The Wuyi Mountains or Wuyishan ( Chinese : 武夷山 ; pinyin : Wǔyí Shān ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : Bú-î-soaⁿ ; formerly known as Bohea Hills in early Western documents) are a mountain range located in the prefecture of Nanping , in northern Fujian province near the border with Jiangxi province , China. The highest peak in the area is Mount Huanggang at 2,158 metres (7,080 ft) on the border of Fujian and Jiangxi , making it the highest point of both provinces; the lowest altitudes are around 200 metres (660 ft). Many oolong and black teas are produced in the Wuyi Mountains, including Da Hong Pao ('big red robe') and lapsang souchong , and are sold as Wuyi tea . The mountain range is known worldwide for its status as a refugium for several rare and endemic plant species, its dramatic river valleys, and the abundance of important temples and archeological sites in the region, and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
35-546: The Wuyi Mountains are located between Wuyishan City of the Nanping prefecture in northwest Fujian province, and the town of Wuyishan within Shangrao city in northeast Jiangxi province. The mountains have been listed since 1999 as a UNESCO World Heritage Site , for cultural, scenic, and biodiversity values. The site has a total area of 99,975 hectares that is divided into four core parts. Three are ecological :
70-476: A goat antelope ), Cabot's tragopan ( Tragopan caboti ), Chinese black-backed pheasant ( Syrmaticus ellioti ), Chinese giant salamander ( Andrias davidianus ), and the golden Kaiser-i-Hind ( Teinopalpus aureus – a swallowtail butterfly ). Human settlement on the slopes of Mount Wuyi can be traced back 4,000 years by archeological remains. During the Western Han dynasty , the ancient city of Chengcun
105-411: A deep gorge among these hills. In most places, it is a slow, shallow stream navigable only by small craft like rowboats and canoes. However, the river narrows at one point to just a few metres but a depth of 80 metres (260 ft). The Wuyi Mountains act as a protective barrier against the inflow of cold air from the northwest and retain warm moist air originating from the sea. As a result, the area has
140-562: A family of flowering plants that includes beeches , chestnuts and oaks , and comprises eight genera with about 927 species. Fagaceae in temperate regions are mostly deciduous , whereas in the tropics, many species occur as evergreen trees and shrubs. They are characterized by alternate simple leaves with pinnate venation, unisexual flowers in the form of catkins , and fruit in the form of cup-like ( cupule ) nuts. Their leaves are often lobed, and both petioles and stipules are generally present. Their fruits lack endosperm and lie in
175-432: A humid climate (humidity 80 to 85%) with high rainfall (annual average 2,200 millimeters in the south-west and 3,200 millimeters in the north) and common fogs. Lower altitudes experience annual temperatures in the range from 12 °C to 18 °C. The area is relatively pollution free. The Chinese government set up its first air-quality monitoring station in the area on January 31, 2005. Lower elevations have
210-468: A humid subtropical climate with mean annual temperature around 18 °C (64 °F) and mean annual precipitation of at least 220 cm (86.6 in). Cooler, wetter conditions prevail at higher altitudes and winters can be snowy on the highest peaks. The Wuyi Mountains are the largest and most representative example of Chinese subtropical forests , and of the biodiversity of south Chinese rainforest . The region's ecology has survived from before
245-601: A myriad other uses is made from the bark of cork oak, Quercus suber . Chestnuts are the fruits from species of the genus Castanea. Numerous species from several genera are prominent ornamentals. Wood chips from the genus Fagus are often used in flavoring beers. Nuts of some species in the Asian tropical genera Castanopsis and Lithocarpus are edible and often used as ornamentals. The Fagaceae are often divided into five or six subfamilies and are generally accepted to include 8 (to 10) genera (listed below). Monophyly of
280-532: A number of ways, including distinct stipule and pollen morphology, as well as having a different number of chromosomes . The currently accepted view by systematic botanists is to place Nothofagus in its own family, Nothofagaceae . There are two subfamilies: Auth. K. Koch. Monotypic The genus Nothofagus (southern beeches: from the Southern Hemisphere), formerly included in the Fagaceae,
315-419: A scaly or spiny husk that may or may not enclose the entire nut, which may consist of one to seven seeds. In the oaks , genus Quercus , the fruit is a non-valved nut (usually containing one seed) called an acorn. The husk of the acorn in most oaks only forms a cup in which the nut sits. Other members of the family have fully enclosed nuts. Fagaceae is one of the most ecologically important woody plant families in
350-486: Is Roaring Tiger Rock , where wind blowing into a cave makes a roaring sound. The nearby Tian Cheng Temple , built in 1707, features a large rock-relief statue of the Chinese goddess of mercy , carved directly into the mountainside. Two more explorable caverns in the area are Ling Cave and Feng Cave . At least one guided-tour company operates combined tours to several of these mountain features. Visitor access to
