88-609: Tootsie Roll ( / ˈ t ʊ t s i / ) is a chocolate taffy candy that has been manufactured in the United States since 1907. The candy has qualities similar to both caramels and taffy without being exactly either confection. The manufacturer , Tootsie Roll Industries , is based in Chicago, Illinois . It was the first penny candy to be individually wrapped in America. Tootsie Roll Industries (name adopted in 1966)
176-667: A bachelor's degree in Arts in 1997. He went on to a master's degree program at SUNY New Paltz . Beginning September 8, 1999, he taught art for two years at Eldred Central School in Sullivan County, New York . He lost his staff position in the mid-1990s when Marvel downsized, but he continued to freelance for the publisher. In 2000, he wrote an article for The New York Times about ageism in comics. Trimpe penciled BPRD : The War on Frogs (Aug. 2008) for Dark Horse Comics , and returned to his signature character by drawing
264-556: A mood enhancer , such as by increasing sex drive or stimulating cognition , but there is little scientific evidence that such effects are consistent among all chocolate consumers. If mood improvement from eating chocolate occurs, there is not enough research to indicate whether it results from the favorable flavor or from the stimulant effects of its constituents, such as caffeine, theobromine, or their parent molecule, methylxanthine . A 2019 review reported that chocolate consumption does not improve depressive mood . Reviews support
352-480: A superhero -team comic featuring the Hulk. He also drew the cover, featuring the Hulk, of the 1971 issue of Rolling Stone containing a major profile of Marvel Comics. The artist in 2002 recalled a less-than-smooth start to his Hulk tenure: "I did, like, three or four pages, and Stan [Lee] saw them and made Frank Giacoia do the layouts [for Trimpe's fourth issue, #109, Nov. 1968]. It wasn't my storytelling, there
440-461: A veterinarian involves inducing vomiting within two hours of ingestion and administration of benzodiazepines or barbiturates for seizures, antiarrhythmics for heart arrhythmias , and fluid diuresis . A typical 20-kilogram (44 lb) dog will normally experience great intestinal distress after eating less than 240 grams (8.5 oz) of dark chocolate, but will not necessarily experience bradycardia or tachycardia unless it eats at least
528-472: A 1997 interview, described his Marvel arrangement: "I was a quota artist, which was non-contractual but [I] received a salary. I got a regular two-week check, and anything I did over quota I could voucher for as freelance income. I also had the extras, the company benefits. It was like a regular job, but I worked at home. It was a good deal." When Marvel went bankrupt in the mid-1990s, Trimpe attended Empire State College , Hudson Valley Center, graduating with
616-464: A 20-kilogram (44 lb) dog. In the 20th century, there were reports that mulch made from cocoa bean shells is dangerous to dogs and livestock. Commonly consumed chocolate is high in fat and sugar , which are associated with an increased risk for obesity when chocolate is consumed in excess. Overall evidence is insufficient to determine the relationship between chocolate consumption and acne . Various studies point not to chocolate, but to
704-467: A candy shop in Brooklyn that later merged with Stern & Saalberg. Another version has him starting at the factory and rising to a senior management position. The first candy that Hirschfield created was Bromangelon Jelly Powder. He completed the invention of Tootsie Rolls in 1907 after patenting a technique to give them their unique texture. He named the candy after his daughter Clara, whose nickname
792-526: A chocolate confection maker, is recorded from 1859. Evidence for the domestication of the cacao tree exists as early as 5300 BP in South America , before it was introduced to Mesoamerica . It is unknown when chocolate was first consumed as opposed to other cacao-based drinks, and there is evidence the Olmecs , the earliest known major Mesoamerican civilization, fermented the sweet pulp surrounding
880-400: A crystallize a small amount of fat in a particularly stable formation. Around this small amount of crystals, the rest of the fats crystallize, creating a glossy chocolate, with a crisp break. Chocolate is molded in different shapes for different uses: Chocolate is very sensitive to temperature and humidity. Ideal storage temperatures are between 15 and 17 °C (59 and 63 °F), with
