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38-1128: Coordinates : 40°00′N 108°48′W / 40.0°N 108.8°W / 40.0; -108.8 Geological Formation in Colorado Williams Fork Formation Stratigraphic range : Campanian ( Edmontonian ) ~ 73–70 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓ Type Geological formation Unit of Mesaverde Group Lithology Primary Mudstone Other Sandstone Location Coordinates 40°00′N 108°48′W / 40.0°N 108.8°W / 40.0; -108.8 Approximate paleocoordinates 47°30′N 80°18′W / 47.5°N 80.3°W / 47.5; -80.3 Region Colorado Country [REDACTED] United States [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Williams Fork Formation (the United States) Show map of
76-505: A tan ϕ {\displaystyle \textstyle {\tan \beta ={\frac {b}{a}}\tan \phi }\,\!} ; for the GRS 80 and WGS 84 spheroids, b a = 0.99664719 {\textstyle {\tfrac {b}{a}}=0.99664719} . ( β {\displaystyle \textstyle {\beta }\,\!} is known as the reduced (or parametric) latitude ). Aside from rounding, this
114-460: A datum transformation such as a Helmert transformation , although in certain situations a simple translation may be sufficient. Datums may be global, meaning that they represent the whole Earth, or they may be local, meaning that they represent an ellipsoid best-fit to only a portion of the Earth. Examples of global datums include World Geodetic System (WGS 84, also known as EPSG:4326 ),
152-574: A giant neosuchian (Crocodyliformes) in the Williams Fork Formation (Upper Cretaceous: Campanian) of Colorado. Cretaceous Research 55:66-73 Lockley, M. G., Smith, J. A., & King, M. R. (2018). First reports of turtle tracks from the Williams Fork Formation (‘Mesaverde’ Group), Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) of western Colorado. Cretaceous Research, 84, 474–482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2017.11.001 . W. J. Kennedy, W. A. Cobban, and G. R. Scott. 2000. Heteromorph ammonites from
190-608: A point on Earth's surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses (often called great circles ), which converge at the North and South Poles. The meridian of the British Royal Observatory in Greenwich , in southeast London, England, is the international prime meridian , although some organizations—such as
228-473: A region of the surface of the Earth. Some newer datums are bound to the center of mass of the Earth. This combination of mathematical model and physical binding mean that anyone using the same datum will obtain the same location measurement for the same physical location. However, two different datums will usually yield different location measurements for the same physical location, which may appear to differ by as much as several hundred meters; this not because
266-411: Is 6,367,449 m . Since the Earth is an oblate spheroid , not spherical, that result can be off by several tenths of a percent; a better approximation of a longitudinal degree at latitude ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } is where Earth's equatorial radius a {\displaystyle a} equals 6,378,137 m and tan β = b
304-480: Is 110.6 km. The circles of longitude, meridians, meet at the geographical poles, with the west–east width of a second naturally decreasing as latitude increases. On the Equator at sea level, one longitudinal second measures 30.92 m, a longitudinal minute is 1855 m and a longitudinal degree is 111.3 km. At 30° a longitudinal second is 26.76 m, at Greenwich (51°28′38″N) 19.22 m, and at 60° it
342-522: Is 15.42 m. On the WGS 84 spheroid, the length in meters of a degree of latitude at latitude ϕ (that is, the number of meters you would have to travel along a north–south line to move 1 degree in latitude, when at latitude ϕ ), is about The returned measure of meters per degree latitude varies continuously with latitude. Similarly, the length in meters of a degree of longitude can be calculated as (Those coefficients can be improved, but as they stand
380-456: Is known as a graticule . The origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km (390 mi) south of Tema , Ghana , a location often facetiously called Null Island . In order to use the theoretical definitions of latitude, longitude, and height to precisely measure actual locations on the physical earth, a geodetic datum must be used. A horizonal datum