385-473: Is characterized by beautiful winding river valleys flanked by columnar or dome-shaped cliffs as well as cave systems. Peaks in the western portion of the Wuyi Mountains typically consist of volcanic or plutonic rocks, whereas peaks and hills in the eastern area are made up of red sandstone (particularly in the east) with very steep slopes but flat tops ( Danxia landform ). Bedrock lithology at Wuyi Shan
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#1732772557233420-517: Is dominated by tuff , rhyolite , and granite in the western part. Red sandstone is common farther east. The elevation ranges from 200 m (656 ft) to 2,158 m (7,080 ft). The terrain is rugged with cliffs and high peaks. There are numerous caverns in the mountains, some of which have been explored and opened to the public (see § Tourism , below) . The Jiuqu Xi river ( transl. Nine-bend River ; also Jiuqu River), about 60 kilometers in length, meanders in
455-661: Is now treated in the separate monotypic family Nothofagaceae . Auth. Õrsted The Quercus subgenus Cyclobalanopsis is treated as a distinct genus by the Flora of China , but as a section or subgenus by most taxonomists. The Fagaceae are widely distributed across the Northern Hemisphere . Genus-level diversity is concentrated in Southeast Asia , where most of the extant genera are thought to have evolved before migrating to Europe and North America (via
490-960: The Nine-bend Stream Ecological Protection Area (36,400 ha) in the centre, flanked by the Wuyishan National Nature Reserve (56,527 ha) to the west and the Wuyishan National Scenic Area (7,000 ha) to the east. The fourth, a cultural preservation area, is the Protection Area for the Remains of the Ancient Han Dynasty (48 ha), about 15 km to the southeast of the others. These core parts are surrounded by an additional buffer zone of 27,888 ha. Portions of
525-720: The Bering Land Bridge ). Members of the Fagaceae (such as Fagus grandifolia , Castanea dentata and Quercus alba in the Northeastern United States , or Fagus sylvatica , Quercus robur and Q. petraea in Europe) are often ecologically dominant in northern temperate forests . More than 400 species of Fagaceae, mostly Castanopsis and Lithocarpus , grow in tropical Southeast Asia , with some species in similar dominant roles over large areas. Modern molecular phylogenetics suggest
560-487: The Ice Age around 3 million years ago. Biologists have been conducting field research in the area since 1873. The vegetation of the area depends strongly on altitude. Broadleaf evergreen forests dominate the lower elevations; their tree species yield to deciduous and needleleaf evergreen trees at higher elevations. It is divided into 11 broad categories: Most common are evergreen broad-leaved forests, some of which make up
595-626: The 6th National Census, there were 1,941 people from minority ethnic groups in Wuyishan, accounting for 0.83% of the total population. The Wuyishan Airport serves the Wuyishan area. The Hengfeng–Nanping Railway and Hefei–Fuzhou High-Speed Railway pass through Wuyishan. Official website [REDACTED] This Fujian location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Fagaceae See text. The Fagaceae ( / f ə ˈ ɡ eɪ s i . iː , - ˌ aɪ / ; from Latin fagus 'beech tree') are
630-455: The Fagaceae is strongly supported by both morphological (especially fruit morphology) and molecular data. The Southern Hemisphere genus Nothofagus , commonly the southern beeches , was historically placed in the Fagaceae sister to the genus Fagus , but recent molecular evidence suggests otherwise. While Nothofagus shares a number of common characteristics with the Fagaceae, such as cupule fruit structure, it differs significantly in
665-577: The Jiyufang Laolong kiln ( 吉玉坊老龍窯 ), located in a village near the town of Shuiji , has been able to restart production of Jian ware using original clay. The city executive, legislature and judiciary are in Chong'an Subdistrict ( 崇安街道 ), together with the CPC and PSB branches. There are two other subdistricts: As early as the ancient period , people began to settle in Wuyishan. By
700-593: The Ming Dynasty, the total population of Wuyishan had reached nearly 40,000. After the founding of the People’s Republic of China, the population of Wuyishan grew rapidly until the late 1970s. However, by the early 1980s, the growth rate slowed due to the influence of the family planning policy . According to the 6th National Census in 2010 , Wuyishan had a resident population of 233,557, with 51.94% male and 48.06% female. The population residing in urban areas
735-588: The Northern Hemisphere, as oaks form the backbone of temperate forest in North America, Europe, and Asia, and are one of the most significant sources of wildlife food. Several members of the Fagaceae have important economic uses. Many species of oak , chestnut , and beech (genera Quercus , Castanea , and Fagus , respectively) are commonly used as timber for floors, furniture, cabinets, and wine barrels. Cork for stopping wine bottles and
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#1732772557233770-414: The Wuyi Mountains is renowned for its high diversity, which includes many rare and unusual species. In total, approximately 5,000 animal species have been reported for the area. Of these species, 475 are vertebrates and 4,635 are insects . The number of vertebrate species is divided as follows: Forty-nine vertebrate species are endemic to China and three are endemic to the Wuyi Mountains. The latter are