968-506: A design for the Hulkbuster base, but it really wasn't a joke. It was just meant as the ironic juxtaposition of a military base run by an aggressive, blustery general, and the military base design being a symbol of peace. It was like in the '60s and '70s when protesters stuck flowers down the barrels of National Guard rifles. It was a provocative gesture. Trimpe also had a year's run on The Defenders (#68–81, February 1979 – March 1980),
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#17327906912561056-666: A dose as low as 12.5 mg was shown to have effects on cognitive performance. Chocolate may be a factor for heartburn in some people because one of its constituents, theobromine, may affect the esophageal sphincter muscle in a way that permits stomach acids to enter the esophagus . Theobromine poisoning is an overdosage reaction to the bitter alkaloid, which happens more frequently in domestic animals than humans. However, daily intake of 50–100 g cocoa (0.8–1.5 g theobromine) by humans has been associated with sweating, trembling, and severe headache. Chocolate and cocoa contain moderate to high amounts of oxalate , which may increase
1144-514: A half a kilogram (1.1 lb) of milk chocolate. Dark chocolate has 2 to 5 times more theobromine and thus is more dangerous to dogs. According to the Merck Veterinary Manual , approximately 1.3 grams of baker's chocolate per kilogram of a dog's body weight (0.02 oz/lb) is sufficient to cause symptoms of toxicity. For example, a typical 25-gram (0.88 oz) baker's chocolate bar would be enough to bring about symptoms in
1232-640: A note saying that he was "sorry, but could not help it." In 1935, the company was in serious difficulty. Tootsie Roll's principal supplier of paper boxes, Joseph Rubin & Sons of Brooklyn, was concerned about losing an important customer and decided to acquire the troubled company. The company was listed on the New York Stock Exchange, but Bernard D. Rubin acquired a list of shareholders and approached them in person in order to purchase their shares. The Rubin family eventually achieved control of Tootsie Roll and agreed that Bernard Rubin would run
1320-427: A relative humidity of less than 50%. If refrigerated or frozen without containment, chocolate can absorb enough moisture to cause a whitish discoloration, the result of fat or sugar crystals rising to the surface. Various types of "blooming" effects can occur if chocolate is stored or served improperly. Chocolate bloom is caused by storage temperature fluctuating or exceeding 24 °C (75 °F), while sugar bloom
1408-450: A short-term effect of lowering blood pressure by consuming cocoa products, but there is no evidence of long-term cardiovascular health benefit. Chocolate and cocoa are under preliminary research to determine if consumption affects the risk of certain cardiovascular diseases or enhances cognitive abilities . While daily consumption of cocoa flavanols (minimum dose of 200 mg) appears to benefit platelet and vascular function, there
1496-456: A warning label on chocolate products having more than 4.1 mg of cadmium per daily serving of a single product. One tablespoonful (5 grams) of dry unsweetened cocoa powder has 12.1 mg of caffeine and a 25-g single serving of dark chocolate has 22.4 mg of caffeine. Although a single 7 oz. (200 ml) serving of coffee may contain 80–175 mg, studies have shown psychoactive effects in caffeine doses as low as 9 mg, and
1584-518: A working arrangement Trimpe said he enjoyed. Among the characters co-created by Trimpe during his run on the title were Jim Wilson in issue #131 (Sept. 1970) and Doc Samson in #141 (July 1971). During his time on the comic, he became the first artist to draw for publication the character Wolverine , who would go on to become one of Marvel's most popular. The character was conceived by Roy Thomas , written by Len Wein and designed by Marvel de facto art director John Romita Sr. as an antagonist for
1672-511: Is cacahuatl meaning "cacao water", which chocolate does not immediately derive from. Despite theories that chocolate is derived from xocoatl meaning "bitter drink" or chocolatl meaning "hot water" and uncertainty around the Nahuatl origin, there is a consensus that it likely derives from chicolatl . Whether chicolatl means "cacao beater", however, is contested, due to difficulty knowing what chico means. The term " chocolatier ", for