418-648: Is the exact distance along a parallel of latitude; getting the distance along the shortest route will be more work, but those two distances are always within 0.6 m of each other if the two points are one degree of longitude apart. Like any series of multiple-digit numbers, latitude-longitude pairs can be challenging to communicate and remember. Therefore, alternative schemes have been developed for encoding GCS coordinates into alphanumeric strings or words: These are not distinct coordinate systems, only alternative methods for expressing latitude and longitude measurements. Bibcode (identifier) The bibcode (also known as
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#1732779742642456-409: Is the simplest, oldest and most widely used of the various spatial reference systems that are in use, and forms the basis for most others. Although latitude and longitude form a coordinate tuple like a cartesian coordinate system , the geographic coordinate system is not cartesian because the measurements are angles and are not on a planar surface. A full GCS specification, such as those listed in
494-465: Is used to precisely measure latitude and longitude, while a vertical datum is used to measure elevation or altitude. Both types of datum bind a mathematical model of the shape of the earth (usually a reference ellipsoid for a horizontal datum, and a more precise geoid for a vertical datum) to the earth. Traditionally, this binding was created by a network of control points , surveyed locations at which monuments are installed, and were only accurate for
532-750: The EPSG and ISO 19111 standards, also includes a choice of geodetic datum (including an Earth ellipsoid ), as different datums will yield different latitude and longitude values for the same location. The invention of a geographic coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene , who composed his now-lost Geography at the Library of Alexandria in the 3rd century BC. A century later, Hipparchus of Nicaea improved on this system by determining latitude from stellar measurements rather than solar altitude and determining longitude by timings of lunar eclipses , rather than dead reckoning . In
570-481: The International Date Line , which diverges from it in several places for political and convenience reasons, including between far eastern Russia and the far western Aleutian Islands . The combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The visual grid on a map formed by lines of latitude and longitude
608-630: The refcode ) is a compact identifier used by several astronomical data systems to uniquely specify literature references. The Bibliographic Reference Code (refcode) was originally developed to be used in SIMBAD and the NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED), but it became a de facto standard and is now used more widely, for example, by the NASA Astrophysics Data System , which coined and prefers
646-526: The 1st or 2nd century, Marinus of Tyre compiled an extensive gazetteer and mathematically plotted world map using coordinates measured east from a prime meridian at the westernmost known land, designated the Fortunate Isles , off the coast of western Africa around the Canary or Cape Verde Islands , and measured north or south of the island of Rhodes off Asia Minor . Ptolemy credited him with
684-506: The Earth's surface move relative to each other due to continental plate motion, subsidence, and diurnal Earth tidal movement caused by the Moon and the Sun. This daily movement can be as much as a meter. Continental movement can be up to 10 cm a year, or 10 m in a century. A weather system high-pressure area can cause a sinking of 5 mm . Scandinavia is rising by 1 cm a year as a result of
722-729: The European ED50 , and the British OSGB36 . Given a location, the datum provides the latitude ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } and longitude λ {\displaystyle \lambda } . In the United Kingdom there are three common latitude, longitude, and height systems in use. WGS 84 differs at Greenwich from the one used on published maps OSGB36 by approximately 112 m. The military system ED50 , used by NATO , differs from about 120 m to 180 m. Points on
760-536: The French Institut national de l'information géographique et forestière —continue to use other meridians for internal purposes. The prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres , although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E. This is not to be conflated with
