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78-617: Northwest and KLM had begun cooperating in 1989, but the formation of the Star Alliance in 1997 led by United Airlines and Lufthansa represented a new direction for airline marketing. Passengers could book seamless itineraries across the coordinated schedules of member carriers, accrue and redeem frequent flyer miles in their preferred program, and enjoy reciprocal lounge access and other elite flyer privileges. In September 1998, American Airlines , British Airways , Qantas , Canadian Airlines International and Cathay Pacific announced

156-525: A SkyTeam member. On 29 September, the chief executive board approved Ethiopian Airlines as Star Alliance's 30th member, though Ethiopian did not officially join the alliance until December of the following year. In 2010 the alliance flew to 1,172 airports in 181 countries, with about 21,200 daily departures. Since 2011, the alliance has gained several large members, but it has lost others due to collapse or mergers. On 13 December 2011, Ethiopian Airlines joined, adding five countries and 24 destinations to

234-605: A Connecting Partner in February 2020. In January 2024, the Thai Smile brand was discontinued and folded into the parent airline as a result of the reorganization of Thai Airways International following bankruptcy. On 16 November 2020, Asiana Airlines announced their plans to exit the alliance. Asiana will merge with Korean Air , the South Korean Government confirmed, in a $ 1.6 billion acquisition by

312-414: A Connecting Partner on 23 May 2017. On 20 August 2019, Star Alliance announced affiliate member Avianca Brasil's exit from the alliance from 1 September 2019. The departure, however, won't affect Avianca's membership. On 30 September 2019, Adria Airways ceased operations, and the airline exited the alliance on 2 October 2019. The now-defunct regional subsidiary of Thai Airways, Thai Smile joined as

390-496: A color scheme designed to reduce visual detection that consists of shades of flat gray with exterior markings applied in a contrasting shade of gray. Note that the stated purpose of this document is to standardize paint schemes and application of naval insignia and markings. Aircraft camouflage was first used during World War I and was employed extensively during the first half of World War II . After radar detection systems were developed, aircraft camouflage became less important to

468-426: A fleet of 4,025 aircraft. The members collectively transported 627.52 million passengers and generated revenue of US$ 156.8 billion (€145 billion), holding 28 percent of the global market based on revenue passenger kilometers (RPK). Together, the alliance's carriers employed over 405,000 pilots, flight attendants, and other staff. Some Star Alliance members paint some of their aircraft with the alliance livery, usually

546-571: A member but did not. In 2000, the alliance also opened its first three business centers (in Los Angeles, Frankfurt, and Bangkok) and announced the formation of an Alliance Management Team (AMT), the partnership's executive body. In September 2001, Ansett Australia (the alliance's only Australian member) left Star Alliance due to bankruptcy, giving most of the Australian market to Qantas (a Oneworld member). That year, Star Alliance announced

624-543: A partnership with UNESCO , the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), and the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands to promote environmental sustainability. Today, nearly 30% of global air travellers use the services of our member carriers or, looking at it from an overall industry perspective, two-thirds of worldwide air travellers use one of the three airline alliances. VARIG left

702-549: A potential merger with British Airways , a oneworld carrier. Finally, the European Commission began its own antitrust investigation into the relationship between KLM and Northwest. The EC investigation closed its investigation in late July 2002, but momentum for forming a true alliance had been lost. The members of would-be Wings focused on bilateral agreements with smaller carriers instead. In 2003 KLM began negotiations to merge with SkyTeam carrier Air France, which

780-442: A system of affiliate air carriers. These feeder airlines operate regional jets and other types of smaller utility air-taxi type aircraft, typically painted in ways that mimic (whether through distinctive fonts, colour combinations, or cheatline arrangements) the respective liveries of the operators with which they are affiliated. They may carry sub-branding such as Airlink , Connection , Eagle , or Express juxtaposed with

