Single sign-on ( SSO ) is an authentication scheme that allows a user to log in with a single ID to any of several related, yet independent, software systems.
75-536: A Microsoft account or MSA (previously known as Microsoft Passport , .NET Passport , and Windows Live ID ) is a single sign-on personal user account for Microsoft customers to log in to consumer Microsoft services (like Outlook.com ), devices running on one of Microsoft's current operating systems (e.g. Microsoft Windows computers and tablets, Xbox consoles), and Microsoft application software (including Visual Studio ). Microsoft account allows users to sign into websites that support this service using
150-475: A SAML service provider . SAML 2.0 supports W3C XML encryption and service-provider–initiated web browser single sign-on exchanges. A user wielding a user agent (usually a web browser) is called the subject in SAML-based single sign-on. The user requests a web resource protected by a SAML service provider. The service provider, wishing to know the identity of the user, issues an authentication request to
225-418: A single sign-on service for all web commerce. Microsoft Passport received much criticism. A prominent critic was Kim Cameron , the author of The Laws of Identity, who questioned Microsoft Passport in its violations of those laws. He then joined Microsoft in 1999 after his company was acquired and was its chief architect of access and identity until his 2019 retirement, helping to address those violations in
300-486: A work or school account which are set up by an administrator as part of an organization. These accounts are separate from Microsoft accounts (which is also called personal account ) and cannot be merged, but may be used side-by-side by a user. A work or school account uses the Azure Active Directory domain platform. Microsoft Passport, the predecessor to Windows Live ID, was originally positioned as
375-507: A "certified user" and confirmation of configuration changes with those "certified users". ... To help recapture the costs of maintaining this extra level of security for your account, your credit card will be billed $ 1,850 for the first year of service on the date your program goes live... After that you will be billed $ 1,350 on every subsequent year from that date. If you wish to opt out of this program you may do so by calling us at 1-888-642-0265. Web.com COO Jason Teichman later clarified that
450-463: A Microsoft account authentication server. A new user signing into a Microsoft account-enabled website is first redirected to the nearest authentication server, which asks for username and password over an SSL connection. The user may select to have their computer remember their login: a newly signed-in user has an encrypted time-limited cookie stored on their computer and receives a triple DES encrypted ID-tag that previously has been agreed upon between
525-514: A SAML identity provider through the user agent. The identity provider is the one that provides the user credentials. The service provider trusts the user information from the identity provider to provide access to its services or resources. A newer variation of single-sign-on authentication has been developed using mobile devices as access credentials. Users' mobile devices can be used to automatically log them onto multiple systems, such as building-access-control systems and computer systems, through
600-739: A broad range of web server platforms - including ASP.NET ( C# ), Java , Perl , PHP , Python and Ruby . On October 27, 2008, Microsoft announced that it was publicly committed to supporting the OpenID framework, with Windows Live ID becoming an OpenID provider. This would allow users to use their Windows Live ID to sign into any website that supports OpenID authentication. There had been no update on Microsoft's planned implementation of OpenID since August 2009, however since November 2013 Microsoft have publicly participated in OpenID Connect interoperability testing. On June 17, 2007, Erik Duindam,
675-473: A domain at Network Solutions, but decide not to register it, you won't be able to register it anywhere else", the article says. "Network Solutions registers the domain in its company name with the words 'This Domain is available at NetworkSolutions.com'." Circle ID reported on January 8, 2008, that Jonathon Nevett, Vice President of Policy at Network Solutions and one of the seven members of the ICANN community who
750-647: A failed attempt to take control of the domain name system, and to the U.S. Department of Commerce and National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) releasing a white paper and ultimately contracting with the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) to administer the DNS. In September 1997, the Network Solutions ( Nasdaq : NSOL) became a public company via an initial public offering (IPO). After