798-602: The United States [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Williams Fork Formation (Colorado) Show map of Colorado The Williams Fork Formation is a Campanian to Maastrichtian ( Edmontonian ) geologic formation of the Mesaverde Group in Colorado . Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation, most notably Pentaceratops sternbergii ,. Other fossils found in
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#1732779742642836-550: The United States Fluvial deposits Shallow marine deposits Hidden categories: Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Coordinates on Wikidata Geographic coordinate system A geographic coordinate system ( GCS ) is a spherical or geodetic coordinate system for measuring and communicating positions directly on Earth as latitude and longitude . It
874-828: The Upper Campanian (Upper Cretaceous) Baculites cuneatus and Baculites reesidei zones of the Pierre Shale in Colorado, USA. Acta Geologica Polonica 50:1-20 J. A. Lillegraven. 1987. Stratigraphic and evolutionary implications of a new species of Meniscoessus (Multituberculata, Mammalia) from the Upper Cretaceous Williams Fork Formation, Moffat County, Colorado. Dakoterra 3:46-56 Sullivan, R.M., and Lucas, S.G. 2006. " The Kirtlandian land-vertebrate "age" – faunal composition, temporal position and biostratigraphic correlation in
912-685: The Upper Cretaceous Williams Fork Formation, Rio Blanco County, Colorado [Master’s Thesis]. San Diego State University. Further reading [ edit ] Archibald, J. D. (1987). Late Cretaceous (Judithian and Edmontonian) Vertebrates and Geology of the Williams Fork Formation. N.W. Colorado. In P. J. Currie, E. H. Koster, & Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology (Eds.), Fourth Symposium on Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems: Drumheller, August 10-14, 1987: Short Papers (Rev. ed, pp. 7–11). Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology. Brand, N., Heckert, A., Sanchez, I., Foster, J., Hunt-Foster, R., & Eberle, J. (2022). New Upper Cretaceous Microvertebrate Assemblage from
950-416: The Upper Cretaceous Williams Fork Formation, Rio Blanco County, Colorado [Master’s Thesis]. San Diego State University. Noll, M. D. (1998). Sedimentology of the Upper Cretaceous Williams Fork Formation, Rio Blanco County, Northwestern Colorado [Master’s Thesis]. San Diego State University. https://digitallibrary.sdsu.edu/islandora/object/sdsu%3A17 J. R. Foster and R. K. Hunt-Foster. 2015. First report of
988-676: The Williams Fork Formation, northwestern Colorado, U.S.A., and its Paleoenvironmental Implications. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 67(3), 579–600. https://doi.org/10.4202/app.00934.2021 . Cifelli, R. L., Eberle, J. J., Lofgren, D. L., Lillegraven, J. A., & Clemens, W. A. (2004). Mammalian Biochronology of the Latest Cretaceous. In M. O. Woodburne (Ed.), Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic Mammals of North America: Biostratigraphy and Geochronology (pp. 21–42). Columbia University Press. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/wood13040.8 . Diem, Stephen Daniel. (1999). Vertebrate Faunal Analysis of
1026-577: The center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels , as they are parallel to the Equator and to each other. The North Pole is 90° N; the South Pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the Equator , the fundamental plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The Equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres . The longitude λ of
1064-649: The default datum used for the Global Positioning System , and the International Terrestrial Reference System and Frame (ITRF), used for estimating continental drift and crustal deformation . The distance to Earth's center can be used both for very deep positions and for positions in space. Local datums chosen by a national cartographical organization include the North American Datum ,
1102-490: The distance they give is correct within a centimeter.) The formulae both return units of meters per degree. An alternative method to estimate the length of a longitudinal degree at latitude ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } is to assume a spherical Earth (to get the width per minute and second, divide by 60 and 3600, respectively): where Earth's average meridional radius M r {\displaystyle \textstyle {M_{r}}\,\!}