858-479: A third, competing alliance; however, industry analysts widely expected the move would come in 1999. Indeed, in the spring of that year, leaders of the labor unions representing the airlines' pilots met to coordinate negotiations. KLM had merged its cargo operations with those of Alitalia, and with Northwest extended its partnership to Alitalia effective November 1, 1999. In December, Continental received regulatory approval to partner with Alitalia, bringing membership of

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936-564: A white fuselage with "Star Alliance" across it and a black tail fin with the alliance logo; the color or design of the engine cowlings or winglets remains, depending on the member's livery. Singapore Airlines and Air New Zealand were two exceptions: Singapore Airlines formerly kept its logo on the tails of its aircraft, but now uses the Star Alliance logo on white tails, while Air New Zealand now uses full black livery with reversed colored original Star Alliance livery elements. Asiana Airlines

1014-422: Is a majority owned subsidiary of its parent company (the member) under a different name. Air Canada Express flights are operated by Jazz Aviation and PAL Airlines . TAP Express flights are operated by Portugália Airlines . United Express flights are operated by CommuteAir , GoJet Airlines , Mesa Airlines , Republic Airways and SkyWest Airlines . Since August 2022,

1092-520: Is a restoration of a past livery for publicity purposes or to stress the length of an airline's experience or tradition. Airlines, the media, and enthusiasts call aircraft painted in heritage liveries "Retrojets." Airlines often apply and paint specialized liveries to their standard airline liveries and logos of their aircraft. Southwest Airlines is famous for its various liveries promoting Sea World (painted to resemble an Orca ), various US states where Southwest has operations (painted to resemble

1170-468: Is a set of comprehensive insignia comprising color, graphic, and typographical identifiers which operators ( airlines , governments , air forces and occasionally private and corporate owners) apply to their aircraft . As aircraft liveries evolved in the years after the Second World War , they became a leading subset of the emerging disciplines of corporate identity and branding and among

1248-582: Is also the world's largest airline alliance by market share, holding 17.4%, compared to 13.7% for SkyTeam and 11.9% for Oneworld . Star Alliance has 25 member airlines that operate a combined fleet of over 5,000 aircraft , serving more than 1,290 airports in 195 countries on more than 19,000 daily departures. The alliance has a two-tier rewards program, Silver and Gold, with incentives including priority boarding and upgrades. Like other airline alliances, Star Alliance airlines share airport terminals (known as co-locations), and many member planes are painted in

1326-426: Is called a logo . Logos are also modified to fit curved surfaces and appear identical from diverse viewing angles. The colour or colours are specified in terms of colour matching and standardisation systems like Pantone or Federal Standard 595 . The resulting specification is called a colourway. Individual aircraft types most often have individually designed liveries which appear to be identical, but are not quite

1404-477: Is possible to join multiple member airline frequent flyer programmes. However, as they are each managed separately, miles or points can neither be transferred between programs nor be consolidated into a single program. Therefore, using a single frequent flyer programme provides a faster path towards attaining Star Alliance Silver or Star Alliance Gold. The common use of codeshare agreements led to suspicions of anti-competitive behavior. The European Union suspected

1482-591: Is usually set in a specific style. This is closely defined by typographical designers as a logotype. The specification covers: typeface (either a commercially available typeface, or else a specially designed and copyrighted custom typeface); type size; type case (capitals or "uppercase," upper and lowercase, lowercase only); cut (Romans or upright letters, italics or slanted letters, regular/condensed/expanded type); weight (bold, medium, light); proportion (defined as units of tight or loose setting, plus amount and degree of type kerning ). Size varies according to fleet member;

1560-491: The Allies , and a number of late-war Allied aircraft were brought to battle with no camouflage. Subsequent camouflage schemes, when used, concentrated on hiding the aircraft from aerial observation while it was resting on or flying near the ground, or they used a light, neutral color to inhibit detection while in the air. Modern camouflage schemes have experimented with light-emitting active camouflage systems which seek to conceal

1638-614: The Atlantic KLM came to blows with Alitalia over access to the new Malpensa International Airport serving Milan . KLM had contributed some $ 95 million to the construction of the replacement for overcrowded Linate Airport , but the Italian government used the project to shore up Alitalia at foreign carriers' expense, by barring them from flying into the much more convenient Linate. Alitalia left to join SkyTeam, while KLM dallied with