1760-585: Is a variant of cacao, likely arising from a confusion with the word coco . Through cacao, it is ultimately derived from kakaw(a) , but whether that word originates in Nahuatl or a Mixe-Zoquean language is the subject of substantial linguistic debate. Chocolate is a Spanish loanword, first recorded in English in 1604, and first recorded in Spanish in 1579. The word for chocolate drink in early Nahuatl texts
1848-492: Is also used in cold and hot beverages, such as chocolate milk and hot chocolate , and in some alcoholic drinks, such as crème de cacao . Although cocoa originated in the Americas, West African countries , particularly Ivory Coast and Ghana , are the leading producers of cocoa in the 21st century, accounting for some 60% of the world cocoa supply. A 2020 report estimated that more than 1.5 million children are involved in
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#17327906912561936-605: Is an excellent source (over 19% of the Daily Value , DV) of riboflavin , vitamin B12 and the dietary minerals , manganese , phosphorus and zinc . Chocolate is a good source (10–19% DV) of calcium , magnesium and iron . Chocolate contains polyphenols , especially flavan-3-ols (catechins) and smaller amounts of other flavonoids . It also contains alkaloids , such as theobromine , phenethylamine , and caffeine , which are under study for their potential effects in
2024-407: Is called chocolate liquor . The liquor may also be cooled and processed into its two components: cocoa solids and cocoa butter . Baking chocolate , also called bitter chocolate, contains cocoa solids and cocoa butter in varying proportions without any added sugar . Powdered baking cocoa, which contains more fiber than cocoa butter, can be processed with alkali to produce Dutch cocoa . Much of
2112-404: Is called conching. A conche is a container filled with metal beads, which act as grinders. The refined and blended chocolate mass is kept in a liquid state by frictional heat. Chocolate before conching has an uneven and gritty texture. The conching process produces cocoa and sugar particles smaller than the tongue can detect (typically around 20 μm ) and reduces rough edges, hence the smooth feel in
2200-448: Is caused by temperature below 15 °C (59 °F) or excess humidity. To distinguish between different types of bloom, one can rub the surface of the chocolate lightly, and if the bloom disappears, it is fat bloom. Moving chocolate between temperature extremes, can result in an oily texture. Although visually unappealing, chocolate suffering from bloom is safe for consumption and taste is unaffected. Bloom can be reversed by retempering
2288-459: Is grown (20 degrees north and south of the equator ), the commercial company Mars, Incorporated and the University of California, Berkeley , are conducting genomic research in 2017–18 to improve the survivability of cacao plants in hot climates. The three main varieties of cocoa beans used in chocolate are criollo , forastero, and trinitario. Cocoa pods are harvested by cutting them from
2376-469: Is made by incorporating nut paste (typically hazelnut) to the chocolate paste. Other types of chocolate are used in baking and confectionery. These include baking chocolate (often unsweetened), couverture chocolate (used for coating), compound chocolate (a lower-cost alternative) and modeling chocolate . Modeling chocolate is a chocolate paste made by melting chocolate and combining it with corn syrup , glucose syrup , or golden syrup . Chocolate
2464-503: Is made from cocoa beans, the dried and fermented seeds of the cacao tree ( Theobroma cacao ), a small, 4–8 m tall (15–26 ft tall) evergreen tree native to the deep tropical region of the Americas. Recent genetic studies suggest the most common genotype of the plant originated in the Amazon basin and was gradually transported by humans throughout South and Central America. Early forms of another genotype have also been found in what
2552-404: Is no good evidence to indicate an effect on heart attacks or strokes . Research has also shown that consuming dark chocolate does not substantially affect blood pressure . Some manufacturers provide the percentage of chocolate in a finished chocolate confection as a label quoting percentage of "cocoa" or "cacao". This refers to the combined percentage of both cocoa solids and cocoa butter in