1140-1279: The formation are the ammonite Lewyites , tyrannosaurids , dromaeosaurids , troodontids , nodosaurids , ankylosaurids , hadrosaurids , hybodonts , neosuchian crocodylomorphs , and the mammals Glasbius and Meniscoessus collomensis . See also [ edit ] List of dinosaur-bearing rock formations List of stratigraphic units with indeterminate dinosaur fossils References [ edit ] ^ Diem, Steve; Archibald, James D. (2005). "Range extension of southern chasmosaurine Ceratopsian dinosaurs into northwestern Colorado" . Journal of Paleontology . 79 (2): 251–258. Bibcode : 2005JPal...79..251D . CiteSeerX 10.1.1.538.7263 . doi : 10.1666/0022-3360(2005)079<0251:REOSCC>2.0.CO;2 . S2CID 17715685 . Retrieved 21 September 2016 . ^ Jubb Creek at Fossilworks .org ^ Rangely South (SDNHM) at Fossilworks .org Bibliography [ edit ] Weishampel , David B.; Dodson , Peter; Osmólska , Halszka, eds. (2004). The Dinosauria (2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 1–880. ISBN 0-520-24209-2 . Retrieved 2019-02-21 . Diem, Stephen Daniel. (1999). Vertebrate Faunal Analysis of
1178-474: The full adoption of longitude and latitude, rather than measuring latitude in terms of the length of the midsummer day. Ptolemy's 2nd-century Geography used the same prime meridian but measured latitude from the Equator instead. After their work was translated into Arabic in the 9th century, Al-Khwārizmī 's Book of the Description of the Earth corrected Marinus' and Ptolemy's errors regarding
Williams Fork Formation - Misplaced Pages Continue
1216-781: The length of the Mediterranean Sea , causing medieval Arabic cartography to use a prime meridian around 10° east of Ptolemy's line. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes ' recovery of Ptolemy's text a little before 1300; the text was translated into Latin at Florence by Jacopo d'Angelo around 1407. In 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference , attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt
1254-461: The location has moved, but because the reference system used to measure it has shifted. Because any spatial reference system or map projection is ultimately calculated from latitude and longitude, it is crucial that they clearly state the datum on which they are based. For example, a UTM coordinate based on WGS84 will be different than a UTM coordinate based on NAD27 for the same location. Converting coordinates from one datum to another requires
1292-595: The longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich , England as the zero-reference line. The Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911. The latitude ϕ of a point on Earth's surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through (or close to)
1330-463: The melting of the ice sheets of the last ice age , but neighboring Scotland is rising by only 0.2 cm . These changes are insignificant if a local datum is used, but are statistically significant if a global datum is used. On the GRS 80 or WGS 84 spheroid at sea level at the Equator, one latitudinal second measures 30.715 m , one latitudinal minute is 1843 m and one latitudinal degree
1368-9641: The nonmarine Upper Cretaceous of western North America ." New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, Bulletin 35:7-29. v t e Chronostratigraphy of Colorado v t e Cenozoic chronostratigraphy of Colorado Ph Cz Q Pleistocene Alamosa Formation N Pliocene Zanclean Dry Union Formation Ogallala Formation Miocene Messinian Dry Union Formation Ogallala Formation Aquitanian Arikaree Formation Browns Park Formation Cedar Mountain Formation Flat Tops Volcanics Los Pintos Formation Martins Canyon Formation North Park Formation Santa Fe Formation Troublesome Formation Trump Formation Wagon Tongue Formation Grouse Mountain Basalt Pe Oligocene Chattian Arikaree Formation Brule Formation Central Colorado Volcanics Chadron Formation Conejos Formation Pinnacle Formation Pitch Formation Eocene Blanco Basin Formation Cuchara Formation D2 Sequence Dawson Arkose Echo Park Formation Farisita Formation Huerfano Formation Green River Formation Poison Canyon Formation Uinta Formation Wasatch Formation Paleocene Animas Formation Arapahoe Conglomerate Bridger Formation Denver Formation Fort Union Formation Middle Park Formation Nacimiento Formation Ojo Alamo Formation Raton Conglomerate San Jose Formation South Park