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1716-489: The McDonnell Douglas DC-9 \ MD-80 and Comac ARJ21 , which printed the Star Alliance logo under the cockpit or on the first cabin door. On 24 June 2024, Star Alliance was voted for two top awards by Skytrax ; 2024 World's Best Airline Alliance and Best Airline Alliance Lounge . [REDACTED] Media related to Star Alliance at Wikimedia Commons Aircraft livery An aircraft livery

1794-571: The Pokémon Jet . EVA Air partnered with Sanrio to create a number of "Hello Kitty Jets." Three multinational worldwide airline alliances have grown and developed their own aircraft liveries and corporate identities which encompass and transcend major carriers , mainline carriers , legacy carriers , and flag airlines ' individual airline identities along with any ties to regional, geopolitical , national boundaries, and government heritages. Oneworld , SkyTeam , and Star Alliance are

1872-832: The SkyTeam member. In 2022, Lufthansa Group announced plans to buy a 41% stake in ITA Airways , a SkyTeam member. The European Commission approved the group's purchase of ITA's 41% stake in July 2024. ITA would join Star Alliance in 2026 or 2027. On October 2023, as a part of the restructuring of Scandinavian Airlines' parent company SAS Group , Air France-KLM, along with the Government of Denmark and two financial firms announced plans to invest in Scandinavian Airlines. In March 2024, US Bankruptcy Court approved

1950-412: The 1920s. Cheatlines may be in single ("rules") or multiple ("tramlines") bands, and in one or more colours. Cheatlines migrated from the window line to below or occasionally above it. They also melded other decorative elements like stylised lightning bolts , feathers , moustaches , national flags and colours, and elements of the airline's title and emblem. The popularity of cheatlines declined from

2028-569: The 1970s onwards and today they are comparatively rare, except in aircraft liveries which intentionally seek to induce a retro style , perhaps suggesting long tradition. In aircraft livery design, a " hockey stick " means a continuation of the cheatline which is rotated through an angle so as to sweep upwards over the tail fin. Among the first hockey stick liveries were the Eastern Airlines ' 1964 jet livery and Alitalia 's 1970 livery. Hockey stick aircraft liveries remained in fashion until

2106-481: The 1990s and 2000s, two of the three main airline alliances adopted Billboard liveries for application to selected aircraft operated by alliance member airlines. Low-cost carriers such as Ryanair and easyJet have also employed the use of Billboard liveries on their aircraft. Commemorative liveries are used to celebrate a milestone in an airline’s history, including anniversaries. One such example would be ATA Airlines "25th-anniversary" paint scheme, celebrating

2184-405: The 25th member of Star Alliance after leaving SkyTeam three days earlier. According to alliance CEO Jaan Albrecht, "Bringing Continental Airlines into Star Alliance has been a truly unique experience. This is the first time an airline has moved directly from one alliance to another, and I would like to thank all those involved in ensuring a smooth switch". At the time, it was rumored that the switch

2262-591: The German railway provider Deutsche Bahn has been the first intermodal partner of the Star Alliance, whose airlines have been able to assign their own flight numbers for trains. Status miles can be earned across all Star Alliance member airlines’ frequent flyer programs using a single frequent flyer card, allowing members to attain Star Alliance Silver status or progress to Gold status. Membership in any Star Alliance airline program grants full access to

2340-715: The Pacific. With the addition of the latter two carriers, the alliance served 720 destinations in 110 countries with a combined fleet of 1,650 aircraft. The next airline to join the alliance is Japan's All Nippon Airways on 15 October 1999, making it the second Asian airline in the alliance. During the early 2000s, a number of airlines joined Star Alliance; the Austrian Airlines Group ( Austrian Airlines , Tyrolean Airways and Lauda Air ) joined on 26 March 2000 and Singapore Airlines on 1 April. BMI (British Midland) and Mexicana joined on 1 July, bringing