2640-407: Is now Venezuela . The scientific name, Theobroma , means "food of the gods ". The fruit, called a cocoa pod, is ovoid, 15–30 cm (6–12 in) long and 8–10 cm (3–4 in) wide, ripening yellow to orange, and weighing about 500 g (1.1 lb) when ripe. Cacao trees are small, understory trees that need rich, well-drained soils. They naturally grow within 20° of either side of
2728-499: Is one of the largest candy manufacturers in the world. Over 65 million Tootsie Rolls are made daily. According to the company website, the original recipe calls for the inclusion of the previous day's batch, "a graining process that Tootsie continues to this day." According to the official company history, founder Leo Hirschfield (spelled Hirshfield in Tootsie Industries history) was an Austrian Jewish immigrant to
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2816-469: Is usually made with a slightly higher proportion of cocoa butter. It is simply defined by its cocoa percentage. In milk chocolate, the non-fat cocoa solids are partly or mostly replaced by milk solids . In white chocolate, they are all replaced by milk solids, hence its ivory color. Other forms of eating chocolate exist, these include raw chocolate (made with unroasted beans) and ruby chocolate . An additional popular form of eating chocolate, gianduja ,
2904-516: The Disney stuff, Donald Duck and characters like that. Funny-animal stuff, that was kind of my favorite, and I liked to draw that kind of thing. And I also liked ... Plastic Man . ... I loved comics since I was a little kid, but I was actually more interested in syndicating a comic strip than working in comics." As well, "I was a really big fan of EC Comics and [artist] Jack Davis ." Trimpe commuted to New York City for three years to attend
2992-843: The Orthodox Union . In addition to the traditional cocoa-flavored Tootsie Roll, several additional flavors have been introduced. Known as Tootsie Fruit Chews, flavors include cherry , orange , vanilla , lemon , and lime . These varieties are wrapped in red, orange, blue, yellow, and green wrappers, respectively. They also offer a special Mega Mix bag that includes specialty flavors, green apple , blue raspberry , and grape . The specialty Fruit Chews are wrapped in dark green, dark blue, and purple wrappers to correlate with their flavors. Tootsie Frooties come in numerous different fruit flavors, including strawberry, blue raspberry, grape, green apple, banana berry, smooth cherry, fruit punch, pink lemonade, root beer, cranberry, blueberry, watermelon, and
3080-831: The Phantom Eagle in Marvel Super-Heroes #16 (Sept. 1968). In the 1960s, during the period known as the Silver Age of Comics , Trimpe was assigned to pencil what became his signature character, the Hulk . Beginning with pencil-finishes over Marie Severin layouts in The Incredible Hulk vol. 2, #106 (Aug. 1968), he went on to draw the character for a virtually unbroken run of over seven years, through issue #142 (Aug. 1971), then again from #145–193 (Nov. 1971 – Nov. 1975). Additionally, Trimpe penciled
3168-712: The School of Visual Arts . There, Trimpe recalled in 2002, instructor and longtime comics artist Tom Gill needed a student "to ink his backgrounds and stuff. So that's how I started, at Dell [Comics] , doing mostly Westerns and also licensed books, like the adaptation of the movie Journey to the Center of the Earth ." Trimpe then enlisted in the United States Air Force "for four years," he recalled in 1997, "the standard enlistment time, from 1962 to 1966. I
3256-464: The public domain as part of his Savage Dragon series. The Tootsie Roll jingle , "Whatever It Is I Think I See," was recorded at Blank Tape Studios, New York, in 1976. Elements of this ad can occasionally be seen today during advertised children's programming. It aired on television regularly for over 20 years, mostly during Saturday morning cartoon programming. The jingle was sung by a nine-year-old, Rebecca J. Weinstein, and 13-year-old David Johnson,
3344-665: The " Bullpen Bulletins " of Marvel comics cover-dated June 1967, such as Fantastic Four #63. He remained associated with the company through 1996. While operating the Photostat camera in the Marvel offices, Trimpe did freelance inking for Marvel, and made his professional penciling debut with two Kid Colt stories in the Western series Kid Colt, Outlaw #134–135 (May and July 1967). Shortly thereafter, Trimpe and writer Gary Friedrich created Marvel's World War I aviator hero