825-614: A grant from the National Science Foundation (NSF) to further develop the domain name registration service for the Internet. In 1993, NSI was granted an exclusive contract by the NSF to be the sole domain name registrar for .com (commerce), .net (network) and .org (organization) TLDs, a continuation of work NSI had already been doing. NSI also maintained the central database of assigned names called WHOIS . A contract
SECTION 10
#1732802306838900-482: A local or domain user. In addition to using an account password, users can login to their Microsoft account by accepting a mobile notification sent to a mobile device with Microsoft Authenticator, a FIDO 2 security token or by using Windows Hello . Users can also set up two-factor authentication by getting a time-based, single-use code by text, phone call or using an authenticator app. Users' credentials are not checked by Microsoft account-enabled websites, but by
975-545: A means of identifying users. There are also several other companies that use it, such as the Hoyts website which is hosted by NineMSN . Windows XP and later has an option to link a local Windows user account with a Microsoft account, thus automatically logging users in to their Microsoft account whenever a service is accessed. Starting with Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012 , Windows allows users to directly authenticate into their PCs using their Microsoft account rather than
1050-668: A period of four days at which point the domain is dropped", wrote Tucows employee James Koole. Koole says that Tucows has found a way to address the issue of domain tasting and has policies in place that uphold the rights of Registrants. "Tucows works to prevent domain name tasting by charging our Resellers a monetary fee on domain name registrations that are cancelled within the five-day Add Grace Period (AGP)", Koole said. "Tucows doesn't use WHOIS query data or search data from our API to front-run domain names", Koole added. On January 9, 2008, Cnet reported that Network Solutions will soon not register domains when people search for domains from
1125-572: A potential threat to privacy after it was revealed that Microsoft would have full access to and usage of customer information. The privacy terms were quickly updated by Microsoft to allay customers' fears. In July and August 2001, the Electronic Privacy Information Center and a coalition of fourteen leading consumer groups filed complaints with the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) alleging that
1200-427: A single enterprise, like MIT where Kerberos was invented, or major corporations where all of the resources were internal sites. However, as federated services like Active Directory Federation Services proliferated, the user's private information was sent out to affiliated sites not under control of the enterprise that collected the data from the user. Since privacy regulations are now tightening with legislation like
1275-403: A single set of credentials - these usernames are in the same form as an email address . Microsoft account offers a user two different methods for creating an account: The domains @live.com and @passport.com, as well as other domains are no longer offered, but existing accounts are maintained. Microsoft websites, services, and apps such as Bing , MSN and Xbox Live use Microsoft account as
1350-467: A sub-contract with the U.S. Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA) in September 1991. NSI gave out names in the .com, .org, .mil, .gov, .edu and .net Top Level Domains (TLDs) for free, along with free Internet Protocol (IP) address blocks. The Network Information Center at SRI International had performed the work under Elizabeth J. Feinler since 1972. In 1992, NSI was the sole bidder on
1425-531: A technology consulting company incorporated by Emmit McHenry with Ty Grigsby, Gary Desler and Ed Peters in Washington, D.C. , in 1979. In its first few years, the company focused on systems programming services, primarily in the IBM environment. Annual revenues passed $ 1 million in 1982, growing to $ 18.5 million in 1986. Network Solutions, Inc. (NSI) first operated the domain name system (DNS) registry under
1500-480: A web developer in the Netherlands, reported a privacy and identity risk, saying a "critical error was made by Microsoft programmers that allows everyone to create an ID for virtually any e-mail address." A procedure was found to allow users to register invalid or currently used e-mail addresses. Upon registration with a valid e-mail address, an e-mail verification link was sent to the user. Before using it however,
1575-424: Is a deplorable action that Network Solutions would announce potential domain names to the entire world", Westerdal added. On January 8, 2008, Tucows , the largest publicly traded domain name registrar, published an article on its company web site titled "Registrar Reputation and Trust" criticizing Network Solutions policy. "Potential Registrants are effectively forced to purchase the domain from Network Solutions for
SECTION 20
