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42-652: Williamson County Schools (WCS) is a school district in Williamson County , Tennessee , United States . The district is currently made up of over 40,000 students attending 50 schools, including three new schools that opened as scheduled for the 2018–2019 school year. The district is rapidly growing, adding over 1000 new students each year. Students who live within the K–8 Franklin Special School District zone attend WCS high schools Centennial or Franklin after completing eighth grade. WCS

84-454: A school board ) may be elected, appointed by a political office holder, serve ex officio , or a combination of any of these. An independent school district is a legally separate body corporate and political . Most school districts operate as independent local governmental units with exclusive authority over K–12 public educational operations and policies. The extent of their control is set by state-level law. Litigation against school districts

126-481: A "board of trustees," "board of education," "school committee," etc.. This body usually appoints or hires an experienced public school administrator to function as the district's superintendent of schools – a district's chief executive . The superintendent oversees daily operations, decisions and implements the policies of the board. The school board may also exercise a quasi-judicial function in serious employee or student discipline matters. School districts in

168-626: A certain degree comparable to a school district. Other arrangements are possible: certain types of special schools in North Rhine-Westphalia are run by the Landschaftsverbände . There also exist private schools , mostly funded by the States, but run by private entities like churches or foundations. In Italy , school districts were established in 1974 by the " Provvedimenti Delegati sulla scuola " ("Assigned Laws [to

210-568: A decline in property tax revenues during and after the Great Recession . By 2016 there were about 13,000 school districts, and the average student population was about 5,000. Although these terms can vary slightly between various states and regions, these are typical definitions for school district constitution: These terms may not appear in a district's name, even though the condition may apply. In England and Wales , school boards were established in 1870, and abolished in 1902, with

252-411: A decrease of 38,127 or 35%. Many states had passed laws facilitating school district consolidation. In 1951 the majority of the school districts in existence were rural school districts only providing elementary education, and some school districts did not operate schools but instead provided transportation to other schools. The Midwest had a large number of rural school districts. Previously areas of

294-835: A member of the House of Lords. This entitlement was abolished in 1999 . Since then, only the Earl Marshal and the Lord Great Chamberlain (offices that are themselves hereditary) remain ex officio ; another 90 hereditary peers are elected by and from among those eligible. The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom is ex officio the First Lord of the Treasury . The Lord President of the Court of Session

336-641: A minority of secondary schools , a few primary schools, and much further education . (Most schools are neither organized geographically nor publicly managed, although the Department of Education inspects and funds them and pays teachers' salaries.) Each ETB area comprises one or more local authority areas , with city or county councilors forming the bulk of the ETB board. The ETBs was formed in 2005 by amalgamating Vocational Education Committees established in 1930, also based on local government areas. In Hong Kong ,

378-455: A school system that is separate but similar to a town's or a county's powers. These include the power to enter contacts, use eminent domain , and to issue binding rules and regulations affecting school policies and operations. The power of school districts to tax and spend is generally more limited. For example, many school districts in New York state require a majority of voters living in

420-710: A single school district." Noting that most modern school districts were formed by consolidating one-room school districts in the first seven decades of the 20th century, Fischel argues that "outside the South, these consolidations were consented to by local voters" who "preferred districts whose boundaries conformed to their everyday interactions rather than formal units of government" and that "[t]he South ended up with county-based school districts because segregation imposed diseconomies of scale on district operations and required larger land-area districts." In New York , most school districts are separate governmental units with

462-852: A special session School Board meeting on August 10, 2021, during the COVID-19 pandemic in Tennessee . Ultimately a mask requirement for elementary school students, staff, and visitors was mandated. A viral video with millions of views shows parents yelling, "We know who you are. You can leave freely, but we will find you," “There’s a place for you guys — there’s a bad place in hell," and other negative remarks to doctors, nurses, and others who were in support of masks. WCS operates 28 elementary schools. Creekside Elementary opened in fall 2019 and moved into its permanent building in early January 2020. WCS operates 12 middle schools. Legacy Middle School opened in fall 2020. WCS operates eleven high schools throughout

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504-449: A state), most American school districts operate as independent local governmental units under a grant of authority and within geographic limits created by state law. The executive and legislative power over locally-controlled policies and operations of an independent school district are, in most cases, held by a school district's board of education. Depending on state law, members of a local board of education (often referred to informally as

546-593: Is ex officio Chairman of Rajya Sabha , the Upper House of the Indian Parliament. The Prime Minister of India is ex officio Chairman of NITI Aayog . Other ex officio members of NITI Aayog are the Minister of Home Affairs , the Minister of Finance , the Minister of Railways , and the Minister of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare . Former Presidents are ex officio members for life of

588-462: Is a member of a body (notably a board, committee, or council) who is part of it by virtue of holding another office. The term ex officio is Latin , meaning literally 'from the office', and the sense intended is 'by right of office'; its use dates back to the Roman Republic . According to Robert's Rules of Order , the term denotes only how one becomes a member of a body. Accordingly,

630-746: Is by virtue of office appointed as Lord Justice General of Scotland. As such, they are both head of the judiciary of Scotland , president of the Court of Session (the most senior civil court in Scotland ), and president of the High Court of Justiciary (the most senior criminal court in Scotland). The Vice President of the United States , who also serves as President of the Senate , may vote in

