An incubator is a device simulating avian incubation by keeping eggs warm at a particular temperature range and in the correct humidity with a turning mechanism to hatch them.
21-671: The Pekin or White Pekin is an American breed of domestic duck , raised primarily for meat . It derives from birds brought to the United States from China in the nineteenth century, and is now bred in many parts of the world. It is often known as the American Pekin to distinguish it from the German Pekin , a distinct and separate breed which derives from the same Chinese stock but has different breeding . Many of these ducks were reared on Long Island , New York , in
42-414: A chemical or biological reaction. The incubator is recorded being used to hatch bird and reptile eggs. It lets the fetus inside the egg grow without the mother needing to be present to provide the warmth. Chicken eggs are recorded to hatch after about 21 days, but other species of birds can take a longer or shorter amount of time. Incubators are also used to raise birds. An incubator should be able to set
63-495: A compromise has to be sought to best suit the age groups presented in the setter. In a multi-stage incubation procedure, the heat produced by the older embryos is used to heat the warmth-demanding younger embryos in the same machine. Due to different physical demand in Multi-Stage and Single-stage different equipment is needed to be successful. Many industrial producers use traditional Single-Stage machines, but REAL Single-stage
84-462: Is available. Modern incubators are electrically heated, controlled by a thermostat while some are powered by solar energy due to epileptic and erratic electricity supply. They can be used in a farmhouse, such as a large chicken-raising facilities, or they can be found in a common classroom for students to observe the egg inside and when it hatches. Some industrial incubators are large enough to hold up to 124,416 eggs, and some other styles can only hold
105-442: Is rectangular as seen from the side and is held at about 40º to the horizontal; the tail projects above the line of the back. The breast is smooth and broad and does not show a pronounced keel . The head is large and rounded, and the neck is thick. The plumage is creamy white, the legs and feet are a yellowish orange. The beak is yellow, fairly short, and almost straight. The American Pekin is raised almost exclusively for meat . In
126-564: Is sometimes kept for fancy and showing . Show birds are often larger than commercial production stock. List of duck breeds Too Many Requests If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request from 172.68.168.133 via cp1102 cp1102, Varnish XID 565329809 Upstream caches: cp1102 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Thu, 28 Nov 2024 07:48:32 GMT Incubator (egg) The common names of
147-499: Is to produce large numbers of uniform, robust, day-old chicks. Robustness is a health criterion, originating in the embryonic life stage of the chicken – and correlating directly with the performance and resistance of individual chicks under differing farm conditions. Incubating different species of birds at the same time is possible within the same incubator. In industrial incubation, there are two common used methods of incubation: single-stage and multi-stage. In single-stage incubation,
168-528: The temperature scale named after him . Réaumur used the thermometer in his design for an artificial incubator, presented to the Académie des sciences in 1747, and published in 1749 as l’Art de faire éclore et d'élever en toute saison des oiseaux domestiques de toutes espèces, soit par le moyen de la chaleur du fumier, soit par le moyen de celle du feu ordinaire , or "The art of hatching and rearing domestic birds of all species in all seasons, either by means of
189-518: The American Pekin derives. In 1872, James E. Palmer of Stonington, Connecticut , loaded fifteen white ducks of this type for shipment to a businessman named McGrath in the United States. The birds were loaded at Shanghai but had been hatched in Beijing . Nine of them – six hens and three drakes – survived the voyage, which took 124 days and reached New York City on 13 March 1873. Five of
210-615: The Chinese ducks were cross-bred with upright white ducks brought from Japan by Dutch ships, resulting in birds with a steep body angle; those taken to the United States were crossed with birds of the British Aylesbury breed, which led to birds with a more horizontal stance. The Pekin in the United Kingdom derives from birds imported from Germany from about 1970. The American Pekin is large and solidly built. The body