#17328023068381650-421: Is an American-based technology company and a subsidiary of Web.com , the 4th largest .com domain name registrar with over 6.7 million registrations as of August 2018. In addition to being a domain name registrar, Network Solutions provides web services such as web hosting, website design and online marketing, including search engine optimization and pay per click management. Network Solutions started as
1725-552: Is most commonly used to refer to the automatically authenticated connections between Microsoft Internet Information Services and Internet Explorer . Cross-platform Active Directory integration vendors have extended the Integrated Windows Authentication paradigm to Unix (including Mac) and Linux systems. Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML) is an XML -based method for exchanging user security information between an SAML identity provider and
1800-572: Is that if the session used for SSO is stolen (which can be protected with the HttpOnly cookie flag unlike the SSO token), the attacker can access all the websites that are using the SSO system. As originally implemented in Kerberos and SAML , single sign-on did not give users any choices about releasing their personal information to each new resource that the user visited. This worked well enough within
1875-496: The 2020 United States federal government data breach . Due to how single sign-on works, by sending a request to the logged-in website to get a SSO token and sending a request with the token to the logged-out website, the token cannot be protected with the HttpOnly cookie flag and thus can be stolen by an attacker if there is an XSS vulnerability on the logged-out website, in order to do session hijacking . Another security issue
1950-459: The GDPR , the newer methods like OpenID Connect have started to become more attractive; for example MIT, the originator of Kerberos, now supports OpenID Connect . Single sign-on in theory can work without revealing identifying information such as email addresses to the relying party (credential consumer), but many credential providers do not allow users to configure what information is passed on to
2025-532: The Hezbollah domain hizbollah.org. In response to these criticisms, Network Solutions agreed that hizbollah.org violated their acceptable use policy and ceased hosting that web site, as well. Due to heavy media coverage, many people were aware of the film's existence and the controversy surrounding its domain name. Some were outraged by the actions of Network Solutions in dealing with one of its customers. Freedom of speech protestors created videos commenting on
2100-422: The code to prevent it from loading. In January, 2014 Network Solutions' marketing department sent an email to customers stating that the company would be automatically enrolling customers in a new security program called WebLock, for an initial charge of $ 1,850 for the first year and $ 1,350 each subsequent year. The company claimed the cost offset new security features to protect domains, including registering as
2175-910: The Microsoft Passport system violated Section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act (FTCA) , which prohibits unfair or deceptive practices in trade. In August 2002, Microsoft agreed to settle the resulting FTC charges. As part of the settlement, Microsoft was required to implement and maintain a comprehensive security program, as well as being prohibited from misrepresenting information practices. Microsoft had pushed for non-Microsoft entities to create an Internet-wide unified-login system. Examples of sites that used Microsoft Passport were eBay and Monster.com , but in 2004 those agreements were canceled. In August 2009, Expedia sent notice out stating they no longer support Microsoft Passport / Windows Live ID. In 2012, Windows Live ID
2250-613: The Microsoft Security Response Center (MSRC). This vulnerability enabled full-administrative access to the AEM Publish nodes' OSGi console and made it possible to execute code inside of the JVM through the upload of a custom OSGi bundle. The vulnerability was confirmed to have been resolved on May 3, 2016. Other identity services Identity management Single sign-on True single sign-on allows
2325-459: The NSF was ruled by a court to be an illegal tax. This led to a reduction in the domain name registration fee to $ 70 (for two years). Network Solutions also implemented a policy of censoring domain names. This came to light when Jeff Gold attempted to register the domain name shitakemushrooms.com but was unable to. Network Solutions' automated screening system blocked the registration "because it contains four letters they consider obscene", though
Microsoft account - Misplaced Pages Continue
2400-523: The Qur'an are being used today to incite modern Muslims to behave violently and anti-democratically. As a result of Network Solutions' decision, "fitnathemovie.com" was not available to the public on the day of the film's release. Wilders expressed his displeasure with Network Solutions for pre-censoring the domain name. Network Solutions also came under criticism because although they refused to host Wilders' website, they had provided registration services for
