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26-466: The name "Tombigbee" comes from Choctaw /itumbi ikbi/ , meaning "box maker, coffin maker", from /itumbi/ , "box, coffin", and /ikbi/ , "maker". The river formed the eastern boundary of the historical Choctaw lands, from the 17th century when they coalesced as a people, to the forced Indian Removal by the United States in the 1830s. The river begins in northeastern Mississippi just south of

52-425: A ditch or moat , crossed by a wooden bridge. In early castles, the bridge might be designed to be destroyed or removed in the event of an attack, but drawbridges became very common. A typical arrangement would have the drawbridge immediately outside a gatehouse , consisting of a wooden deck with one edge hinged or pivoting at the gatehouse threshold, so that in the raised position the bridge would be flush against

78-573: A few speakers live in Texas and California . Choctaw verbs display a wide range of inflectional and derivational morphology. In Choctaw, the category of verb may also include words that would be categorized as adjectives or quantifiers in English. Verbs may be preceded by up to three prefixes and followed by as many as five suffixes. In addition, verb roots may contain infixes that convey aspectual information. The verbal prefixes convey information about

104-470: A port-side window in the pilot house, which began filling with water, while the captain remained at the helm. Soon the tugboat emerged from beneath the other side of the bridge and righted itself, with water pouring from the doorways and decks. One of the two main ventilator funnels had tilted to the center, yet one engine was still running, and the captain steered to anchor the tugboat in a flooded cornfield. Another downstream tugboat, M/V Tallapoosa , rescued

130-650: Is a type of moveable bridge typically at the entrance to a castle or tower surrounded by a moat . In some forms of English, including American English , the word drawbridge commonly refers to all types of moveable bridges, such as bascule bridges , vertical-lift bridges and swing bridges , but this article concerns the narrower historical definition where the bridge is used in a defensive structure. As used in castles or defensive structures, drawbridges provide access across defensive structures when lowered, but can quickly be raised from within to deny entry to an enemy force. Medieval castles were usually defended by

156-475: Is called a turning bridge , and may or may not have the raising chains characteristic of a drawbridge. The inner end carried counterweights enabling it to sink into a pit in the gate-passage, and when horizontal the bridge would often be supported by stout pegs inserted through the side walls. This was a clumsy arrangement, and many turning bridges were replaced with more advanced drawbridges. Drawbridges were also used on forts with Palmerston Forts using them in

182-496: Is generally referred to as active–stative and polypersonal agreement . Class I affixes always indicate the subject of the verb. Class II prefixes usually indicate direct object of active verbs and the subject of stative verbs. Class III prefixes indicate the indirect object of active verbs. A small set of stative psychological verbs have class III subjects; an even smaller set of stative verbs dealing primarily with affect, communication and intimacy have class III direct objects. As

208-401: Is normally found. The bridge may extend into the gate-passage beyond the pivot point, either over a pit into which the internal portion can swing (providing a further obstacle to attack), or in the form of counterweighted beams that drop into slots in the floor. The raising chains could themselves be attached to counterweights. In some cases, a portcullis provides the weight, as at Alnwick . By

234-438: Is the first-person singular class I agreement marker /-li/. Third-person is completely unmarked for class I and class II agreement arguments and never indicates number. Some authors (Ulrich 1986, Davies, 1986) refer to class I as actor or nominative, class II as patient or accusative and class III as dative. Broadwell prefers the neutral numbered labels because the actual use of the affixes is more complex. This type of morphology

260-636: The Eliza Battle and James T. Staples . The "Tombigbee River Waltz" or the singing song "Tombigbee River" are beloved old time waltzes performed by fiddlers including James Bryan, Kenny Jackson, Jay Ungar and Eric Hatling. The song was featured as a Charles Ingalls song in the Little House books. 31°8′11″N 87°56′39″W  /  31.13639°N 87.94417°W  / 31.13639; -87.94417 Choctaw language The Choctaw language (Choctaw: Chahta anumpa ), spoken by

286-776: The Choctaw , an Indigenous people of the Southeastern Woodlands , US, is a member of the Muskogean language family . Chickasaw is a separate but closely related language to Choctaw. The Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma published the New Choctaw dictionary in 2016. There are three dialects of Choctaw (Mithun 1999): Other speakers live near Tallahassee , Florida , and with the Koasati in Louisiana , and also

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312-870: The Five Civilized Tribes of the Southeast, as they adopted some European-American ways. But Congress passed the Indian Removal Act of 1830, in order to remove the Native Americans and enable development by European Americans. The United States forced the Chickasaw west of the Mississippi to Indian Territory , extinguishing most of their claims to land in the Southeast. The Tombigbee River has five lock and dams along its length. Lock & Dams are listed from north to south;

338-520: The Pharr Mounds near the northern county line of Itawamba County , at what was once known as the source of the east fork of the river . Historically, the beginning of the river was in northern Monroe County at the confluence of Town Creek (also known as West Fork Tombigbee River) and the east fork of the river. The river flows east through Aberdeen Lake near Aberdeen , and Columbus Lake near Columbus . It flows through Aliceville Lake on

