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32-599: Toyama is the capital and largest city of Toyama Prefecture, with other major cities including Takaoka , Imizu , and Nanto . Toyama Prefecture is part of the historic Hokuriku region , and the majority of the prefecture's population lives on Toyama Bay , one of the largest bays in Japan. Toyama Prefecture is the leading industrial prefecture on the Japan Sea coast and has the advantage of cheap electricity from abundant hydroelectric resources. Toyama Prefecture contains

64-408: A sexual population is the area where interbreeding is possible between any opposite-sex pair within the area and more probable than cross-breeding with individuals from other areas. In humans , interbreeding is unrestricted by racial differences, as all humans belong to the same species of Homo sapiens. In ecology, the population of a certain species in a certain area can be estimated using

96-576: A directly elected mayor and a unicameral city legislature of 38 members. Toyama is twinned with: Hokuriku Electric Power Company (colloquially known as Hokuden ), the regional power-supply monopoly, is based in Toyama. Bearing parts and industrial robot company Nachi-Fujikoshi and software company INTEC are also headquartered in Toyama. Regional banks include Hokuriku Bank , First Bank of Toyama, and Toyama Bank. Toyama has 65 public elementary schools and 26 public middle schools operated by

128-476: A few programs, most notably the Chinese government's one-child per family policy, have resorted to coercive measures. In the 1970s, tension grew between population control advocates and women's health activists who advanced women's reproductive rights as part of a human rights -based approach. Growing opposition to the narrow population control focus led to a significant change in population control policies in

160-503: A multitude), which itself is derived from the Latin word populus (a people). In sociology and population geography , population refers to a group of human beings with some predefined feature in common, such as location, race , ethnicity , nationality , or religion . In ecology , a population is a group of organisms of the same species which inhabit the same geographical area and are capable of interbreeding . The area of

192-465: Is good farmland and historically it was a point of strategic and traffic importance since prehistoric times. During the Sengoku period , it was frequently a battlefield, coming under the control of warlord Sassa Narimasa , who built a castle town around Toyama Castle and channeled rivers to bringing about a flourishing agricultural industry. The area subsequently became part of Kaga Domain under

224-609: Is not even known to the nearest million, so there is a considerable margin of error in such estimates. Researcher Carl Haub calculated that a total of over 100 billion people have probably been born in the last 2000 years. Population growth increased significantly as the Industrial Revolution gathered pace from 1700 onwards. The last 50 years have seen a yet more rapid increase in the rate of population growth due to medical advances and substantial increases in agricultural productivity, particularly beginning in

256-611: Is often referred to as the demographic transition . Human population planning is the practice of altering the rate of growth of a human population. Historically, human population control has been implemented with the goal of limiting the rate of population growth. In the period from the 1950s to the 1980s, concerns about global population growth and its effects on poverty, environmental degradation , and political stability led to efforts to reduce population growth rates. While population control can involve measures that improve people's lives by giving them greater control of their reproduction,

288-519: Is the capital city of Toyama Prefecture , Japan , located on the coast of the Sea of Japan in the Chūbu region on central Honshū , about 200 km (120 mi) north of the city of Nagoya and 300 km (190 mi) northwest of Tokyo . As of 1 June 2019 , the city had an estimated population of 415,844 in 176,643 households, and a population density of 335 persons per km . Its total area

320-470: Is the term typically used to refer to the number of people in a single area. Governments conduct a census to quantify the size of a resident population within a given jurisdiction. The term is also applied to non-human animals , microorganisms , and plants , and has specific uses within such fields as ecology and genetics . The word population is derived from the Late Latin populatio (a people,

352-715: Is very likely that the world's population will stop growing before the end of the 21st century. Further, there is some likelihood that population will actually decline before 2100. Population has already declined in the last decade or two in Eastern Europe, the Baltics and in the former Commonwealth of Independent States. The population pattern of less-developed regions of the world in recent years has been marked by gradually declining birth rates. These followed an earlier sharp reduction in death rates. This transition from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates

