The Tongmenghui of China was a secret society and underground resistance movement founded by Sun Yat-sen , Song Jiaoren , and others in Tokyo , Empire of Japan , on 20 August 1905, with the goal of overthrowing China 's Qing dynasty . It was formed from the merger of multiple late-Qing dynasty Chinese revolutionary groups.
34-525: The Tongmenghui was created through the unification of Sun Yat-sen's Xingzhonghui (Revive China Society) , the Guangfuhui (Restoration Society) and many other Chinese revolutionary groups. Among the Tongmenghui's members were Huang Xing , Li Zongren , Zhang Binglin , Chen Tianhua , Wang Jingwei , Hu Hanmin , Tao Chengzhang , Cai Yuanpei , Li Shizeng , Zhang Renjie , and Qiu Jin . In 1906,
68-459: A Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China , which consisted of 34 articles, meaning it had 10 more than the constitutional proposal made when the Tongmenghui was a secret society. The leadership election was held on the same day, with Sun Yat-sen elected as Chairman, Huang Xing and Li Yuanhung as Vice-Chairmen. In May 1912, the Tongmenghui moved its headquarters to Beijing . At that time,
102-603: A branch of the Tongmenghui was formed in Singapore , following Sun's visit there; this was called the Nanyang branch and served as headquarters of the organization for Southeast Asia . The members of the branch included Wong Hong-kui ( 黃康衢 ; Huáng Kāngqú ), Tan Chor Lam ( 陳楚楠 ; Chén Chǔnán ; 1884–1971) and Teo Eng Hock ( 張永福 ; Zhāng Yǒngfú ; originally a rubber shoe manufacturer). Tan Chor Lam, Teo Eng Hock, and Chan Po-yin ( 陳步賢 ; Chén Bùxián ; 1883–1965) started
136-557: A committee system, i.e., it is composed of National Government committees. In addition to representing the Republic of China, the party chairman also nominates the president of the five yuans. Therefore, the National Government organization displays obvious characteristics of the presidential system. Provinces and counties would prepare for self-government, and governors would be elected by the people. 6. The supplementary regulations stipulate that this Provisional Constitution
170-452: A total of eight chapters and 89 articles. The content of the Act includes a general outline, people’s rights, tutelage guidelines, national livelihood, national education, central and local authorities, governmental organization, and supplementary regulations. Its primary characteristics are as follows: 1. For the freedom and rights of citizens, except for religious beliefs, indirect protectionism
204-518: Is implemented, i.e., the protection of human rights depends on laws, and the government can restrict it according to the laws. 2. The Tutelage Period Guidelines have reconfirmed the form of party governance, and the party governing the country is the Party-State. 3. There are two chapters on national livelihood and education. They announce the government’s policy guidelines and goals in these two respects awhile implementing Sun Yat-sen’s policy on
238-558: Is the supreme law of the tutelage period. The Central Executive Committee of the Kuomintang is responsible for interpreting the law. The Provisional Constitution does not specify the amendment procedures. The amendment procedures can only be implemented in accordance with the established procedures, i.e., re-election of the National Assembly. It is, therefore, a rigid Provisional Constitution. The Provisional Constitution of
272-652: The Period of Tutelage . In 1928, the Nationalist Government led by Kuomintang achieved a basic victory in the Northern Expedition, and the domestic situation in China had finally been settled. According to the provisions of Sun Yat-sen's National Founding Guidelines, the military administration ended, and the country would enter the tutelage period. In March 1929, the 3rd National Congress of
306-600: The Philippines , however, no uprising materialized, as his allies in Yokohama , where Sun Yat-sen had stayed and begun promoting his ideas, all were too disorganized. In the following year, the newspaper of the society, China Daily , was established, and Yat-sen began desperately working with the Guangdong Triads, as the organization began the slow process of fizzling out. Sun Yat-sen attempted to revitalize
340-636: The Republic of China , led by Sun Yat-sen , framed the Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China ( simplified Chinese : 中华民国临时约法 ; traditional Chinese : 中華民國臨時約法 ; pinyin : Zhōnghuá Mínguó línshí yuēfǎ , 1912), which was an outline of basic regulations with the qualities of a formal constitution . On 11 March 1912, the Provisional Constitution replaced the previous organizational outline of
374-700: The Society for Regenerating China or the Proper China Society was founded by Sun Yat-sen on 24 November 1894 to forward the goal of establishing prosperity for China and as a platform for future revolutionary activities, as well as the first major modern revolutionary group in Chinese history. It was formed during the First Sino-Japanese War , after a string of Chinese military defeats exposed corruption and incompetence within
