pneumonia (6%). These occur in part due to measles-induced immunosuppression . Less commonly seizures , blindness , or inflammation of
3402-480: The number of deaths due to measles was 78% lower than in 2000 due to increased rates of immunization among UN member states . Even in countries where vaccination has been introduced, rates may remain high. Measles is a leading cause of vaccine-preventable childhood mortality. Worldwide, the fatality rate has been significantly reduced by a vaccination campaign led by partners in the Measles Initiative :
3465-704: The previous year. In England and Wales, though deaths from measles were uncommon, they averaged about 500 per year in the 1940s. Deaths diminished with the improvement of medical care in the 1950s but the incidence of the disease did not retreat until vaccination was introduced in the late 1960s. Wider coverage was achieved in the 1980s with the measles, mumps and rubella , MMR vaccine . In 2013–14, there were almost 10,000 cases in 30 European countries. Most cases occurred in unvaccinated individuals and over 90% of cases occurred in Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Romania, and United Kingdom. Between October 2014 and March 2015,
3528-553: The reduction of child deaths from other causes. The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommends that all adult international travelers who do not have positive evidence of previous measles immunity receive two doses of MMR vaccine before traveling, although birth before 1957 is presumptive evidence of immunity. Those born in the United States before 1957 are likely to have been naturally infected with measles virus and generally need not be considered susceptible. There have been false claims of an association between
3591-404: The seventh day after exposure. Compared to no treatment, the risk of measles infection is reduced by 83%, and the risk of death by measles is reduced by 76%. However, the effectiveness of passive immunization in comparison to active measles vaccine is not clear. The MMR vaccine is 95% effective for preventing measles after one dose if the vaccine is given to a child who is 12 months or older; if
3654-416: The severely malnourished, are also given vitamin A , which acts as an immunomodulator that boosts the antibody responses to measles and decreases the risk of serious complications. Treatment is supportive , with ibuprofen or paracetamol (acetaminophen) to reduce fever and pain and, if required, a fast-acting medication to dilate the airways for cough. As for aspirin , some research has suggested
3717-410: The virus fuse with the membrane and ultimately get inside the cell. As the virus is a single-stranded negative-sense RNA virus , it includes the enzyme RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) which is used to transcribe its genome into a positive-sense mRNA strand. After entering a cell, it is ready to be translated into viral proteins, wrapped in the cell's lipid envelope, and sent out of the cell as
3780-442: The womb, especially if the mother acquired immunity through infection rather than vaccination. Such antibodies will usually give newborn infants some immunity against measles, but these antibodies are gradually lost over the course of the first nine months of life. Infants under one year of age whose maternal anti-measles antibodies have disappeared become susceptible to infection with the measles virus. In developed countries, it
3843-505: Was an additional feature. Telephone directories are a type of city directory . Books listing the inhabitants of an entire city were widely published starting in the 18th century, before the invention of the telephone. The first telephone directory, consisting of a single piece of cardboard, was issued on 21 February 1878; it listed 50 individuals, businesses, and other offices in New Haven, Connecticut , that had telephones. The directory
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#17327830426113906-484: Was not alphabetized and no numbers were included with the people listed in it. In 1879, Dr. Moses Greeley Parker suggested the format of the telephone directory be changed so that subscribers appeared in alphabetical order and each telephone be identified with a number. Parker came to this idea out of fear that Lowell, Massachusetts 's four operators would contract measles and be unable to connect telephone subscribers to one another. The first British telephone directory
3969-610: Was published on 15 January 1880 by The Telephone Company. It contained 248 names and addresses of individuals and businesses in London; telephone numbers were not used at the time as subscribers were asked for by name at the exchange. The directory is preserved as part of the British phone book collection by BT Archives . The Reuben H. Donnelly company asserts that it published the first classified directory, or yellow pages, for Chicago, Illinois, in 1886. In 1938, AT&T commissioned
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