231-431: The United States, more than half of all ducks raised for slaughter are of this breed. Numbers in the United States alone are in the tens of millions. The birds are large-framed, hardy and fast-growing – they may reach a body-weight of more than 3.5 kg (8 lb) in seven weeks. They have a high feed conversion ratio , are calm-tempered and fertile, and their eggs have a high rate of hatchability. The white feathers make
SECTION 10
#1732780112292252-487: The ashes. The building also had a roof that allowed smoke to escape, but it kept the rain out. Egyptian egg ovens are typically brick structures in a pyramidal shape, with two internal chambers. Controlled scientific incubation required the accurate and repeatable measurement of temperature, such as the alcohol-based thermometer proposed by the French naturalist and scientist René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur in 1730, and
273-593: The carcass easy to clean after being plucked. A number of commercial strains have been developed, including types kept solely as layers. From the time the birds reached the United States, selective breeding of meat birds was mainly directed towards size, strength and rate of growth. More recently, attempts have been made to reduce the proportion of fat in the carcass, even if growth rate and feed conversion ratio are also reduced. Pekin ducks may lay over 150 white eggs per year. They are not good sitters , and eggs may need to be artificially incubated . The American Pekin
294-461: The duck most commonly raised for meat had been the Cayuga , which had the disadvantage of dark feathering, so that any fluff remaining on the carcass was easily seen; the white-feathered Pekin was preferable. Other birds of the same type were imported to the United Kingdom in 1872 and from there soon reached Germany, where they gave rise to the German Pekin , a distinct and separate breed. In Germany,
315-481: The electrically powered incubator with expanded capacity (early on Petersime offered a model holding 15,000 eggs) encouraged the growth of large scale commercial hatcheries. The incubator is an apparatus that is used to regulate environmental conditions such as temperature, humidity and turning for successful hatching of the fertile eggs placed in an enclosure. It is often used for growing bacterial cultures, hatching eggs artificially, or providing suitable conditions for
336-463: The heat of manure or by means of ordinary fire". Lyman Byce created a coal lamp incubator in 1879. The first commercial machine was made by Hearson in the year of 1881. Ira M. Petersime of Gettysburg, Ohio , USA is credited with inventing the electric egg incubator in 1922. Shortly thereafter he and his son, Ray , began manufacturing the incubators. They were granted numerous patents on design features and subsequent improvements. The innovation of
357-415: The incubator contains only eggs of the same embryonic age. The advantage of single-stage incubation is that climate conditions can be adjusted according to the needs of all the growing embryo. In multi-stage incubation the setter contains eggs of different embryonic ages, usually 3 to 6 age groups. Consequently, climate conditions cannot exactly be adjusted according to the needs of all the growing embryos and
378-405: The incubator in other terms include breeding / hatching machines or hatchers , setters , and egg breeding / equipment . The Egyptians had a method of incubating in 400 BC, using a cylindrical building or oven that had a fire at the bottom. The eggs that were incubating were placed on an inverted cone that was partially covered in ash. The eggs were placed in a woven basket that sat on top of
399-585: The late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, from which the breed derived its name Long Island Duck . The mallard was domesticated in China some 3000 years ago, and possibly much earlier. Force-feeding of ducks is documented from the tenth century, under the Five Dynasties . The Chinese were sophisticated breeders of ducks; among several breeds they created was one named shi-chin-ya-tze (十斤鴨子), which roughly translates to "ten-pound duck", from which
420-411: The perfect environment and condition for an egg to incubate because it regulates the factors such as temperature, humidity, and turning the eggs when necessary, so the egg is incubated properly because it plays the role of the hen in its natural state. The incubator also allows the egg to incubate while eliminating the external threats that could possibly harm the eggs. The modern hatchery manager's goal
441-489: The surviving birds were dispatched to McGrath but were eaten before they reached him. Palmer's four birds became the foundation stock of the American Pekin; by July 1873, his three hens had laid more than three hundred eggs. The Pekin was included in the first edition of the Standard of Perfection , published in 1874 by the new American Poultry Association . It was soon in widespread production for slaughter. Until that time
SECTION 20
#1732780112292#291708