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#1732765898272408-614: The Warlord Era divided the country into warring factions, the provisional constitution was gradually superseded by the constitutions issued by each rival government. In the Beiyang Government , the provisional constitution was replaced by Cao Kun 's constitution on 10 October 1923. In the Nanjing Government , the provisional constitution was not replaced until 1 June 1931, when the Provisional Constitution of
442-699: The Kuomintang decided not to formulate a constitution for the time being. Instead, they formulated the National Government Organization Act and the Tutelage Period Guidelines to supplement the National Founding Guidelines. On May 8, 1931, the National Assembly was held. The Political Tutelage Period Act was passed on May 12 and was promulgated and implemented by the National Government on June 1. The Political Tutelage Period Act has
476-651: The Political Tutelage Period was announced, although the old constitution was already rarely discussed after the establishment of the Nationalist Government on 1 July 1925. From 1928 onwards, the Nationalists were operating under an Organic Law that had an ambiguous relationship with the 1931 Provisional Constitution as it was not completely superseded. The Constitution of the Republic of China superseded it in 1946, ending
510-607: The Qing government. Prior to the capture, Yeung Ku-wan was elected president (or general manager) of the 'United Government,' which would have been put in power given the uprising managed to overthrow the Qing monarchy, with Sun Yat-sen as the secretary. Under pressure from the Qing government in mainland China, the British colonial authorities in Hong Kong forced Yeung and Sun Yat-sen to leave, barring them from entering Hong Kong over
544-685: The Republic of China was the Provisional Constitution of the Tutelage period. It was initially scheduled to be abolished at the end of the Tutelage period in 1936. However, due to the Japanese invasion of China, the constitutional National Assembly was delayed repeatedly, and constitutionalism was not initiated. In 1946, the Constitutional National Assembly enacted the Constitution of the Republic of China, along with
578-683: The Tongmenghui came up with their political goal: to expel the Manchu rulers, to revive Zhonghua , to establish a Republic, and to distribute land equally among the people. ( 驅除韃虜, 恢復中華, 創立民國, 平均地權 ; Qūchú dálǔ, huīfù Zhōnghuá, chuànglì mínguó, píngjūn dì quán ). The Three Principles of the People were created around the time of the merging of Revive China Society and the Tongmenghui. Revive China Society The Revive China Society ( traditional Chinese : 興中會 ; simplified Chinese : 兴中会 ; pinyin : Xīngzhōnghuì ), also known as
612-604: The Tongmenghui oath be changed to "overthrow the Manchu government, consolidate the Republic of China, and implement the Min Sheng Chu I " . Wang Jingwei was elected as Chairman, succeeding Sun. Wang resigned the following month, and Sun resumed the chairmanship. After the establishment of the Republic of China , the Tongmenghui transformed itself into a political party on 3 March 1912, in preparation for participation in constitutional and parliamentary activities. It issued
646-518: The Tongmenghui was the largest party in China, with branches in Guangdong , Sichuan , Wuhan , Shanghai , Hangzhou , Suzhou , Anqing , Fuzhou and Tianjin . It had a membership of about 550,000. In August 1912, the Tongmenghui formed the nucleus of the Kuomintang , the governing political party of the republic. In 1904, by combining republican , nationalist , and socialist objectives,
680-698: The Tongmenghui. After Shanghai was occupied by the revolutionaries in November 1911, the Tongmenghui moved its headquarters to Shanghai. After the Nanjing Provisional Government was established, the headquarters was moved to Nanjing. A general meeting was held in Nanjing on 20 January 1912, with thousands of members attending. Hu Hanmin , who represented the Provisional President Sun Yat-sen, moved that
714-756: The already existing Furen Literary Society , whom he had first met in 1891. As they both wanted to take advantage of the uneasy political situation due to the First Sino-Japanese War , on 18 February 1895 the Furen Literary Society was merged into the Revive China Society, with help from Yau Lit , a close friend of Sun and member of Furen. Yeung and Sun became the President and Secretary of the Society respectively. They disguised their activities in Hong Kong at 13 Staunton Street under
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#1732765898272748-569: The government, and came into effect as the supreme law. It was later replaced by a constitutional compact instituted by Yuan Shikai on 1 May 1914. However, it was restored once again on 29 June 1916, by President Li Yuanhong . The Constitutional Protection Movement launched by the Military Government of the Republic of China in Guangzhou on 10 September 1917, was intended to "protect" this provisional constitution. However, as
782-400: The guise of running a business called "Kuen Hang Club" (乾亨行). In October 1895, the Revive China Society planned to launch an uprising in Guangzhou , with Yeung directing the uprising in Hong Kong where funds and training location were provided by Li Ki-tong . However, plans were leaked out and more than 70 members, including Lu Haodong , a schoolboy friend of Sun Yat-sen, were captured by