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384-717: The Kansai Electric Power Company . It is located on the Kurobe River in Toyama Prefecture. Per Japanese census data, the population of Toyama has been relatively stable since 1950. Tokyo: 2 hr 7 min via Hokuriku Shinkansen Osaka: 3 hr via Hokuriku Shinkansen and Thunderbird Limited Express The sports teams listed below are based in Toyama. Football Basketball Baseball Rugby Union Toyama, Toyama Toyama ( 富山市 , Toyama-shi , Japanese: [toꜜjama] )

416-478: The Lincoln index to calculate the total population of an area based on the number of individuals observed. In genetics, a population is often defined as a set of organisms in which any pair of members can breed together. They can thus routinely exchange gametes in order to have usually fertile progeny, and such a breeding group is also known therefore as a gamodeme. This also implies that all members belong to

448-573: The Maeda clan during the Edo period , during which time a positive industrial promotion policy was implemented on the production of Chinese medicine and washi (Japanese paper). Also, thanks to the improvement of kitamaebune sea transportation routes, these industries thrived and Toyama became known nationwide as the province of medicine. After the Meiji Restoration , with the creation of

480-569: The 1960s, made by the Green Revolution . In 2017 the United Nations Population Division projected that the world's population would reach about 9.8 billion in 2050 and 11.2 billion in 2100. In the future, the world's population is expected to peak at some point, after which it will decline due to economic reasons, health concerns, land exhaustion and environmental hazards. According to one report, it

512-499: The Sea of Japan places it within the heavy snow belt of Japan and on average 3.8 m (12 ft) of snow falls each season, almost all of it from December through March, as well as occasionally experiencing some tremendous amounts of snowfall. Per Japanese census data, the population of Toyama has recently plateaued after a long period of growth. The area of present-day Toyama city was part of ancient Etchū Province . The Toyama Plain

544-496: The United States Census Bureau, the world population hit 6.5 billion on 24 February 2006. The United Nations Population Fund designated 12 October 1999 as the approximate day on which world population reached 6 billion. This was about 12 years after the world population reached 5 billion in 1987, and six years after the world population reached 5.5 billion in 1993. The population of countries such as Nigeria

576-480: The breaking up of a large sexual population (panmictic) into smaller overlapping sexual populations. This failure of panmixia leads to two important changes in overall population structure: (1) the component gamodemes vary (through gamete sampling) in their allele frequencies when compared with each other and with the theoretical panmictic original (this is known as dispersion, and its details can be estimated using expansion of an appropriate binomial equation ); and (2)

608-525: The city government. There is also one public elementary school and one public middle school operated by the national government. The city has fourteen public high schools operated by the Toyama Prefectural Board of Education. and one public combined middle/high school operated by the national government. There are also seven private high schools. Toyama Shogyo High School is a commercial high school. Population Population

640-425: The government tried to punish them for their Christian beliefs. On April 1, 2005, the towns of Ōsawano and Ōyama (both from Kaminiikawa District ), the towns of Fuchū and Yatsuo , and the villages of Hosoiri and Yamada (all from Nei District ) were merged into Toyama. Kaminiikawa District and Nei District were both dissolved as a result of this merger. Toyama has a mayor-council form of government with

672-463: The level of homozygosity rises in the entire collection of gamodemes. The overall rise in homozygosity is quantified by the inbreeding coefficient (f or φ). All homozygotes are increased in frequency – both the deleterious and the desirable. The mean phenotype of the gamodemes collection is lower than that of the panmictic original – which is known as inbreeding depression. It is most important to note, however, that some dispersion lines will be superior to

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704-539: The municipalities system, the city of Toyama was established on April 1, 1889, as one of the first 30 cities in Japan. Economically, the area developed heavy and chemical industries based on abundant hydroelectric electricity. Toyama has become one of the most influential cities on the Sea of Japan with its good water supply, drainage system and thriving agricultural, forestry, fishery, commercial and manufacturing industries. During World War II , Allied Prisoners of War (POWs) were sent to Toyama as forced labor. The city

736-407: The new Ishikawa Prefecture . In 1876, Niikawa Prefecture was merged into Ishikawa Prefecture but the merger was void in 1881 and the area was re-established as Toyama Prefecture. The Itai-itai disease occurred in Toyama around 1950. Toyama Prefecture is bordered by Ishikawa Prefecture to the west, Niigata to the northeast, Nagano to the southeast, Gifu to the south and Sea of Japan to

