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35-424: The museum was closed from January 2009 until June 2009 for refurbishment. It reopened on 22 July 2009. The following full-size vehicles are on display. The collection includes a reproduction of a station office Including automatic ticket gates outside with see-through covering, ticket vending machines, interlocking board, telephone and railroad exhibits. A season ticket issuing machine and "celebrate admission pass"

70-516: A UHP lamp. When that happens, up to 50 mg of mercury vapor is released into the atmosphere. This quantity of mercury is potentially toxic, but the main hazard from broken lamps is glass cuts, and occasional exposure to broken lamps is not expected to have adverse effects. Philips recommends the use of a mercury vacuum cleaner, ventilation or respiratory protection, eye protection, and protective clothing when dealing with broken lamps. Mercury lamps always require specialised disposal or recycling, which

105-555: A common light source for indoor gardens. They are also used to reproduce tropical intensity sunlight for indoor aquaria . Most HID lamps produce significant UV radiation and require UV-blocking filters to prevent UV-induced degradation of lamp fixture components and fading of dyed items illuminated by the lamp. Exposure to HID lamps operating with faulty or absent UV-blocking filters causes injury to humans and animals, such as sunburn and arc eye . Many HID lamps are designed to quickly extinguish if their outer UV-shielding glass envelope

140-453: A given battery size and light output. HID lamps are available in a variety of colors (commonly referred to as color temperatures ) and measured in Kelvins (K). The Kelvin color temperature scale ranges from 1000K (amber) to 3000K (yellow) to 5500K (white) to 8000K (blue) to 12000K (purple). HID lamps produce different colors of light primarily through the use of various metal additives in

175-508: A great amount of light per unit of power. As the HID lights use less than half the power of an equivalent tungsten-halogen light, a significantly smaller and lighter-weight power supply can be used. HID lamps have also become common on many aircraft as replacements for traditional landing and taxi lights. HID lamps are also used in lamps for underwater diving . The higher efficacy of HID lamps compared to halogen units means longer burn times for

210-416: A greater proportion of their radiation is visible light in contrast to infrared. However, the lumen output of HID lighting can deteriorate by up to 70% over 10,000 burning hours. Many modern vehicles use HID bulbs for the main lighting systems, although some applications are now moving from HID bulbs to LED and laser technology. Various types of chemistry are used in the arc tubes of HID lamps, depending on

245-401: A lamp gets older, the voltage necessary to maintain the arc eventually rises to exceed the voltage provided by the electrical ballast . As the lamp heats to this point, the arc fails and the lamp goes out. Eventually, with the arc extinguished, the lamp cools down again, the gas pressure in the arc tube is reduced, and the ballast can once again cause the arc to strike. The effect of this is that

280-417: A much whiter light, but still with a characteristic orange-pink cast. New color-corrected versions producing a whiter light are now available, but some efficiency is sacrificed for the improved color. Like fluorescent lamps, HID lamps require a ballast to start and maintain their arcs. The method used to initially strike the arc varies: mercury-vapor lamps and some metal-halide lamps are usually started using

315-447: A third electrode near one of the main electrodes, while other lamp styles are usually started using pulses of high voltage. Replacements for the toxic mercury in the HID lamps have been investigated and are a matter of ongoing research. Experiments show promising results and widespread future applications are expected. Some HID lamps make use of radioactive substances such as krypton-85 and thorium . These isotopes help start

350-406: A type of electrical gas-discharge lamp which produces light by means of an electric arc between tungsten electrodes housed inside a translucent or transparent fused quartz or fused alumina arc tube. This tube is filled with noble gas and often also contains suitable metal or metal salts. The noble gas enables the arc's initial strike. Once the arc is started, it heats and evaporates

385-896: Is a DC electric multiple unit (EMU) commuter train type operated by the private railway operator Tobu Railway in Japan since 1963. A total of 712 vehicles were built between 1963 and 1983, making this the most numerous EMU type operated by any private railway operator in Japan. The Isesaki Line fleet based at Tatebayashi Depot consists of two-car trainsets. This fleet includes three-car 800 and 850 series trains converted from 8000 series units, which are also based at Tatebayashi Depot. Both types are modified for local driver-only operation services north of Tatebayashi . The Kameido Line and Daishi Line fleet based at Kasukabe Depot consists of two-car trainsets modified for driver-only operation. Tobu Sano Line services are operated by 800 and 850 series three-car driver-only-operation sets introduced from

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420-530: Is broken. Beginning in the early 1990s, HID lamps have seen applications in automotive headlamps . Xenon, or high-intensity discharge (HID), lighting provides brighter headlights and increases visibility of many peripheral objects (e.g. street signs and pedestrians) left in the shadows by standard halogen lighting. However, the bright headlights have given rise to complaints about glare. HID lamps are used in high-performance bicycle headlamps , as well as flashlights and other portable lights, because they produce