816-544: The imperial government of the Qing dynasty . The Revive China Society went through several political re-organizations in later years and eventually became the party known as the Kuomintang . As such, the contemporary Kuomintang considers its founding date to be the establishment of Revive China Society. Because Sun was in exile from China at the time, the Revive China Society was founded in Honolulu , Republic of Hawaii . It
850-434: The livelihood of the people. 4. The authority of the central and local governments are subject to the principle of equal rights. It is also subject to the content of the powers of both parties, except for industrial and commercial patents and monopoly franchises, which are under the jurisdiction of the central government; the rest are regulated in detail by law. 5. The National Government organization includes five yuans and
884-556: The next five years. During this time, a branch was formed of the society in Taiwan , in early November, though they failed to garner many members, while another was formed in the Chinatown of San Francisco , with similar amounts of success. Yeung travelled to Johannesburg , South Africa , via Singapore to Chinese laborers and later to Japan , where he stayed from 1896 to 1899, to expand the Revive China Society and spread its ideas. In
918-531: The organization, taking trips back to Hawaii, and then to the United States , but failed to garner attention, and stayed in such conditions until it merged with the Tongmenghui and became the Kuomintang . Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China The Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China was the constitutional law of the Republic of China during the tutelage period. It
952-401: The revolution, Chan Po-yin raised over 30,000 yuan for the purchase and shipment (from Singapore to China) of military equipment and for the support of the expenses of people travelling from Singapore to China for revolutionary work. From December 1906 to April 1908, seven Tongmenghui-led uprisings were defeated by the Qing government. Numerous Tongmenghui members fled to southeast Asia. There
986-603: The revolution-related Chong Shing Chinese Daily Newspaper ( 中興日報 ; Zhōngxīng rìbào ; 'China Revival Daily'), with the inaugural issue on 20 August 1907 and a daily distribution of 1,000 copies. The newspaper ended in 1910, presumably due to the Xinhai Revolution in 1911. Working with other Cantonese people, Tan, Teo, and Chan opened the revolution-related Kai Ming Bookstore ( 開明書報社 ; Kāimíng shūbàoshè ; 'Opening wisdom bookstore') in Singapore. For
1020-592: The summer of 1898, he met with Mariano Ponce , who was working toward the independence of the Philippines , and he expressed support for their cause. Throughout this time, on numerous occasions did the society attempt to instigate an uprising in China, one prominent example being in the Spring and Summer of 1899, where the society attempted to incite a rebellion in Guangdong, Hunan and Hubei, where he made friends with Zhang Binglin , and smuggled guns to Ponce's army in
1054-706: The villa of Teh Lay Seng, chairman of Tungmenghui Ipoh at Jalan Sungai Pari - to raise funds. The Ipoh leaders were Teh Lay Seng, Wong I Ek, Lee Guan Swee and Lee Hau Cheong. The leaders launched a major drive for donations across the Malay Peninsula . An amount of $ 47,683 Straits Settlement dollars was raised. The Tongmenghui also started a newspaper, the Kwong Wah Jit Poh , with the first issue published in December 1910 from 120 Armenian Street, Penang. In Henan , some Chinese Muslims were members of
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1088-685: Was an increase in discontent by the membership against Tongmenghui leadership. In 1909, the headquarters of the Nanyang Tongmenghui was transferred to Penang . Sun Yat-Sen himself was based in Penang from July to December 1910. During this time, the 1910 Penang Conference was held to plan the Second Guangzhou Uprising . The high-powered Preparatory Meeting of Dr. Sun Yat Sen's supporters was subsequently held in Ipoh - at
1122-424: Was the first Chinese nationalist revolutionary society. Those admitted to the society swore the following oath: The first member of the society was Deng Yinnan , a friend of Sun Yat-sen, and attended its founding meeting. The oath itself was established when the society was seemingly agricultural in nature. When Sun Yat-sen returned to Hong Kong in early 1895, he met up again with Yeung Ku-wan , president of
1156-544: Was the second constitutional law since the Qing Empire was renamed and restructured as the Republic of China. It was enacted by the National Government in May 1931 and was abolished naturally until December 25, 1946, after the implementation of the Constitution of the Republic of China. However, it was never promulgated by the competent authority. After victory in the Xinhai Revolution , the Nanjing Provisional Government of
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