2418-545: The Second World War, the "default solution" for aircraft livery design was to leave the aircraft exterior unpainted and decorated only with the airline's title, plus possibly an emblem or monogram. When the world's first all-metal airliners, such as the Boeing 247 , Douglas DC-2 , and Douglas DC-3 , entered service in the 1930s, the sleekness of their shiny exteriors provided an imaginative canvas for livery design. At

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2496-516: The United States along with many other parts of the world, large airlines often operate in association with other airlines which operate much smaller regional airliners so smaller communities are linked to an airlines large airline hub . To offer air travelers what appears as a seamless association with an airline that is much larger, more prominent, well known, or publicly perceived as more safe, major North American airlines have developed

2574-540: The aft fuselage, appeared in a flyover of Lake Washington during the Boeing Seafair Air Show in August of that year. Alaska Airlines has painted several aircraft in its fleet with promotional liveries for other companies such as its Disneyland , Star Wars: Galaxy's Edge , and "Go Cougs" liveries. All Nippon Airways has featured a number of aircraft in a promotional Pokémon livery, known as

2652-534: The airline filed for bankruptcy. TAP Air Portugal joined on 14 March 2005, adding African destinations to the network. In April 2006, Swiss International Air Lines , the alliance's sixth European airline, and South African Airways (its first African carrier) became the 17th and 18th members. By May 2007, Star Alliance's 10th anniversary, its members had a combined 16,000 daily departures to 855 destinations in 155 countries and served 406 million passengers annually. The alliance introduced Biosphere Connections,

2730-612: The airline's inception under George Mikelson , the founder of American Trans Air , or SkyWest Airlines paint scheme used to commemorate the 30th anniversary of that airline. South African Airways had one of their Boeing 747-300s specially painted in rainbow colors to transport the South African Olympic team to the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney , Australia . The aircraft was dubbed the Ndizani . A heritage livery

2808-450: The alliance after deciding not to renew a codeshare agreement with United Airlines, later joining Oneworld . US Airways joined the alliance in May 2004, becoming its second US-based airline. In November Adria Airways , Blue1 and Croatia Airlines joined the alliance as its first three regional members. Although Star Alliance invited Lineas Aereas Azteca in 2005 to join in mid-2007,

2886-485: The alliance after the merger. On 21 June, though, Avianca, TACA Airlines and Copa Airlines joined, massively increasing the alliance's Latin American presence. In November, Blue1 left after becoming an affiliate of parent Scandinavian Airlines . and Shenzhen Airlines joined, augmenting Air China's Chinese network. Taiwanese carrier EVA Air then joined on 18 June 2013, and after TACA 's integration into Avianca ,

2964-435: The alliance grew to 28 members, making it the largest of the three major airline alliances. On 13 December, Air India was again invited to begin an integration process with Star Alliance and joined the alliance on 11 July 2014. Following this string of expansions, 2014 opened with two major departures through mergers. First, Brazilian carrier TAM Airlines merged with LAN Airlines to become LATAM Airlines Group , leaving

3042-583: The alliance of operating as a virtual merger of its members, with speculation that, if regulations were relaxed, the members might merge into one corporation. In 2004, Star Alliance introduced a "regional" concept to expand its reach through smaller regional carriers. To join, these regional members needed sponsorship from an existing alliance member. The alliance no longer labels airlines as "regional" members, instead referring to all 27 airlines simply as "members." By 2007, alliance members were operating 18,521 daily flights to 1,321 airports in 193 countries, with

3120-488: The alliance on 31 January 2007, and the two Chinese airlines, Air China and Shanghai Airlines , joined on 12 December. On 1 April 2008, Turkish Airlines joined the alliance after a 15-month integration process beginning in December 2006, becoming its 20th member. EgyptAir , Egypt's national airline and Star Alliance's second African carrier, joined on 11 July 2008. On 27 October 2009, Continental Airlines became