Formation Washakie Formation Gravel Mountain Formation Independence Mountain Formation v t e Mesozoic chronostratigraphy of Colorado Ph Mz K Upper Benton Formation Carlile Shale Castle Gate Formation Cliff House Sandstone Codell Sandstone Dakota Group Fort Hays Limestone Fox Hills Formation Fruitland Formation Graneros Shale Greenhorn Shale Hygiene Formation Juana Lopez Kirtland Formation Kremmling Formation Lance Formation Laramie Formation Lewis Formation Lion Canyon Formation Mancos Shale Menefee Formation Mowry Shale Niobrara Formation Pando Porphyry Pictured Cliffs Formation Pierre Shale Point Lookout Formation Smoky Hill Chalk Trinidad Formation Vermejo Formation Williams Fork Formation Lower Burro Canyon Formation Horsetooth Formation J Upper Curtis Formation Morrison Formation Ralston Creek Formation Wanakah Formation Middle Carmel Formation Entrada Formation Garo Formation Page Formation Sundance Formation Lower Glen Canyon Formation Kayenta Formation Navajo Formation Wingate Sandstone Tr Upper Chinle Formation Middle Anisian Chugwater Formation Jelm Formation Moenkopi Formation Lower Olenekian Chugwater Formation Induan Chugwater Formation Lykins Formation Taloga Formation Moenkopi Formation v t e Paleozoic chronostratigraphy of Colorado Ph Pz P Lopingian Changhsingian Chugwater Formation Lykins Formation Taloga Formation Cisuralian Asselian Fountain Formation Madera Formation Blaine Formation Cedar Hills Formation Chase Formation Council Grove Formation Crestone Conglomerate Day Creek Formation Falcon Formation Forelle Formation Glendo Formation Glorieta Formation Hermosa Formation Ingleside Formation Kaibab Limestone Lansing Formation Lyons Formation Maroon Formation Minnekahta Formation Opeche Formation Owl Canyon Formation Phosphoria Formation Sangre de Cristo Formation Satanka Formation Shawnee Formation South Canyon Creek Formation Stone Corral Formation Sumner Formation Wabaunsee Formation Weber Formation Wellington Formation White Horse Group Wolfcamp Formation Yeso Formation C ⁋ Gzhelian Fountain Formation Madera Formation Atoka Formation Belden Formation Cherokee Formation Eagle Valley Evaporite Glen Eyrie Formation Gothic Formation Hermosa Formation Jacque Mountain Formation Kansas City Formation Kerber Formation Keyes Formation Marmaton Formation Maroon Formation Minturn Formation Molas Formation Morgan Round Valley Formation Morrow Formation Sharpsdale Formation M Tournaisian Williams Canyon Formation Beulah Formation Gilman Formation Headscrabble Formation Leadville Formation Molas Formation Osage Formation Spergen Formation St. Louis Formation Ste. Genevieve Formation Warsaw Formation D Upper Famennian Williams Canyon Formation Aneth Formation Dyer Formation Elbert Formation Kinderhook Formation Misener Formation Ouray Formation Parting Formation Pinyon Park Formation O Upper Fremont Limestone Viola Formation Middle Harding Sandstone Simpson Formation Lower Tremadocian Dotsero Formation Arbuckle Formation Manitou Formation Є Furongian Stage 10 Dotsero Formation Paibian Lodore Formation Sawatch Formation Series 3 Guzhangian Lodore Formation Sawatch Formation Reagan Formation Tintic Formation v t e Precambrian chronostratigraphy of Colorado pЄ ♇ Z Tonian Uinta Mountain Group Tava Formation X Siderian Owiyukuts Complex Uncompahgre Formation Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Williams_Fork_Formation&oldid=1258184799 " Categories : Geologic formations of Colorado Cretaceous Colorado Campanian Stage Mudstone formations Sandstone formations of
1406-440: The starting page number, and A is the first letter of the last name of the first author. Periods ( . ) are used to fill unused fields and to pad fields out to their fixed length if too short; padding is done on the right for the publication code and on the left for the volume number and page number. Page numbers greater than 9999 are continued in the M column. The 6-digit article ID numbers (in lieu of page numbers) used by
1444-408: The term "bibcode". The code has a fixed length of 19 characters and has the form where YYYY is the four-digit year of the reference and JJJJJ is a code indicating where the reference was published. In the case of a journal reference, VVVV is the volume number, M indicates the section of the journal where the reference was published (e.g., L for a letters section), PPPP gives
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