3432-411: The 'stat' machine and wouldn't be seated at a desk, but I would be able to pick up some freelance pencilling and inking . This kind of opened the door. The staff job didn't pay much by today's standards; I think it started at $ 135 dollars a week which wasn't as low as it sounds. Remember, it was 1966 and that was a fairly good entry-level salary. His joining the Marvel production staff was announced in
3520-426: The 1970s, plus occasional others), Ka-Zar ( Astonishing Tales #7–8, 1971), Nick Fury ( Nick Fury, Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. #13–15, 1969), Thor ( Thor Annual #15–16, 1990–1991), Ant-Man ( Marvel Feature #4–6), Killraven ( Amazing Adventures #20–24, #33), Rawhide Kid , Spider-Man , and many more as the regular artist of Marvel Team-Up #106–118 (1981–1982) and Marvel Team-Up Annual #3–4 (1980–1981). As
3608-605: The 19th century, including the melanger (a mixing machine), modern milk chocolate , the conching process to make chocolate smoother and change the flavor meant a worker in 1890 could produce fifty times more chocolate with the same labor than they could before the Industrial Revolution , and chocolate became a food to be eaten rather than drunk. As production moved from the Americas to Asia and Africa, mass markets in Western nations for chocolate opened up. In
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3696-464: The 20-issue Shogun Warriors ; six issues of The Further Adventures of Indiana Jones (also writing the last two); G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #1 (July 1982) and eight other issues, three of which he also wrote or co-wrote; nearly the entire run of the 28-issue spin-off G.I. Joe Special Missions (1986–1989); three of the four-issue miniseries G.I. Joe: The Order of Battle (1986–1987); and three issues of The Transformers . Trimpe, in
3784-525: The 20th century, chocolate production further developed, with development of the tempering technique to improve the snap and gloss of chocolate and the addition of lecithin to improve texture and consistency. White and couverture chocolate were developed in the 20th century and the bean-to-bar trade model began. Several types of chocolate can be distinguished. Pure, unsweetened chocolate, often called "baking chocolate", contains primarily cocoa solids and cocoa butter in varying proportions. Much of
3872-508: The Captain Tootsie and his sidekick, a black-haired boy named Rollo, along with three other young cohorts; a red-haired boy named Fatso, a blond boy named Fisty (or a brunette named Marybelle), and a blonde-haired girl called Sweetie. The feature utilized stories in the form of full-color one-page Sunday strips, black and white daily strips, and two issues of a comic book of the same title released by Toby Press . The advertisement comic
3960-509: The Hulk at the Winter Olympics" which featured a story set at the 1980 Winter Olympics by writers Mark Gruenwald , Steven Grant , and Bill Mantlo . Jack Kirby's Machine Man character was revived in a 1984 limited series drawn by Trimpe. In the late 1970s and 1980s, Trimpe's Marvel work included licensed movie and TV franchises. He drew all but issues #4–5 of the 24-issue Godzilla (Aug. 1977 – July 1979); drew all but one of
4048-582: The Hulk, introduced in the last panel of The Incredible Hulk vol. 2, #180 (Oct. 1974) and making his first full appearance the following issue. Trimpe in 2009 said he "distinctly remembers" Romita's sketch, and that, "The way I see it, [Romita and writer Len Wein] sewed the monster together and I shocked it to life! ... It was just one of those secondary or tertiary characters, actually, that we were using in that particular book with no particular notion of it going anywhere. We did characters in The [Incredible] Hulk all
4136-638: The United States of America, son of an Austrian candy maker. He started his own career in the candy business at a small shop or factory in New York City in 1896. He was employed in a senior position at the Stern & Saalberg company in Manhattan, New York , owned by Julius Stern and Jacob Saalberg, for many years. Details of his early career are disputed. The more common version has him starting
4224-605: The artist of Super-Villain Team-Up , Trimpe co-created the Shroud with writer Steve Englehart . Captain Britain was introduced by Chris Claremont and Trimpe in an ongoing series published by Marvel UK . In 1976, Trimpe was one of the inkers of Captain America's Bicentennial Battles , an oversized treasury-format one-shot written and penciled by Jack Kirby . Trimpe drew Marvel Treasury Edition #25 (1980) "Spider-Man vs.