3198-488: The alliance without a presence in the world's fifth-largest country. Next, US Airways completed its merger with American Airlines and also left the alliance. Both parent companies stayed with Oneworld . On 24 June, though, the alliance finally approved Air India , which joined on 11 July, leaving the alliance at 27 members. Future expansion centers around the addition of Connecting Partners, subsidiaries or partners of alliance members which will add connectivity to

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3276-520: The alliance without becoming full members. Avianca Brasil joined in this way on 22 July 2015, bringing the alliance back into the Brazilian market and partially filling the void left by TAM. South African Airways' low-cost subsidiary, Mango, was initially announced to join as a Connecting Partner in Q3 2016, but has since been delayed. Juneyao Airlines , which codeshares with Shenzhen Airlines , joined as

3354-399: The alliance's livery . On May 14, 1997, an agreement forming the Star Alliance was announced with five airlines across three continents: United Airlines , Scandinavian Airlines , Thai Airways International , Air Canada , and Lufthansa . The alliance chose Young & Rubicam for advertising, with a budget of $ 25 million (€18 million). The airlines shared the star logo from

3432-588: The alliance's map. 2012 and 2013 were tumultuous years for Star Alliance, starting with two key departures but ending with a major move into Latin America. In Europe, Spanair ceased operations, and BMI left after being acquired by International Airlines Group (IAG), the parent company of Oneworld members Iberia and British Airways . BMI was integrated into British Airways. In North America, Continental merged with United Airlines , reducing Star Alliance's membership further, even if it effectively remained in

3510-462: The alliance's membership to 13. With Singapore Airlines' entry into the alliance, Thai Airways considered moving to OneWorld , but eventually decided to remain. The addition of BMI made London Heathrow the only European hub with two alliances. During the year, Emirates considered joining Star Alliance, but decided against it. That year the now-defunct BWIA West Indies Airways , which had entered an alliance with United Airlines, considered becoming

3588-882: The application of a basecoat -clearcoat system. The new method improves gloss, color retention, and drying speed. It can also double the life of the coating and weigh possibly 30% less than multiple layers. Paint can weigh up to 1,000 lb (450 kg) per aircraft. Decals and/or stickers are used for geometrically challenging elements such as titles and logos. To paint an A380 , 24 painters were needed over two weeks to apply 2,300 L (610 US gal) of paint in five coats for British Airways , to cover 3,500 m (38,000 sq ft) with 650 kg (1,430 lb). Emirates stripped and repainted one in 15 days with 34 people including seven days for painting, covering 3,076 m (33,110 sq ft) with 1,100 kg (2,400 lb) in seven coats. Airline liveries involve set individual elements. The airline's name

3666-556: The appointment of a new CEO, Jaan Albrecht. Partner airlines promoted the Star Alliance brand with a ‘Round the World’ ticket (RWT) that offered choices of 19,000, 21,000, and 23,000 miles with stopovers of 15 cities valid for one year. Asiana Airlines joined the alliance on March 1, 2003, Spanair on May 1, 2003, followed by LOT Polish Airlines (Poland's flag carrier ) joining in October. Around this time, Mexicana Airlines left

3744-718: The bare metal look, American Airlines , adopted a painted livery in 2013. Other passenger airlines, including Aeroflot , Aeromexico , Air Canada , CP Air , Cathay Pacific , Condor Flugdienst , JAT Yugoslav Airlines , Lufthansa , Northwest Airlines , SAS Scandinavian Airlines System , TAROM , US Airways , and Western Airlines also employed unadorned bare metal in whole or part of their liveries for set periods or as an experiment. Cargo carriers like Cargolux , Flying Tiger Line , JAL Japan Airlines Cargo , Korean Air Cargo , and Seaboard World Airlines often claimed that their bare metal liveries save weight. Counterclaims stated that extra maintenance costs cancel this benefit. Among

3822-468: The beginning, with its five points representing the founding airlines. The alliance adopted its first slogan, "The Airline Network for Earth", with its goal being "an alliance that will take passengers to every major city on Earth". The now defunct Brazilian airline VARIG joined Star Alliance on 22 October 1997, extending the alliance into South America . Also joining were Ansett Australia and Air New Zealand , expanding Star Alliance to Australia and