2475-431: The acquisition by SAIC, the NSF gave Network Solutions authority to charge for domain name registrations. Network Solutions imposed a charge of $ 100 for two years registration. 30% of this revenue went to the NSF to create an "Internet Intellectual Infrastructure Fund." In 1997, a lawsuit was filed charging Network Solutions with antitrust violations with regard to domain names. The 30% of the registration fee that went to
2550-460: The announcement, for a total purchase price of about $ 560 million. The acquisition was completed on October 27, 2011. This was immediately followed by the departure of CEO Kelly, and other leadership. Large scale employee layoffs began the following day as well. By December 31, 2011, over half of the office space in the Herndon, Virginia, headquarters had been vacated, and on March 31, 2012,
2625-477: The authentication server and the Microsoft account-enabled website. This ID-tag is then sent to the website, upon which the website plants another encrypted HTTP cookie in the user's computer, also time-limited. As long as these cookies are valid, the user is not required to supply a username and password. If the user actively logs out of their Microsoft account, these cookies will be removed. Microsoft also offer
2700-422: The authentication token seamlessly to configured applications. Conversely, single sign-off or single log-out ( SLO ) is the property whereby a single action of signing out terminates access to multiple software systems. As different applications and resources support different authentication mechanisms, single sign-on must internally store the credentials used for initial authentication and translate them to
2775-442: The company for a reported $ 800 million. In January 2008, Roy Dunbar was appointed CEO. On November 2, 2009, Tim Kelly, president of the company, replaced Dunbar as CEO. Dunbar continued to act as chairman and advisor to the company. In August 2011, Web.com announced the acquisition of the company for $ 405 million and 18 million shares of newly-issued Web.com stock ( Nasdaq : WWWW), which closed at $ 8.66 per share before
2850-424: The company for front running, which was settled in favor of the plaintiffs , in 2009. In August 2009, Network Solutions notified customers that its servers were breached, and led to the exposure of names, address, and credit card numbers of more than 573,000 people who made purchases on Web sites hosted by the company. Susan Wade, a spokesperson for Network Solutions, said, "We really feel terrible about this". At
2925-460: The company was acquired by VeriSign for $ 21 billion in stock ( Nasdaq : VRSN ). On October 17, 2003, VeriSign announced the sale of Network Solutions to Pivotal Equity Group for $ 100 million. In January 2006, Network Solutions acquired MonsterCommerce, an e-commerce company in the Greater St. Louis area. In February 2007, General Atlantic , a private equity firm , acquired
3000-764: The company's Belleville, Illinois, office was closed. In June 2020, Network Solutions revoked the domain name registration of two hate sites ( VDARE and niggermania.com) after receiving a demand letter from the Lawyers’ Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, a civil rights organization. Network Solutions offers a search engine that permits users to find out if a domain name is available for purchase. Unregistered domain names entered into this search engine are then speculatively reserved by Network Solutions. This "reservation" can be removed by anyone immediately by contacting Network Solutions customer service hotline, or it will automatically unreserve within four days, allowing
3075-590: The company's Whois search page, will offer only an "under construction" page for sites that it has reserved, and newly reserved pages won't be linked to the numerical Internet addresses that allow Web browsers to locate the pages. Network Solutions will continue to register domains when people search for domains from the company's home page. On February 25, 2008, law firms Kabateck LLP, (then Kabateck Brown Kellner), and Engstrom, Lipscomb & Lack, filed class-action lawsuits, McElroy v. Network Solutions LLC, et. al and James Lee Finseth v. Network Solutions LLC , against
Microsoft account - Misplaced Pages Continue
3150-481: The credential consumer. As of 2019, Google and Facebook sign-in do not require users to share email addresses with the credential consumer. " Sign in with Apple " introduced in iOS 13 allows a user to request a unique relay email address each time the user signs up for a new service, thus reducing the likelihood of account linking by the credential consumer. Windows environment - Windows login fetches TGT. Active Directory -aware applications fetch service tickets, so