768-477: The north. As of April 1, 2012, 30% of the total land area of the prefecture was designated as Natural Parks , namely the Chūbu-Sangaku and Hakusan National Parks; Noto Hantō Quasi-National Park; and six Prefectural Natural Parks. Due to the mergers in the 2000s, Toyama has the fewest municipalities of any prefecture in Japan with 10 cities, 2 districts, 4 towns, and 1 village (before the mergers took place,

800-462: The only known glaciers in East Asia outside of Russia , first recognized in 2012, and 30% of the prefecture's area is designated as national parks . Historically, Toyama Prefecture was Etchū Province . Following the abolition of the han system in 1871, Etchū Province was renamed Niikawa Prefecture , but Imizu District was given to Nanao Prefecture . In 1872 Imizu District was returned by

832-418: The panmictic original, while some will be about the same, and some will be inferior. The probabilities of each can be estimated from those binomial equations. In plant and animal breeding , procedures have been developed which deliberately utilize the effects of dispersion (such as line breeding, pure-line breeding, backcrossing). Dispersion-assisted selection leads to the greatest genetic advance (ΔG=change in

864-771: The phenotypic mean), and is much more powerful than selection acting without attendant dispersion. This is so for both allogamous (random fertilization) and autogamous (self-fertilization) gamodemes. According to the UN, the world's population surpassed 8 billion on 15 November 2022, an increase of 1 billion since 12 March 2012. According to a separate estimate by the United Nations, Earth's population exceeded seven billion in October 2011. According to UNFPA , growth to such an extent offers unprecedented challenges and opportunities to all of humanity. According to papers published by

896-615: The prefecture had 9 cities, 18 towns, and 8 villages). In 2014 Toyama contributed approximately 2.5% of Japan's rice production and makes use of abundant water sources originating from Mount Tate . It also has many fisheries along its Sea of Japan coastline. Toyama is famous for its historical pharmaceutical industry which remains a top manufacturing industry in the prefecture in terms of manufacturing shipment value followed by electronic parts and devices ( industrial robots , general machinery, etc.), and metal products (aluminum, copper etc.) manufacturing. Kurobe Dam generates electricity for

928-829: The same species. If the gamodeme is very large (theoretically, approaching infinity), and all gene alleles are uniformly distributed by the gametes within it, the gamodeme is said to be panmictic. Under this state, allele ( gamete ) frequencies can be converted to genotype ( zygote ) frequencies by expanding an appropriate quadratic equation , as shown by Sir Ronald Fisher in his establishment of quantitative genetics. This seldom occurs in nature: localization of gamete exchange – through dispersal limitations, preferential mating, cataclysm, or other cause – may lead to small actual gamodemes which exchange gametes reasonably uniformly within themselves but are virtually separated from their neighboring gamodemes. However, there may be low frequencies of exchange with these neighbors. This may be viewed as

960-509: The sea and part of the Toyama urban area. The nearest major city is Kanazawa , the capital of Ishikawa Prefecture, which is 65 km (40 miles) away. Toyama has a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen climate classification Cfa ) with hot, humid summers and cool winters. Precipitation is abundant throughout the year, particularly in July, September and from November through January. Despite winter in Toyama being relatively mild, its position near

992-599: Was 1,241.77 square kilometres (479.45 sq mi). The city has been designated an environmental model city by the national government for its efforts to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases . Located in the middle of its prefecture, Toyama is a seaside city by the coast of the Sea of Japan . Its municipal territory borders with the Gifu Prefecture and with the municipalities of Imizu , Namerikawa , Tonami , Nanto , Hida and Takayama . The nearest towns are Imizu (west), and Namerikawa (east), both by

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1024-449: Was almost completely destroyed on the night of August 1–2, 1945. At the time of the bombing, the city was a center for aluminum, ball-bearing and special steel production. Left unscathed however, were the war-related factories just outside the city. The city during the time had a population of around 150,000 residents. The city also held Kakure Kirishitan , or "Hidden Christians" in Japan, forced from Nagasaki into internment camps after

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