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30-634: The Tobacco Institute was founded in 1958 as a trade association by cigarette manufacturers, who funded it proportionally to each company's sales. It was initially to supplement the work of the Tobacco Industry Research Committee (TIRC), which later became the Council for Tobacco Research . The TIRC work had been limited to attacking scientific studies that put tobacco in a bad light, and the Tobacco Institute had

60-552: A True cover story with the headline "A Night of Terror in the Valley of the Jolly Green Giant." "The Last Days of Ty Cobb" by sportswriter Al Stump , which appeared in an issue of True in 1961, coincided with an autobiography of baseball great Ty Cobb published that year that the two men had collaborated on during the last months of Cobb's life. Decades later, the film Cobb , which starred Tommy Lee Jones , showed

90-685: A sector , a trade association participates in public relations activities such as advertising , education, publishing and, especially, lobbying and political action . Associations may offer other services, such as producing conferences, setting industry standards, holding networking or charitable events, or offering classes or educational materials. Many associations are non-profit organizations governed by bylaws and directed by officers who are also members. (FEC: Solicitable Class of Trade Association). Many associations are non-profit organizations governed by bylaws and directed by officers who are also members. ( Library of Congress ). In countries with

120-569: A social market economy , the role of trade associations is often taken by employers' organizations , which also take a role in social dialogue . One of the primary purposes of trade groups, particularly in the United States, is to attempt to influence public policy in a direction favorable to the group's members. It can take the form of contributions to the campaigns of political candidates and parties through political action committees (PACs); contributions to "issue" campaigns not tied to

150-591: A "personal choice" and a "small ritual". There was no mention of any health effects. An example pamphlet is Answers to the Most Asked Questions about Cigarettes . The institute also published newsletters aimed at physicians and dentists such as Tobacco and Health ( OCLC   48549026 ) and a newsletter Tobacco Observer ( OCLC   4556750 ) that seems to have been aimed at a general audience. Richard Kluger characterized Tobacco Observer as "attack literature." The Tobacco Institute published

180-626: A 1962–63 television series filmed at Warner Bros. Studios in Burbank for CBS, featured stories based on the magazine's articles. Jack Webb was the executive producer, host and narrator. The Main Library at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign has a lengthy run of True back issues. A feature in Mad Magazine titled "When Advertising Takes Over Magazines Completely" depicted

210-587: A broader mission to put out good news about tobacco, especially economic news. It also attacked scientific studies, although more by casting doubt on them rather than by rebutting them directly. It also lobbied Congress, although initially at a low level. Robert Hockett (first scientific director of Sugar Research Foundation , a sugar-equivalent of TIRC) became TIRCs associate scientific director. The Tobacco Institute collected intelligence on attitudes toward smoking, developed strategies, and lobbied legislators. Allan M. Brandt wrote, "The Tobacco Institute, on behalf of

240-583: A candidate or party; and lobbying legislators to support or oppose particular legislation. In addition, trade groups attempt to influence the activities of regulatory bodies . In the United States, direct contributions by PACs to candidates are required to be disclosed to the Federal Election Commission or state and local election overseers; are considered public information; and have registration requirements for lobbyists (FEC: Lobbyist). Even so, it can sometimes be difficult to trace

270-493: A large number of lengthy "white papers". Scanned copies of many of these are available in the Legacy Tobacco Documents Library . Many of these papers rebutted scientific reports critical of tobacco. The Tobacco Institute's response to such a report was rapid: a rebuttal was published to the 1979 Surgeon General 's report on "Smoking and Health" one day before that report was issued. Another rebuttal

300-904: A market. In September 2007, the German trade association for Fachverband Verbindungs- und Befestigungstechnik (VBT) and five fastener companies were fined 303 million euros by the European Commission for operating cartels in the markets for fasteners and attaching machines in Europe and worldwide. In one of the cartels, the YKK Group , Coats plc , the Prym group, the Scovill group, A. Raymond, and Berning & Söhne "agreed [...] on coordinated price increases in annual 'price rounds' with respect to 'other fasteners' and their attaching machines, in