672-427: Is common and some law firms specialize in education law. Districts typically maintain professional liability insurance in order to pay its settlements and legal liabilities. As of 2023 in most U.S. states, public school districts may lay taxes to fund their operations. In others, such as Maine , some school districts are able to lay taxes and others are not. Independent school districts often exercise authority over

714-482: Is the sixth largest school district in Tennessee and offers a voluntary pre-K program for "at-risk children who are four (4) years of age on August 15." Communities in Williamson County Schools for K-12 include Brentwood , Fairview , Nolensville , Thompson's Station , the county's portion of Spring Hill , and outer portions of Franklin . For high school it covers the entire county, including

756-670: The Education Bureau divides primary schools into 36 districts, known as school nets, for its Primary One Admission System . Of the 36 districts, districts 34 and 41 in Kowloon and districts 11 and 12 in Hong Kong Island are considered the most prestigious. In Iranian cities school kids normal registrations are limited by school districts, register is online at my.medu.ir and the parent sees schools within range online. Ex officio An ex officio member

798-790: The Midwest and West tend to cross municipal boundaries, while school districts in New England and the Mid-Atlantic regions tend to adhere to city, township, and/or county boundaries. As of 1951 school districts were independent governmental units in 26 states, while in 17 states there were mixes of independent school districts and school districts subordinate to other local governments. In nine states there were only school districts subordinate to local governments. In most Southern states, school systems operate either as an arm of county government or at least share coextensive boundaries with

840-855: The President of Botswana and the Speaker of the National Assembly serve as the chamber's two ex-officio members. In the Empire of Brazil , some princes became members by right of the Imperial Senate once they turned 25. In the current Constitution of Brazil , the President of the Federal Senate is an ex officio President of the National Congress , even though this office doesn't exist officially. Judges of

882-575: The Senate . In Congress , the presiding officers and their deputies, and the majority and minority leaders, are ex officio members of all committees. The chairman on each chamber's committee on rules is the majority leader. The Senate President is the ex officio chairman of the Commission on Appointments , but can only vote on ties. In the Judicial and Bar Council , several positions are due to occupying another office. In provincial boards ,

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924-710: The Unorganized Borough of Alaska were not served by school districts but instead served by schools directly operated by the Alaska Department of Education and by Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) schools. The state schools were transferred to the Alaska State-Operated School System (SOS) after the Alaska Legislature created it in 1971; that agency was terminated in 1975, with its schools transferred to

966-505: The barangay council . The ex officio members have the same rights and privileges as the regular members of each legislature. The deputies of local chief executives (vice governors and vice mayors) are ex officio presiding officers of their respective legislatures, but can only vote when there is a tie . Russian Prime Minister , chairmans of State Duma and Federation Council , Chief of Staff and heads of federal subjects are ex officio members of State Council (an advisory body to

1008-442: The county council and county borough councils becoming the local education authorities . In France, the system of the carte scolaire was dismantled by the beginning of the 2007 school year. More school choice has been given to French students; however, priority is given to those who meet the following criteria: In Germany , schools and teachers are predominately funded by the states of Germany , which also are in control of

1050-744: The ex officio members include the secretaries of departments , i.e. the Chief Secretary , the Financial Secretary and the Secretary for Justice . Since 2002 all secretaries of bureaux are also appointed by the Chief Executive to be official members of the Executive Council. But since 2005 the secretaries of bureaux attend only when items on the agenda concern their portfolios. The Vice-President of India

1092-617: The 12 voting districts for a four-year term. Following the retirement of Gary Anderson, Nancy Garrett was elected chairman and KC Haugh vice chairman. First District: Angela Durham Second District: Dan Cash Third District: Eliot Mitchell Fourth District: Brad Fiscus Fifth District: Jennifer Aprea Sixth District: Jay Galbreath Seventh District: Sheila Cleveland Eighth District: Candy Emerson Ninth District: Rick Wimberly Tenth District: Eric Welch Eleventh District: KC Haugh, Vice Chairman Twelfth District: Nancy Garrett, Chairman Williamson County Schools made national news following

1134-856: The Federal Court are ex officio members of the Federal Court of Appeal, and vice-versa. According to the Constitution of the Chinese Communist Party , the General Secretary of the Central Committee must be a member of Politburo Standing Committee . As of 2022 , the Executive Council of Hong Kong is still composed of ex officio members (official members since 1997) and unofficial members (non-official members since 1997). By practice

1176-557: The Government] about the school"). Each district must contain a minimum of 10,000 inhabitants. The national government attempted to link the local schools with local society and culture and local governments. The school districts were dissolved in 2003 by the "legge finanziaria" (law about the government budget) in an attempt to trim the national budget. In the Republic of Ireland, 16 Education and Training Boards (ETBs) administer

1218-527: The Senate on matters decided by a majority vote (as opposed to a three-fifths vote or two-thirds vote ), if the votes for passage and rejection are equally divided. Also the leader of the parties in both houses are ex officio members of the House and Senate intelligence committees . Many committee chairs in the House of Representatives are ex officio members of subcommittees . In most Colorado counties,