4312-640: The bar, not just the percentage of cocoa solids. The Belgian AMBAO certification mark indicates that no non-cocoa vegetable fats have been used in making the chocolate. A long-standing dispute between Britain on the one hand and Belgium and France over British use of vegetable fats in chocolate ended in 2000 with the adoption of new standards which permitted the use of up to five percent vegetable fats in clearly labelled products. This British style of chocolate has sometimes been pejoratively referred to as "vegelate". Herb Trimpe Herbert William Trimpe ( / t r ɪ m p / ; May 26, 1939 – April 13, 2015)
4400-477: The beans are dried without fermentation. The nibs are then removed and hydrated in an acidic solution. They are heated for 72 hours and dried again. Gas chromatography / mass spectrometry showed that the incubated chocolate had higher levels of Strecker aldehydes , and lower levels of pyrazines . The dried beans are then transported to a chocolate manufacturing facility. The beans are cleaned (removing twigs, stones, and other debris), roasted , and graded. Next,
4488-450: The body. It is unlikely that chocolate consumption in small amounts causes lead poisoning . Some studies have shown that lead may bind to cocoa shells, and contamination may occur during the manufacturing process. One study showed the mean lead level in milk chocolate candy bars was 0.027 μg lead per gram of candy; another study found that some chocolate purchased at U.S. supermarkets contained up to 0.965 μg per gram, close to
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#17327906912564576-629: The cacao beans into an alcoholic beverage . Chocolate was extremely important to several Mesoamerican societies, and cacao was considered a gift from the gods by the Mayans and the Aztecs . The cocoa bean was used as a currency across civilizations and was used in ceremonies, as a tribute to leaders and gods and as a medicine. Chocolate in Mesoamerica was a bitter drink, flavored with additives such as vanilla , earflower and chili , and
4664-593: The children of jazz musicians and friends of the song's composer. Originally, David was to sing the solo "Whatever it is I think I see becomes a Tootsie Roll to me," but his voice was changing and cracked on the high notes, so the solo was given to Rebecca. Rebecca still has the original reel-to-reel audio tape recording . The current U.S. ingredients of a Tootsie Roll are: sugar , corn syrup , partially hydrogenated soybean oil , condensed skim milk , cocoa , whey , soy lecithin , and artificial and natural flavors . In 2009, Tootsie Rolls became certified kosher by
4752-435: The chocolate can show the quality and whether it was stored well. One hundred grams of milk chocolate supplies 540 calories . It is 59% carbohydrates (52% as sugar and 3% as dietary fiber ), 30% fat and 8% protein (table). Approximately 65% of the fat in milk chocolate is saturated , mainly palmitic acid and stearic acid , while the predominant unsaturated fat is oleic acid (table). 100-grams of milk chocolate
4840-915: The chocolate consumed today is in the form of sweet chocolate, a combination of cocoa solids, cocoa butter, and added vegetable oils and sugar. Milk chocolate is sweet chocolate that additionally contains milk powder . White chocolate contains cocoa butter, sugar, and milk, but no cocoa solids. Chocolate is one of the most popular food types and flavors in the world, and many foodstuffs involving chocolate exist, particularly desserts , including cakes , pudding , mousse , brownies , and chocolate chip cookies . Many candies are filled with or coated with sweetened chocolate. Chocolate bars , either made of solid chocolate or other ingredients coated in chocolate, are eaten as snacks. Gifts of chocolate molded into different shapes (such as eggs, hearts, and coins) are traditional on certain Western holidays, including Christmas , Easter , Valentine's Day , and Hanukkah . Chocolate
4928-436: The chocolate consumed today is in the form of sweet chocolate, which combines chocolate with sugar . The traditional types of chocolate are dark , milk and white . All of them contain cocoa butter , which is the ingredient defining the physical properties of chocolate (consistency and melting temperature). Plain (or dark) chocolate, as it name suggests, is a form of chocolate that is similar to pure cocoa liquor , although
5016-437: The chocolate or using it for any use that requires melting the chocolate. Chocolate is generally stored away from other foods, as it can absorb different aromas. Ideally, chocolates are packed or wrapped, and placed in proper storage with the correct humidity and temperature. Additionally, chocolate is frequently stored in a dark place or protected from light by wrapping paper. The glossy shine, snap, aroma, texture, and taste of