330-481: A sold-out issue in which Donald E. Keyhoe suggested that extraterrestrials could be piloting flying saucers. The material was reworked by Keyhoe into a best-selling paperback book, The Flying Saucers Are Real (Fawcett Gold Medal, 1950). True did follow-up UFO reports in 1967 and 1969. Frank Bowers edited The True Report on Flying Saucers (1967). The magazine was the source for a number of other books, including True, A Treasury of True: The Best from 20 Years of

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360-500: A specific corporate product, such as a specific brand of cheese or toilet paper, industry trade groups advertisements generally are targeted to promote the views of an entire industry. These ads mention only the industry's products as a whole, painting them in a positive light in order to have the public form positive associations with that industry and its products. For example, in the US the advertising campaign "Beef. It's what's for dinner"

390-415: Is hazardous to the non-smoker's health, up sharply over the last four years. More than two-thirds of non-smokers believe it, nearly half of all smokers believe it. This we see as the most dangerous development to the viability of the tobacco industry that has yet occurred." A 1985 meeting of the executive committee of the Tobacco Institute outlined plans to broaden the indoor air quality issue. In December 1987

420-519: Is often an important reason why companies join a trade association in the first place. Examples of larger trade associations that publish a comprehensive range of media include European Wind Energy Association (EWEA), Association of British Travel Agents (ABTA) and the Confederation of British Industry (CBI). Industry trade groups sometimes produce advertisements, just as normal corporations do. However, whereas typical advertisements are for

450-847: Is used by the National Cattlemen's Beef Association to promote a positive image of beef in the public consciousness. These are adverts targeted at specific issues. For example, in the US in the early 2000s the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) began running advertisements before films that advocate against movie piracy over the Internet. Trade associations have faced frequent criticism due to allegations that they operate not as profit-making organizations, but rather as fronts for cartels involved in anti-competitive practices . Critics contend that these associations engage in activities such as price-fixing ,

480-598: The Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement , the Tobacco Institute, the Center for Indoor Air Research , and the Council for Tobacco Research were dissolved. Trade association A trade association , also known as an industry trade group , business association , sector association or industry body , is an organization founded and funded by businesses that operate in a specific industry . Through collaboration between companies within

510-521: The True columns as B. Wms. He died 12 Dec. 1948 in his New York apartment at age 43 from a heart ailment. Source: UP press release Dec. 13, 1948. American journalist Michael Stern published his interview with the Italian bandit Salvatore Giuliano in True magazine in 1947. In the early 1950s, when Ken Purdy was True' s editor, Newsweek described it "a man's magazine with a class all its own, and

540-649: The United States Environmental Protection Agency 's 1993 report declaring tobacco smoke to be a Class A human carcinogen. In at least one case the Tobacco Institute paid for an article to be written and placed in a major national magazine while keeping their involvement secret. The article, "To Smoke or Not to Smoke—That is still the Question" by Stanley Frank was published in the January 1968 issue of True magazine. Frank

570-464: The 1970s. The cover price in 1963 was 35 cents, climbing to 50 cents by 1965 and 60 cents in 1970. Fawcett also did special issues, such as True's Baseball Yearbook , True's Football Yearbook , published annually from 1963 to 1972, and True's Boxing Yearbook . True' s various spin-offs included calendars, such as George Petty 's True Magazine Petty Girl Calendar for 1948 , published by Fawcett in 1947. In January 1950, True went back to press after

600-481: The Man's Magazine (Barnes, 1956), edited by Charles N. Barnard and illustrated by Carl Pfeufer, and Bar Guide (Fawcett, 1950) by Ted Shane and Virgil Partch . Cartoon collections included Cartoon Laffs from True, the Man's Magazine (Crest Books, 1958), True Album of Cartoons (Fawcett, 1960), Cartoon Treasury (Fawcett, 1968) and New Cartoon Laughs: A Prize Collection from True Magazine (Fawcett, 1970). GE True ,

630-768: The Perfect Beer" by Bob McCabe and the uncredited "How to Start Your Own Hunting-Fishing Lodge." In addition to pictorials ("Iceland, Unexpected Eden" by Lawrence Fried ) and humor pieces ("The Most Unforgettable Sonofabitch I Ever Knew" by Robert Ruark ), there were columns, miscellaneous features and regular concluding pages: "This Funny Life," "Man to Man Answers," "Strange But True" and " True Goes Shopping." Donald Ayres "Bill" Williams became associated with Fawcett Publications in 1941, serving first as editor of Mechanix Illustrated . He became editor of True from 1944–48. He wrote columns in True called “The Editor Speaks” or “Thus Spake Bill Williams.” He signed off on