3225-412: The credentials required for the different mechanisms. Other shared authentication schemes, such as OpenID and OpenID Connect , offer other services that may require users to make choices during a sign-on to a resource, but can be configured for single sign-on if those other services (such as user consent) are disabled. An increasing number of federated social logons, like Facebook Connect , do require
3300-555: The design of the Microsoft Account identity meta-system. As a consequence, Microsoft Accounts are not positioned as the single sign-on service for all web commerce, but as one choice of many among identity systems. In December 1999, Microsoft neglected to pay their annual $ 35 "passport.com" domain registration fee to Network Solutions . The oversight made Hotmail , which used the site for authentication, unavailable on December 24. A Linux consultant, Michael Chaney, paid it
3375-503: The domain name 'shit.com' had been successfully registered. Network Solutions argued that it was within its First Amendment rights to block words it found offensive, even though it was operating pursuant to contract with a Federal agency. Network Solutions' $ 100 charge and its monopoly position in the market were contributing pressures that resulted in the creation of the International Ad Hoc Committee and
3450-550: The domain to be freely registered anywhere. Also, visitors searching for domain names on their website allow the reservation when they click "OK" on the Reservation Confirmation dialog box . Clicking "Cancel" will prevent the domain name from being reserved. On January 8, 2008, Domain Name Wire published a story alleging that Network Solutions practices domain name front running . "If you try to register
3525-508: The event. Krebs wrote that Network Solutions spokesperson Susan Wade stated that Network Solutions had received several complaints regarding the website, but she did not elaborate on the specific nature of the complaints. In April 2008, reports indicated that in addition to the aforementioned front-running practices, Network Solutions had begun exploiting an obscure provision of its end-user license agreement that permits it to use and advertise on its users' unassigned subdomains , even despite
3600-468: The fact that single sign-on is impractical in addressing the need for different levels of secure access in the enterprise, and as such more than one authentication server may be necessary. As single sign-on provides access to many resources once the user is initially authenticated ("keys to the castle"), it increases the negative impact in case the credentials are available to other people and misused. Therefore, single sign-on requires an increased focus on
3675-412: The formation of ICANN in 1998, the domain name industry opened up to partial competition, with NSI retaining its monopoly on .com, .net and .org but having to recognize a separation between the functions of a registry, which manages the underlying database of domain names, and that of a registrar, which acts as a retail provider of domain names. To achieve this separation, NSI created a "firewall" between
3750-436: The move as another step in Network Solutions' series of recent attempts to push the boundaries of profitability and responsibility in its domain practices. According to a Wired.com article, in 1999 Network Solutions bungled the transfer of "races.com", accidentally placing it back into the pool of available domain names. MBA student John McLanahan purchased the domain privately for thousands of dollars. A domain name speculator
3825-494: The next day ( Christmas ), hoping it would solve this issue with the downed site. The payment resulted in the site being available the next morning. In Autumn 2003, a similar good Samaritan helped Microsoft when they missed payment on the "hotmail.co.uk" address, although no downtime resulted. In 2001, the Electronic Frontier Foundation 's staff attorney Deborah Pierce criticized Microsoft Passport as
SECTION 50
#17328023068383900-487: The original fee charged of around $ 10. Jay Westerdal , one of the seven members of the ICANN community who was consulted by the ICANN committee looking at domain tasting abuse, published an article on Domain Tools on January 8, 2008, stating that Network Solutions is exposing the domains to domain tasters. The domain tasters "will snipe those domain up milliseconds after Network Solutions deletes them", says Westerdal. "It
3975-506: The password of any Hotmail account. The company was notified of the flaw by researchers at Vulnerability Lab on the same day and responded with a fix within hours — but not before widespread attacks as the exploitation technique spread quickly across the Internet. On December 3, 2015, a security researcher discovered a vulnerability in the Adobe Experience Manager (AEM) software used on signout.live.com and reported it to
4050-454: The program would actually be opt-in, saying "we did not do a good job in wording that [email]" and "It's not our intention to enroll anyone in a program they don't want." In September, 2009, Network Solutions began publishing a list of domain name WHOIS searches performed by customers and other service users in the past day. In March 2008, "Fitnathemovie.com", a website that Dutch politician Geert Wilders had reserved at Network Solutions,