805-725: The Wuyishan National Nature Reserve are more stringently protected, as the Fujian and Jiangxi Wuyishan Biosphere Reserves on the respective sides of the provincial border, under the UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves . The region is part of the Cathaysian fold system and has experienced high volcanic activity and the formation of large fault structures, which were subsequently subject to erosion by water and weathering. The landscape
840-457: The area. The Wuyi Mountains area is the birthplace of tea-picking opera. Developed from local folk dances and songs, the performances are comedic and focused on daily life in the tea-growing region. Tea-picking opera reflects the strongly rural nature and basics of Hakka culture . This has made it popular in the local area. As the world's only large-scale landscape live-action show showcasing Chinese tea culture, Impression Da Hong Pao showcases
875-562: The biodiversity-protection areas in the mountains is controlled. The Wuyi Mountains have a long history of tea cultivation. The four most widely known varieties of Wuyi rock-essence tea are referred to as the Si Da Ming Cong ('Four Great Cultivars') teas: Da Hong Pao ('Big Red Robe'), Tie Luo Han ('Iron Arhat '), Bai Jiguan ('White Cockscomb'), and Shui Jin Gui ('Golden Water Turtle'). The Lapsang souchong also originates from
910-413: The bird David's parrotbill ( Neosuthora davidiana ), Pope's spiny toad ( Vibrissaphora liui ), and the bamboo snake Pseudoxenodon karlschmidti (family Colubridae ). Other known endangered species in the area include South China tiger ( Panthera tigris amoyensis ), clouded leopard ( Neofelis nebulosa ), hairy-fronted muntjac ( Muntiacus crinifrons ), Mainland serow ( Capricornis milneedwardsii –
945-515: The chair of the Mountain Call ceremony on Jingzhe Day ( 惊蛰 ). In the formal ceremony, tea planters call out together "tea, tea, sprout". By doing this, they pray for blessings in the tea harvest. Special leap-year meals are called Liu Qin ( 六亲 ) meals. Every leap year and leap month , parents and brothers must invite their married daughters and sisters to return and have meals with their original family. When parents are living, they make
980-931: The exceptions for which authentic remains are preserved are the Taoyuan Temple, the Wannian Palace, the Sanqing Hall, the Tiancheng Temple, the Baiyun temple, and the Tianxin temple. The area is the cradle of Neo-Confucianism , a current that became very influential since the 11th century. Mountain Call and Mountain Open are ceremonies held in the Wuyi imperial tea garden. The county magistrate used to take
1015-417: The history of tea and the various tea-making processes around the tea culture of Wuyi Mountain. Impression Da Hong Pao is 70 minutes long and takes place in a completely open landscape, making it the world's first "landscape surroundings theater". Wuyishan, Fujian Wuyishan City ( Chinese : 武夷山市 ; pinyin : Wǔyíshān Shì ) is a county-level city in the municipal region of Nanping , in
1050-516: The invitation; otherwise brothers do it. The number of visitors to the area increased from approximately 424,000 in 1993 to 700,000 in 1998. A raft trip down the Nine-bend River is the most popular activity. Another major attraction is Fuxi Cave , where the narrowest passage – the Thread of Sky – is less than 40 centimetres (16 in), a fissure open to the surface above. A few hours away
1085-418: The largest remaining tracts of humid sub-tropical forests in the world. Higher plants from 284 families, 1,107 genera, and 2,888 species, as well as 840 species of lower plant and fungus, have been reported for the region. The most common tree families are beech ( Fagaceae ), laurel ( Lauraceae ), camellia ( Theaceae ), magnolia ( Magnoliaceae ), Elaeocarpaceae , and witch-hazel ( Hamamelidaceae ). The fauna of
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1120-505: The northwest of Fujian , People's Republic of China, which borders Jiangxi to the northwest. It corresponds to the former Chong'an County. A local subsection of the Wuyishan Mountain range, which forms the entirety of the geological and political divide between the provinces of Fujian and Jiangxi , is a front-rank national park called simply Wuyi Mountains . Since 1999 the park zone has been recognised by UNESCO as part of
1155-562: The world's natural and cultural heritage. Cultural sites within the zone include the original cultivation ground of the Da Hong Pao tea variety, and a villa retreat used by Zhu Xi , a Confucian revivalist scholar-official of the rump or Southern Song Empire . South of the zone, just short of the City's border with Jianyang District , is a major archaeological excavation of the vanished State of Yue ( 越 ). Not far from Wuyishan,
1190-463: Was 122,851, accounting for 52.60%. According to data from the 7th National Census , until November 1, 2020, Wuyishan had a resident population of 259,668. Due to wars, the early dominant ethnic groups in Wuyishan gradually declined and were assimilated by the Han Chinese . Today, the ethnic composition of Wuyishan is predominantly Han , with only a very small minority population. According to
1225-693: Was the capital of the Minyue kingdom. In the 7th century, the Wuyi Palace was built for emperors to conduct sacrificial activities, a site that tourists can still visit today. The mountains were an important center of Taoism and later Buddhism . Remains of 35 academies erected from the era of the Northern Song to the Qing dynasty and more than 60 Taoist temples and monasteries have been located. However, most of these remains are very incomplete. Some of
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