364-470: The drawbridge -section, which failed to re-open fast enough while the river was near flood stage (drawbridges must close and re-open to allow waiting traffic to cross). The fast currents pinned the Cahaba's starboard side against the bridge in high waters. The force was so great that it pulled the boat downward, tilting it beneath the bridge, and fully submerging it in the river. The underwater pressure blew out

390-432: The 14th century, a bascule arrangement was provided by lifting arms (called "gaffs") above and parallel to the bridge deck whose ends were linked by chains to the lifting part of the bridge. In the raised position, the gaffs would fit into slots in the gatehouse wall ("rainures") which can often still be seen in places like Herstmonceux Castle . Inside the castle, the gaffs were extended to bear counterweights, or might form

416-608: The Mississippi-Alabama border, then generally SSE across western Alabama in a highly meandering course, past Gainesville and Demopolis . There it is joined from the northeast by the Black Warrior River . South of Demopolis it flows generally south across southwestern Alabama (forming Sumter and Choctaw counties' borders with Marengo County ). Past Jackson it joins the Alabama River from

442-411: The arguments of the verb: how many there are and their person and number features. The prefixes can be divided into three sorts: agreement markers, applicative markers, and anaphors (reflexives and reciprocals). The prefixes occur in the following order: agreement-anaphor-applicative-verb stem. The agreement affixes are shown in the following chart. The only suffix among the personal agreement markers

468-448: The captain and all three crew members; with the pilot, then secured the two barges of coal. The barges were later towed to Mobile by the same company's towboat M/V Mauvilla. The Mauvilla is otherwise notable for its later involvement in the 1993 Big Bayou Canot train wreck . Pleasure boats, cruising America's Great Loop , use the waterway each year in the fall. The river is closely associated with several steamboat disasters, including

494-657: The chart above shows, there is no person-number agreement for third person arguments. Consider the following paradigms: Transitive active verbs seemingly with class III direct objects: When a transitive verb occurs with more than one agreement prefix, I prefixes precede II and III prefixes: Ii- 1P .I- chi- 2S . II - pi̱sa see ⟨ NGR ⟩ -tok - PT Ii- chi- pi̱sa -tok 1P.I- 2S.II- see ⟨ NGR ⟩ -PT 'We saw you.' Ish- 2S .I- pim- 1P . III - anooli tell -tok. - PT Ish- pim- anooli -tok. 2S.I- 1P.III- tell -PT 'You told us.' For intransitive verbs,

520-496: The gate, forming an additional barrier to entry. It would be backed by one or more portcullises and gates. Access to the bridge could be resisted with missiles from machicolations above or arrow slits in flanking towers . The bridge would be raised or lowered using ropes or chains attached to a windlass in a chamber in the gatehouse above the gate-passage. Only a very light bridge could be raised in this way without any form of counterweight, so some form of bascule arrangement

546-600: The north on the Mobile - Baldwin county line, approximately 30 mi (50 km) north of Mobile ; this confluence forms the Mobile River . After the completion of the Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway in 1985, much of the middle course of the river in northeastern Mississippi was diverted into the new, straightened channel. Above Aberdeen Lake, the waterway flows alongside the original course of

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572-547: The river mile indicates the distance from the mouth of the Mobile River at Mobile Bay . Tributaries that empty directly into the Tombigbee: On April 28, 1979, a tugboat named M/V Cahaba was on the Tombigbee near Demopolis, Alabama trying to guide two coal barges under a flooded side-span of the old Rooster Bridge (removed years later), but the flood current was too strong. The tug and barges approached

598-719: The river. In addition to the Black Warrior, the river is joined by the Buttahatchee River from the east, north of Columbus, Mississippi. To the South of Columbus, Luxapalila Creek joins with the Tombigbee River, approximately 5.2 miles from downtown Columbus. Approximately 10 mi (15 km) north of Gainesville, it is joined from the north by the Sipsey River . At Gainesville, it is joined from

624-513: The side-timbers of a stout gate which would be against the roof of the gate-passage when the drawbridge was down, but would close against the gate-arch as the bridge was raised. In France, working drawbridges survive at a number of châteaux , including the Château du Plessis-Bourré . In England, two working drawbridges remain in regular use at Helmingham Hall , which dates from the early sixteenth century. A bridge pivoted on central trunnions

650-560: The subjects of active verbs typically have class I agreement. Because third-person objects are unmarked, intransitive active verbs are indistinguishable in form from transitive active verbs with a third-person direct object. The subjects of stative verbs typically have II agreement. A small set of psychological verbs have subjects with class III agreement. Baliili run -li - 1S .I -tok - PT Baliili -li -tok run -1S.I -PT 'I ran.' Sa- 1S . II - niya fat Drawbridge A drawbridge or draw-bridge

676-505: The west by the Noxubee River . The Choctaw National Wildlife Refuge is along the river in southwestern Alabama, approximately 20 mi (30 km) northwest of Jackson. The upper reaches of the Tombigbee formed the homeland of the formidable Chickasaw . The French official Bienville used the Tombigbee to travel with his forces in his 1736 campaign against the Chickasaw. In the nineteenth century, they were considered one of

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