455-434: Is critical, such as TV and movie production, indoor or nighttime sports games, automotive headlamps, and aquarium lighting. Low-pressure sodium-vapor lamps are extremely efficient. They produce a deep yellow-orange light and have an effective CRI of nearly zero; items viewed under their light appear monochromatic . This makes them particularly effective as photographic safelights . High-pressure sodium lamps tend to produce

490-407: Is ignited while still hot and before the metallic salts have recrystallized. At the end of life, many types of high-intensity discharge lamps exhibit a phenomenon known as cycling . These lamps can be started at a relatively low voltage . As they heat up during operation, however, the internal gas pressure within the arc tube rises and a higher voltage is required to maintain the arc discharge . As

525-604: Is issued free of charge. The museum also owns the 6-car Tobu 8000 series EMU set 8111, which was repainted into its original "royal beige" and "international orange" livery for a series of special event runs on Tobu Lines. The museum is located underneath Higashi-Mukōjima Station on the Tobu Skytree Line . Visitors can view trains passing at close range from windows underneath the platform. 4-28-16 Higashi-mukōjima, Sumida-ku, Tokyo Tobu 8000 series The Tobu 8000 series ( 東武8000系 , Tōbu 8000-kei )

560-426: Is slight at first and is more generally a sign of the lamps being "broken in" whilst still being in good overall working order, but towards the end of its life, the HID lamp is often perceived as only producing blue and violet light. Based on Planck's law , this is a direct result of the increased voltage and higher temperature necessary to maintain the arc. Sometimes the quartz tube containing mercury can explode in

595-412: Is useful for applications requiring high levels of luminosity such as sport stadiums, warehouses, projection TVs, and gardening lights. However, for certain applications such as automotive headlamps, HID lamps are produced in nearly every color from yellow and white to blue and purple. Factors of wear come mostly from on/off cycles versus the total on time. The highest wear occurs when the HID burner

630-409: The 8000 series sets were finished in a livery of "royal beige" and "international orange". From May 1974, sets were repainted into a simpler all-over livery of "sage cream". From 1985, sets were repainted into a new livery of "jasmine white" with dark and light blue bodyside stripes. One six-car set, 8108, was repainted into the original beige and orange livery between October 2004 and June 2005 to mark

665-693: The 90th anniversary of the Tojo Line. This unit was subsequently returned to standard livery following overhaul in July 2005. In August 2012, six-car set 8111, preserved in running order by the Tobu Museum , was repainted into its original "royal beige" and "international orange" livery for a series of special event runs. In March 2014, to mark the 100th anniversary of the opening of the Tobu Tojo Line, four-car set 81111, based at Shinrinkoen Depot,

700-672: The Alna Kōki (now Alna Sharyō) factory in Osaka and Tsuha Sharyō factory in Nishiarai, Tokyo. In May 1977, the first eight-car 8000 series set (8173) was delivered for use on the Tojo Line . October 1979 saw the last two digits of individual car running numbers exceed 99, resulting in some cars receiving five-digit (8xxxx) running numbers. The last two sets built, 81120 and 8580, were delivered in 1983. The fleet changes between 1963, when

735-418: The desired characteristics of light intensity, correlated color temperature , color rendering index (CRI), energy efficiency , and lifespan. Varieties of HID lamp include: The light-producing element of these lamp types is a well-stabilized arc discharge contained within a refractory envelope arc tube with wall loading in excess of 3 watts per square centimetre (19 W/in ). Mercury-vapor lamps were

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770-425: The first commercially available HID lamps. Originally they produced a bluish-green light, but more recent versions can produce light with a less pronounced color tint. However, mercury-vapor lamps are falling out of favor and being replaced by sodium-vapor and metal-halide lamps. Metal-halide and ceramic metal-halide lamps can be made to give off neutral white light useful for applications where normal color appearance

805-442: The first sets were built, and 1983, when construction ended, are shown below. The fleet changes from 2005, when withdrawals commenced, are shown below. (Including 800/850 series 3-car sets) Life-extension refurbishment began in 1986, and sets treated from 1987 received redesigned cab ends based on the 6050 series design. Sets refurbished from 1997 onward received HID headlights and LED external destination indicators, replacing

840-449: The lamp glows for a while and then goes out, repeatedly. More sophisticated ballast designs detect cycling and give up attempting to start the lamp after a few cycles. If power is removed and reapplied, the ballast will make a new series of startup attempts. Another phenomenon associated with HID lamp wear and aging is discoloration of the emitted light beam ("fading" ). Commonly, a shift towards blue and/or violet can be observed. This shift

875-400: The lamp's arc tube and the physics of the gas discharge process. The choice of metal additives and their concentrations enables lamp manufacturers to create HID lamps with distinct color temperatures and spectral characteristics to meet different lighting needs. The majority of HID lamps are produced in the color temperature range of 5000K to 6000K, which is similar to natural daylight. This