3900-486: The creation of a rival alliance, oneworld . Non-aligned airlines maneuvered to form their own partnerships. Swissair and Sabena built a network around the Qualiflyer program and Air France and Delta Air Lines announced a partnership that would grow into the SkyTeam alliance. Northwest and KLM, which had begun cooperating with Continental in 1998, did not immediately reorganize their tripartite relationship into

3978-493: The earliest recognisable elements of aircraft liveries was the cheatline. A cheatline is a decorative horizontal stripe applied to the sides of an aircraft fuselage . The etymology of the term stems from "cheating the eye" because the first cheatlines aimed to streamline aircraft visually by reducing the staccato impact of their cabin windows. US carriers like the predecessors of United Air Lines and TWA (then Transcontinental and Western Airlines ) adopted cheatlines as early as

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4056-638: The entire Star Alliance network without the need to register with any additional program. The more a customer flies on the Star Alliance network, the faster miles or points can be earned, which can be used redeem for a reward ticket or upgrade, along with several other rewards in specific airlines. Customers will have to provide their frequent flyer number when booking flights or when checking in whenever they fly with any Star Alliance member airline in eligible booking classes, for miles or points to be credited to their account. The higher-tier status levels of each member airline’s frequent flyer programs are aligned with

4134-418: The flight with Continental Airlines , although it was actually flown by Colgan Air. Air transports of heads of state and government are often painted in unique color schemes. The U.S. president's aircraft, Air Force One , uses a light-blue and sky-blue color scheme, with the seal of the president of the United States just above the front gear and the flag of the United States on the tailfin . The livery

4212-657: The form of "Eurowhite" liveries in which white was the dominant colour. A side benefit of the overall white look was that it helped airline asset management . It did so by facilitating the hiring-out ( chartering in 1960s parlance or leasing from the 1970s) of individual fleet members during seasonal traffic troughs or economic downturns. Overall white aircraft could readily accept major elements of lessee liveries, and could equally rapidly revert to lessor liveries on return. Notable early Eurowhite liveries included UTA Union de Transports Aériens 's early 1970s livery and Air France 's 1976 livery. Pan Am 's 1983 “Billboard” livery

4290-411: The frequent-flyer program access to priority reservations waitlist and priority airport stand-by. Star Alliance Gold is given to customers who have reached a higher level of a member airline's frequent-flyer program. Benefits are priority reservations waitlist, airport stand-by, check-in and baggage handling; an additional checked luggage allowance of 20 kilograms (44 lb) (or one extra piece, where

4368-478: The ground. This form of camouflage makes use of light and color patterns, and is dependent upon environmental conditions and is mainly effective against human observers, though some electronic visual acquisition systems can be affected. Visual camouflage does not protect an aircraft against radar location or heat-seeking electronics. Since the release of MIL-STD-2161 in 1993, the US Navy's tactical aircraft use

4446-618: The images of different animals and birds on its tail, JetBlue Airways , Mexicana , Pakistan International Airlines ' "ethnic tails," and PLUNA . British Airways ’ 1997 ethnic liveries were celebrated Jellybean examples. The 1970s saw the emergence of Billboard liveries. This places the airline title centrestage in the livery, often at the expense of the cheatline. Early adopters of Billboard liveries included UTA Union de Transports Aériens (UTA) , Seaboard World Airlines , Hughes Airwest , and LOT Polish Airlines . Western 's and Pan Am 's final liveries were celebrated Billboard examples. In

4524-422: The investment along with Stockholm District Court in 12 June 2024 and European Commission on 28 June 2024. As a result of the investment, Scandinavian Airlines left Star Alliance on 31 August 2024 and joined SkyTeam in 1 September 2024. Founding member. Affiliate is a wholly owned subsidiary that operates flights for its parent company (the member) under a different name. Affiliate