4125-420: The protection of the user credentials, and should ideally be combined with strong authentication methods like smart cards and one-time password tokens. Single sign-on also increases dependence on highly-available authentication systems; a loss of their availability can result in denial of access to all systems unified under the SSO. SSO can be configured with session failover capabilities in order to maintain
4200-616: The registration and private ownership of the top-level domain itself. The provision states: 'You also agree that any domain name directory, sub-directory, file name or path (e.g.) that does not resolve to an active web page on your Web site being hosted by Network Solutions, may be used by Network Solutions to place a " parking " page, "under construction" page, or other temporary page that may include promotions and advertisements for, and links to, Network Solutions' Web site...'" Ars Technica has documented how to opt out of this scheme, but many private domain holders and privacy advocates cite
4275-758: The researchers informed ID providers and relying party websites prior to public announcement of the discovery of the flaws, the vulnerabilities were corrected, and there have been no security breaches reported. In May 2014, a vulnerability named Covert Redirect was disclosed. It was first reported "Covert Redirect Vulnerability Related to OAuth 2.0 and OpenID" by its discoverer Wang Jing, a Mathematical PhD student from Nanyang Technological University , Singapore. In fact, almost all Single sign-on protocols are affected. Covert Redirect takes advantage of third-party clients susceptible to an XSS or Open Redirect. In December 2020, flaws in federated authentication systems were discovered to have been utilized by attackers during
4350-448: The search", Nevett added, "after the search ends, we will put the domain name on reserve." Nevett said that if the domain was "not purchased within 4 days, it will be released back to the registry and will be generally available for registration." But once a name was supposedly "reserved" for a potential customer, not only was it not available at any less expensive registrar, but the fee charged by Network Solutions went up to $ 35 instead of
4425-431: The sites share a common DNS parent domain. For clarity, a distinction is made between Directory Server Authentication (same-sign on) and single sign-on: Directory Server Authentication refers to systems requiring authentication for each application but using the same credentials from a directory server, whereas single sign-on refers to systems where a single authentication provides access to multiple applications by passing
4500-492: The situation, and some uploaded Wilders' film to social networking sites such as YouTube shortly after its release. Protestors for both sides created their own blogs and video statements on the matter. Anti-censorship protestors took their campaigns to sites such as YouTube in order to alert others of the situation. On March 23, 2008, Brian Krebs of the Washington Post published an article explaining more facts related to
4575-584: The system operation. Nonetheless, the risk of system failure may make single sign-on undesirable for systems to which access must be guaranteed at all times, such as security or plant-floor systems. Furthermore, the use of single-sign-on techniques utilizing social networking services such as Facebook may render third party websites unusable within libraries, schools, or workplaces that block social media sites for productivity reasons. It can also cause difficulties in countries with active censorship regimes, such as China and its " Golden Shield Project ", where
SECTION 60
#17328023068384650-460: The third party website may not be actively censored, but is effectively blocked if a user's social login is blocked. In March 2012, a research paper reported an extensive study on the security of social login mechanisms. The authors found 8 serious logic flaws in high-profile ID providers and relying party websites, such as OpenID (including Google ID and PayPal Access), Facebook , Janrain , Freelancer , FarmVille , and Sears.com . Because
4725-541: The time of this writing , NSI does not know how their servers were compromised. One year later in August 2010, Network Solutions discovered that one of their widgets offered to their domain registration and hosting customers was capable of distributing malware by sites displaying it. As many as 5,000,000 of their registered domains may have been affected by the hack. The affected widget was at least temporarily addressed by Network Solutions, who were able to make changes to
4800-465: The two new divisions of the business, creating separate technical infrastructure, organizations, and facilities. By the end of 1999 the fee for registration had been reduced, from $ 34.99, to a wholesale rate of $ 6 per year to registered resellers. In May 1999, Jim Rutt was named chief executive officer of the company; he stepped down in February 2001. In 2000, at the peak of the dot-com bubble ,