910-471: The lamps and improve lamp operating characteristics. Krypton-85 is a gas and is found mixed in with the argon , which is in the arc tube of the lamp. The thorium, which is a solid, is used in the electrodes. These isotopes produce ionizing radiation of alpha and beta type. This radiation causes high ionization inside the lamp without being able to escape from the lamp. High ionisation makes arc starting via Townsend avalanche much easier. Moreover,

945-448: The metallic admixture. Its presence in the arc plasma greatly increases the intensity of visible light produced by the arc for a given power input, as the metals have many emission spectral lines in the visible part of the spectrum. High-intensity discharge lamps are a type of arc lamp . Brand new high-intensity discharge lamps make more visible light per unit of electric power consumed than fluorescent and incandescent lamps, since

980-695: The original roller blind type. 2001 saw the first appearance of two-car sets modified for driver-only-operation. This included the addition of an automated bilingual (Japanese and English) passenger announcement system, internal LED passenger information displays, and external speakers. Some of the remaining unrefurbished sets also received LED destination indicators. From 2004, five eight-car sets were reformed to create pairs of three-car 800 and 850 series driver-only-operation sets for use on Sano and Kiryu Line services. This conversion involved adding new cabs to former MoHa8300 and MoHa8200 intermediate cars. The new sets are formed as follows. When first built,

1015-1053: The presence of thorium in electrodes reduces the work function which again results in easier arc starting and sustaining. The amount of gamma radiation produced by the isotopes that can escape from the lamp is negligible. HID lamps are typically used when high levels of light over large areas are required, and when energy efficiency and/or light intensity are desired. These areas include gymnasiums , large public areas, warehouses , movie theatres, football stadiums, outdoor activity areas, roadways, parking lots, and pathways. More recently, HID lamps have been used in small retail and even residential environments because of advances in reduced lumen bulbs. Ultra-high performance (UHP) HID lamps are used in LCD or DLP projection TV sets or projection displays as well. HID lamps have made indoor gardening practical, particularly for plants that require high levels of direct sunlight in their natural habitat; HID lamps, specifically metal-halide and high-pressure sodium, are

1050-987: The start of the revised timetable on 14 June 2008, only refurbished four-car driver-only-operation sets are used on the Tobu Ogose Line . These are also stationed in Shinrinkōen , and five sets are required every day. The first 8000 series appeared in November 1963 as four-car sets. These were joined from December 1964 by two-car sets (formed MoHa8500 + KuHa8600). Between 1971 and 1972, 14 pairs of additional intermediate cars (SaHa8700 + MoHa8800) were built and inserted into four-car sets 8101 to 8114 to lengthen them to six cars. 8000 series trains built up to this point were not equipped with air-conditioning, but from June 1972, three 6-car air-conditioned sets (8156 to 8158) were delivered. The originally non-fitted sets were also modified with air-conditioning from October 1973 until 1983 at

1085-612: The start of the revised timetable on 18 March 2006. The Kiryu Line and Koizumi Line fleet based at Tatebayashi Depot consists of two-car trainsets modified for driver-only operation. The Utsunomiya Line fleet based at Shin-Tochigi Depot consists of four-car trainsets modified for driver-only operation. The Urban Park Line fleet based at Nanakōdai Depot consists of six-car trainsets. The Tōjō Line fleet based at Shinrinkōen Depot consists of 11 four-car trainsets. These are used in local driver-only operation services north of Ogawamachi , where four sets are required every day. From

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1120-547: The yellow and orange livery carried experimentally by a 7800 series train in the 1950s. In September 2023, six-car set 8111, preserved in running order by the Tobu Museum, was repainted into its original "royal beige" and "international orange". And in November 2023, it returned to regular operation on the Tobu Noda Line. High-intensity discharge lamp High-intensity discharge lamps ( HID lamps ) are

1155-619: Was repainted from its "royal beige" and "international orange" livery into all-over "sage cream" livery in August 2016. From 16 February 2017, two-car set 8568, used on the Tobu Kameido Line and Tobu Daishi Line , received the green and "jasmine white" livery carried experimentally by one 7860 series train in the 1950s. From 13 July 2017, two-car set 8575, used on the Tobu Kameido Line and Tobu Daishi Line, received

1190-448: Was repainted into the all-over "sage cream" livery carried by sets from the 1970s. This set operates on Tobu Tojo Line services between Ogawamachi and Yorii , and on Tobu Ogose Line services between Sakado and Ogose . In November 2014, four-car set 81107, based at Shinrinkoen Depot, was repainted into the original "royal beige" and "international orange" livery. From 28 November 2015, four-car set 8198, based at Shinrinkoen Depot,

1225-441: Was repainted into the dark blue with yellow stripe livery carried by 54 series and 53 series EMUs used on Flying Tojo limited express services on the Tobu Tojo Line during the 1950s. From 23 March 2016, two-car set 8577, used on the Tobu Kameido Line and Tobu Daishi Line , received the "international orange" and "medium yellow" livery carried by 7300 and 7800 series trains between 1958 and 1964. Preserved six-car set 8111

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