4602-403: The larger the aircraft, the larger the titling. Since type is designed to be customarily read from a flat surface, airline livery type is often modified to fit curved aircraft surfaces. The specifications result in a logotype : a cliche of type whose characteristics remain unchanged. The airline's monogram or emblem is defined in terms of geometry by graphic designers. The resulting specification

4680-451: The late 1970s/early '80s with Cathay Pacific still having them as late as 1994. In 1965, Braniff International Airways hired Alexander Girard to revamp their corporate identity. The eventual design involved painting the entire aircraft fuselage in one of several single bold colourways. The airline title was logotyped as "Braniff International" in custom designed italic capitals, with the initials pasted across airliner tail fins. The livery

4758-433: The mid-1960s. To ensure longevity, bare metal liveries involved intensive polishing and waxing during manufacture and in service. Nevertheless, the bare metal era survived into the 21st century, although composite-material airliners like the Boeing 787 Dreamliner and all Airbus jets cannot achieve the bare metal look without paint due to their material, which does not have metallic luster . The most notable proponent of

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4836-647: The more widely recognised carrier name. A recent trend in North America is for the regional airline d/b/a Express , Eagle , or Connection , to operate the aircraft in full mainline airline markings, leaving the operating regional airlines name in only very small letters, close to the forward entry door. Such brandings noted to cause confusion among travelers, as in the case of the Colgan Air Continental Connection Flight 3407 crash in which people identified

4914-458: The most prominent examples of fashion . They have provided an arena for the work of distinguished designers and eminent lay people like Raymond Loewy , Alexander Girard , and Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis . The term is an adaptation of the word livery : the uniform-style clothing worn by servants of wealthy families and government representatives until the early/mid-20th century. With the advent of stagecoaches , railway trains , and steamships ,

4992-610: The mutually agreed upon "airline alliance liveries" of large numbers of independent and separately owned airlines working together as one through a system of codeshare agreements , rather than the colors of any one certificated airline. Unlike the other airline alliance consortium members, Oneworld will retain the "jellytail" airline logo markings of their individual airline alliance partner members upon each member airline's vertical stabilizer . Similar in terms of how multiple different airlines fly aircraft in full branding of standard Oneworld , SkyTeam , and Star Alliance liveries, in

5070-549: The nascent alliance to four. Other airlines which had expressed interest in joining included Malaysia Airlines , Air China , Air Europa and Garuda Indonesia . Numerous disputes would prevent Wings from ever taking flight, however. As part of their partnership, Northwest had taken a stake in Continental, raising the hackles of antitrust regulators in the United States Department of Justice . Across

5148-686: The piece rule applies), and access to designated Star Alliance Gold lounges the day and place of departure with the presentation of a Star Alliance boarding pass. Some airlines also offer preferred seating (an exit seat or a special section of the plane); guaranteed seating on fully booked flights, subject to the booking class code and notice period, and free upgrades in the form of a voucher, certificate or automatic upgrade at check-in. United restricts US lounge access for their Gold Members to long-haul international passengers; Gold members from other carriers are welcome in US lounges run by United on all itineraries. It

5226-428: The same as those applied to other aircraft types operated by the same airline. Uniform liveries became generally adopted by the 1950s and '60s. Before then, individual airlines, notably Aeroflot and some US carriers like Delta Air Lines , used custom liveries designed for each individual aircraft type they operated. Aeroflot abandoned the practice as late as 1974, adopting a uniform livery across its fleet. Until after

5304-754: The states' flags), and other entities such as the NBA and the Ronald McDonald House . Boeing painted a pre-delivery 747-8 to commemorate the Seattle Seahawks' 2014 National Football Conference Championship and appearance in Super Bowl XLVIII. The livery features the Seahawks logo and a "12" on the tail in reference to the team's fans, who are known collectively as "the 12th man." An update in 2015, with "In it to win it!" added to