4875-596: The use of authentication methods which include OpenID Connect and SAML, in conjunction with an X.509 ITU-T cryptography certificate used to identify the mobile device to an access server. A mobile device is "something you have", as opposed to a password which is "something you know", or biometrics (fingerprint, retinal scan, facial recognition, etc.) which is "something you are". Security experts recommend using at least two out of these three factors ( multi-factor authentication ) for best protection. Network Solutions Network Solutions, LLC , formerly Web.com
4950-399: The user is not prompted to re-authenticate. Unix / Linux environment - Login via Kerberos PAM modules fetches TGT. Kerberized client applications such as Evolution , Firefox , and SVN use service tickets, so the user is not prompted to re-authenticate. Initial sign-on prompts the user for the smart card . Additional software applications also use the smart card, without prompting
5025-492: The user to enter consent choices upon first registration with a new resource, and so are not always single sign-on in the strictest sense. Benefits of using single sign-on include: SSO shares centralized authentication servers that all other applications and systems use for authentication purposes and combines this with techniques to ensure that users do not have to actively enter their credentials more than once. The term reduced sign-on (RSO) has been used by some to reflect
5100-493: The user to log in once and access services without re-entering authentication factors. It should not be confused with same-sign on (Directory Server Authentication), often accomplished by using the Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) and stored LDAP databases on (directory) servers. A simple version of single sign-on can be achieved over IP networks using cookies but only if
5175-499: The user to re-enter credentials. Smart-card-based single sign-on can either use certificates or passwords stored on the smart card. Integrated Windows Authentication is a term associated with Microsoft products and refers to the SPNEGO , Kerberos , and NTLMSSP authentication protocols with respect to SSPI functionality introduced with Microsoft Windows 2000 and included with later Windows NT -based operating systems. The term
5250-534: The user was allowed to change the e-mail address to one that did not exist, or to an e-mail address currently used by someone else. The verification link then caused the Windows Live ID system to confirm the account as having a verified email address. That flaw was fixed two days later, on June 19, 2007. On April 20, 2012, Microsoft fixed a flaw in Hotmail's password reset system that allowed anyone to reset
5325-449: Was able to obtain it, and demanded $ 500,000 for its return. In April 2015, the Federal Trade Commission announced that Network Solutions had agreed to settle charges that it misled consumers who bought web hosting services by promising a full refund if they canceled within 30 days. In reality, the FTC stated, the company withheld substantial cancellation fees amounting to up to 30 percent of
5400-422: Was consulted by the ICANN committee looking at registrar abuse of domain "tasting", as the availability search practice is called, had offered a response to the news story stating Network Solutions' policy. The policy was "a security measure to protect our customers", said Nevett. "When a customer searches for an available domain name at our website, but decides not to purchase the name immediately after conducting
5475-443: Was given to Boeing to operate the .mil TLD registry, and was also performed by NSI under subcontract. In May 1993, the NSF privatized the domain name registry; Network Solutions was the only bidder on the $ 5.9 million annual contract to administer it. In March 1995, the company was acquired by Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC) for $ 4.7 million. At that time, the company managed 60,000 domain names. Following
5550-568: Was renamed Microsoft account. Microsoft account is the website for users to manage their identity. Features of a Microsoft account include: The following is a list of computer programs and web services that support using Microsoft Account as the credentials required for the authentication process. On August 15, 2007, Microsoft released the Windows Live ID Web Authentication SDK, enabling web developers to integrate Windows Live ID into their websites running on
5625-531: Was taken offline. Wilders intended to host a film he had created, Fitna . At that time, the only page on the site was a picture of the Qur'an accompanied by the text "Geert Wilders presents Fitna" and "Coming soon". Network Solutions' notice stated that they were "investigating whether the site's content is in violation of the Network Solutions Acceptable Use Policy". Wilders said the 15-minute film will show how verses from
#837162