1260-403: The United States tend to be different from the demographics of the students. This difference is "most pronounced in majority nonwhite jurisdictions and school districts with the largest racial achievement gaps ." There were 130,000 school districts in the country in 1930, with an average student population of 150. From 1942 to 1951 the number of school districts declined from 108,579 to 70,452,

1302-604: The county sheriff is elected by the citizens of the county. However, in the City and County of Denver , the mayor of Denver appoints a "Manager of Safety" who oversees the Department of Safety (including the Fire, Police, and Sheriff Departments) and is the ex officio sheriff of the jurisdiction. Similarly, in the City and County of Broomfield, Colorado , near Denver, the police chief (an appointed position) also acts ex officio as

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1344-469: The district or the local government to approval their annual budget, but school districts in Virginia have no taxing authority and must depend on another local government (county, city, or town) for funding. A district's governing body, usually called a school board , is typically elected by direct popular vote but may be appointed by other governmental officials. The governing body might also be known as

1386-680: The district. An additional high school was previously planned for 2022, according to the district's 2017 5-year capital outlay plan; however, the district has since chosen to renovate existing high schools to increase capacity in the short term. The district's 10-year building forecast now calls for a new high school opening in fall 2025. School district In the U.S., most K–12 public schools function as units of local school districts. A school district usually operate several elementary , middle , and high schools . The largest urban and suburban districts operate hundreds of schools. While practice varies significantly by state (and in some cases, within

1428-462: The head of state). President of Russia is an ex officio chairman of it, as well as Security Council . In the House of Lords , the bishops of the five Great Sees of Canterbury , York , London , Durham , and Winchester are ex officio members, and are entitled to vote just as any other Lord Spiritual. Formerly, anyone holding a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom was ex officio

1470-608: The newly created Alaska Unorganized Borough School District, which was broken apart into twenty-one school districts the following year. In the 2022 Census of Governments, the United States Census Bureau enumerated the following numbers of school systems in the United States: School districts in the US have reduced the number of their employees by 3.3%, or 270,000 between 2008 and 2012, owing to

1512-504: The overall education policies. On the other hand, school buildings are mostly run and funded by municipal governments on different levels of the municipal system (municipalities proper, districts), depending on the size and specialization of a certain school or the population size of a certain municipality. As with other fields of government, for more specialized schools, special government bodies ("Zweckverband") can be established, where municipalities, and not voters, are members; these are to

1554-441: The power to levy taxes and incur debt, except for the five cities with a population of over 125,000 ( Buffalo , Rochester , Syracuse , Yonkers , and New York City ), where the schools are operated directly by the municipalities. The Hawaii State Department of Education functions as a single statewide school district, unique among states. According to a 2021 study, the demographics of voters who elect local school boards in

1596-592: The provincial presidents of the League of Barangays (villages), Sangguniang Kabataan (youth councils) and of the Philippine Councilors League sit as ex officio board members. In city and municipal councils , the city and municipal presidents of the League of Barangays and the youth councils sit as ex officio councilors. In barangays, the youth council chairman is an ex officio member of

1638-1047: The remainder of Franklin. The school district began using the "Wit and Wisdom" curriculum in April 2020. Politically conservative activists criticized the curriculum, with the county division of Moms for Liberty first giving criticism, and with other groups lobbying the Tennessee Commissioner of Education to intervene. The website of Williamson County Schools stated that this curriculum does not include " critical race theory ". Jason Golden, Superintendent Dave Allen, Assistant Superintendent of Teaching, Learning and Assessment (TLA) Leslie Holman, Chief Financial Officer Vickie Hall, Assistant Superintendent of Human Resources Leigh Webb, Assistant Superintendent for Secondary Schools Juli Oyer, Assistant Superintendent for Elementary Schools Mark Samuels, Assistant Superintendent for Operations The Williamson County Board of Education consists of 12 members, each elected from one of

1680-536: The rights of an ex officio member are exactly the same as other members unless otherwise stated in regulations or bylaws. It relates to the notion that the position refers to the position the ex officio holds, rather than the individual that holds the position. In some groups, ex officio members may frequently abstain from voting. Opposite notions are dual mandate , when the same person happens to hold two offices or more, although these offices are not in themselves associated; and personal union , when two states share

1722-670: The same monarch. Any ex officio membership (for example, of committees, or of the board) is as defined by the nonprofit association's bylaws or other documents of authority. For example, the bylaws quite often provide that the organization's president will be ex officio a member of all committees, except the nominating committee. The President of the French Republic and the Catholic Bishop of Urgell are by virtue of office ( ex officio ) appointed Co-Princes of Andorra . In Botswana's unicameral National Assembly ,

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1764-556: The state's counties. A 2010 study by economist William A. Fischel found that "two-thirds of medium-to-large American cities have boundaries that substantially overlap those of a single school district" with substantial regional and state variations in the degree of overlap, "ranging from nearly perfect congruence in New England , New Jersey, and Virginia, to hardly any in Illinois, Texas, and Florida." Older and more populous municipalities "tend to have boundaries that closely match those of

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