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660-757: The Tobacco Institute's executive committee discussed creating an industry-based Center for Indoor Air Research, intended to broaden the question of indoor air pollution beyond tobacco smoke. The CIAR was created in March 1988 by Philip Morris , R. J. Reynolds , and Lorillard . In 1990 the Tobacco Institute opposed federal regulations banning smoking on domestic airline flights . The Tobacco Institute ran advertisements and issued pamphlets for general readers. One advertisement consisted of facing two-page advertisements titled "A word to smokers (about nonsmokers and anti-smokers)" and "A word to nonsmokers (about smokers)." The ad encourages tolerance of smokers by depicting smoking as

690-718: The United States, outlined the potentially anti-competitive nature of some trade association activity in a speech to the American Bar Association in Washington, DC , in March 2005 called "The Good, the Bad and the Ugly: Trade Associations and Antitrust ". For instance, he said that under the guise of "standard setting", trade associations representing the established players in an industry can set rules that make it harder for new companies to enter

720-554: The companies, assembled an impressive record of derailing attempts to bring tobacco under any regulatory mandates whatsoever". By 1978 the Tobacco Institute had 70 lobbyists, and Senator Ted Kennedy said in 1979, "Dollar for dollar they're probably the most effective lobby on Capitol Hill". The Tobacco Institute hired the Roper Organization in 1978 to survey public attitudes on environmental tobacco smoke . Among its findings were "Nearly six out of ten believe that smoking

750-477: The creation and maintenance of barriers to entry in the industry, and other subtle self-serving actions that are detrimental to the public interest. These criticisms raise concerns about the true nature and intentions of trade associations, questioning their commitment to fair competition and the welfare of the broader economy. Jon Leibowitz , a commissioner at the Federal Trade Commission in

780-659: The framework of work circles organised by VBT". True (magazine) True , also known as True, The Man's Magazine , was published by Fawcett Publications from 1937 until 1974. Known as True, A Man's Magazine in the 1930s, it was labeled True, #1 Man's Magazine in the 1960s. Petersen Publishing took over with the January 1975, issue. It was sold to Magazine Associates in August 1975, and ceased publication shortly afterward. High adventure, sports profiles and dramatic conflicts were highlighted in articles such as "Living and Working at Nine Fathoms" by Ed Batutis, "Search for

810-452: The funding for issue and non-electoral campaigns. In Slovenia , the government 's approach to consulting business associations has been noted by the European Commission as a good practice example. Almost all trade associations are heavily involved in publishing activities in print and online. The main media published by trade associations are as follows: The opportunity to be promoted in such media (whether by editorial or advertising)

840-526: The largest circulation of the bunch." A prolific contributor to Playboy and other magazines, automobile writer Purdy ( Kings of the Road ), was the son of W. T. Purdy, the composer of " On, Wisconsin !". During the 1960s, True was edited by Douglas S. Kennedy. Robert Shea , co-author of The Illuminatus! Trilogy , was an associate editor from 1963 to 1965 before he moved on to Cavalier and Playboy . Charles N. Barnard and Mark Penzer edited True during

870-508: Was issued to James Repace and Alfred Lowrey's report "A Quantitative Estimate of Nonsmokers' Lung Cancer Risk." A press release from the Tobacco Institute attacked the 1986 Surgeon General's report on second-hand smoke, saying that the Surgeon General had distorted the evidence and that Health and Human Services was suppressing contrary scientific viewpoints. There was also a longer rebuttal paper. The Tobacco Institute criticized

900-525: Was paid $ 500 by Brown & Williamson to write the article, and the Tobacco Institute paid $ 500,000 to Rosser Reeves to publicize the article and distribute one million copies of it. The story of the Tobacco Institute's involvement was uncovered and published by Consumer Reports . By the 1990s the Tobacco Institute had lost its preeminent role in tobacco lobbying to the market leader, Philip Morris , but continued to gather intelligence on anti-smoking sentiment and legislative actions. In 1998, as part of

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