5382-572: The term livery spread to their decoration. Since the 1950s, elements of airline liveries permeated ground vehicles , advertising , proprietary airport furniture , airline promotional materials and aircrew uniforms in an increasingly integrated manner, spreading to airline websites in the 1990s. Since the 1950s and 1960s, aircraft liveries have usually been uniform livery across an entire fleet. One-off custom-designs might be applied from time to time to individual fleet members to highlight set occasions. Painting in multiple layers has evolved into

5460-650: The time, paint was expensive, fairly heavy, had relatively poor adherence to metal, and was prone to early bleaching, mechanical, and chemical damage; leaving the aircraft skin largely unpainted was logical and economical. As corrosion and paint research advanced and airliner lives lengthened, airframers began applying advanced primers and treatments to airliners during manufacture. Many airframers insisted on overall corrosion protection remaining in place throughout an airliner's service life, or at least throughout its diverse guarantee periods. This made bare metal liveries problematic; they began giving way to painted exteriors by

5538-403: The two uniformly recognized Star Alliance status levels: Star Alliance Silver and Star Alliance Gold . These two status levels entitle special Star Alliance premium customer benefits and privileges. Several programs have premium statuses beyond Gold, but these statuses are still considered under Gold status within the overall Star Alliance network. Star Alliance Silver grants customers within

5616-504: Was Continental's first move in a planned merger with United Airlines. Two months later, Brussels Airlines joined the alliance. Brazilian carrier TAM Airlines joined Star Alliance on 13 May 2010, increasing its foothold in South America. Aegean Airlines , Greece's largest airline by number of passengers, joined on 30 June. Shanghai Airlines left the alliance on 31 October 2010 when it merged with China Eastern Airlines ,

5694-399: Was adopted by airline group British Air Services in late 1970. Group members Northeast Airlines and Cambrian Airlines had their aircraft painted white/grey/yellow and white/grey/orange. Related pink and green liveries were designed for group members Scottish and Channel Islands Airways, but never saw service use. From the 1970s, the overall colour idea began to spread worldwide, largely in

5772-653: Was among the first Eurowhite schemes outside Europe. Except for a very brief Air France Pepsi logojet example, all Concorde liveries were predominantly Eurowhite-based, as this reduced heat absorption. The Braniff 1967 livery (see All-Over Color above) was also often dubbed "Jellybean." Jellybean liveries involve multiple alternative colourways in which entire aircraft or parts of them are decorated. A Jellybean variant involved decorating tail fins in different designs, as exemplified by Air India Express , displaying different Indian culture and heritage on its tail, Alaska Airline 's 1972 brand refresh livery, Frontier Airlines with

5850-612: Was concluded in early 2004, while Continental Airlines and Northwest began negotiating their own entry. KLM, Northwest, and Continental formally joined SkyTeam in September 2004, rendering the Wings alliance officially defunct. Star Alliance Star Alliance is an airline alliance headquartered in Frankfurt am Main, Germany . Founded on 14 May 1997, it was the world's first global airline alliance. As of April 2024, it

5928-410: Was designed by French-American industrial designer Raymond Loewy at the instigation, and with the help of, then-First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy. Aircraft carrying state or government leaders are often liveried in national colors or the insignia of a particular government office. Military aircraft often make use of aircraft camouflage to make the aircraft more difficult to see in the air and on

6006-637: Was part of a comprehensive corporate identity revamp also involving dedicated airport lounges and including a short-lived "space helmet" headgear for cabin staff. In 1969, Court Line Aviation hired Peter Murdoch to revamp its corporate identity. The resulting design included decorating each fleet member in one of five different colourways within a hockeystick scheme. The airline name was logotyped as "court" in custom designed lowercase italics, and could easily be changed to 'liat' when individual aircraft transferred to Court Line's Caribbean subsidiary LIAT Leeward Islands Air Transport. Another all-over colour livery

6084-413: Was the first Star Alliance member to paint its aircraft in the current Star Alliance livery. Aircraft painted in an airline's regular livery have the Star Alliance logo between the cockpit and the first set of cabin doors, except double deck airliner like Boeing 747 and Airbus A380 , which printed Star Alliance logo behind cockpit, and airliner with narrow space between the cockpit and the cabin door like

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