5104-487: The chocolate taste. After fermentation, the beans must be dried to prevent mold growth. Climate and weather permitting, this is done by spreading the beans out in the sun from five to seven days. In some growing regions (for example, Tobago ), the dried beans are then polished for sale by "dancing the cocoa": spreading the beans onto a floor, adding oil or water, and shuffling the beans against each other using bare feet. In an alternative process known as moist incubation,
5192-551: The company as president. Under his leadership, the company steadily increased sales and restored profits by changing the formula of the Tootsie Roll and increasing its size. Additionally, Rubin moved the company from Manhattan to a much larger plant in Hoboken, New Jersey. He guided the company successfully through the difficult war years during which vital raw materials were in short supply. When he died in 1948, he had increased
5280-475: The covers of five Hulk annuals (1969, 1971–72, 1976–77, titled King-Size Special! The Incredible Hulk except for #4, The Incredible Hulk Special ), and both penciled and inked the 39-page feature story of The Incredible Hulk Annual #12 (Aug. 1983). Under the Marvel Method of writer-artist collaboration, Trimpe, like other Marvel artists of the time, was uncredited co-plotter of most of his stories,
5368-466: The creation of the new characters or new ideas. I didn't want to be. The concept of the Hulkbusters, however, was my idea. I did [the schematic diagram of the base]. I also designed the unit emblem, which was an "H" being shattered by a lightning bolt. You remember, "Thunderbolt" was [antagonist] General Ross ' nickname. [The aerial-view design of the base as a peace symbol was used] purposefully as
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#17327906912565456-443: The daily lead oral limit. "Moreover chocolate may not be the only source of lead in their nutrition" and "chocolate might be a significant source of cadmium and lead ingestion, particularly for children." According to a 2005 study, the average lead concentration of cocoa beans is ≤ 0.5 ng/g, which is one of the lowest reported values for a natural food. However, during cultivation and production, chocolate may absorb lead from
5544-539: The early 20th century, British chocolate producers including Cadbury and Fry's faced controversy over the labor conditions in the Portuguese cacao industry in Africa. A 1908 report by a Cadbury agent described conditions as "de facto slavery." While conditions somewhat improved with a boycott by chocolate makers, slave labor among African cacao growers again gained public attention in the early 21st century. During
5632-695: The eight-page story "The Death and Life of the Abomination" in Marvel's King-Size Hulk #1 (July 2008). In December 2009, Trimpe, a Bugatti airplane enthusiast and member of the Bugatti Aircraft Association, published the eight-page comic book Firehawks , in which the Bugatti 100P plays a major role. This was followed by a second Firehawks comic, the 24-page Firehawks 2: Breath of the Dragon . Trimpe's last convention appearance
5720-492: The environment (such as in atmospheric emissions of now unused leaded gasoline). The European Food Safety Authority recommended a tolerable weekly intake for cadmium of 2.5 micrograms per kg of body weight for Europeans, indicating that consuming chocolate products caused exposure of about 4% among all foods eaten. Maximum levels for baby foods and chocolate/cocoa products were established under Commission Regulation (EU) No 488/2014. 1986 California Proposition 65 requires
5808-485: The environment, ferment the pectin -containing material. Yeasts produce ethanol , lactic acid bacteria produce lactic acid , and acetic acid bacteria produce acetic acid . In some cocoa-producing regions an association between filamentous fungi and bacteria (called "cocobiota") acts to produce metabolites beneficial to human health when consumed. The fermentation process, which takes up to seven days, also produces several flavor precursors, that eventually provide
5896-418: The equator because they need about 2000 mm of rainfall a year, and temperatures in the range of 21 to 32 °C (70 to 90 °F). Cacao trees cannot tolerate a temperature lower than 15 °C (59 °F). The sequencing in 2010 of the genome of the cacao tree may allow yields to be improved. Due to concerns about global warming effects on lowland climate in the narrow band of latitudes where cocoa
5984-465: The farming of cocoa in Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana. Child slavery and trafficking associated with the cocoa trade remain major concerns. A 2018 report argued that international attempts to improve conditions for children were doomed to failure because of persistent poverty, the absence of schools, increasing world cocoa demand, more intensive farming of cocoa, and continued exploitation of child labor. Cocoa
6072-407: The high glycemic nature of certain foods, like sugar, corn syrup, and other simple carbohydrates, as potential causes of acne, along with other possible dietary factors. Food, including chocolate, is not typically viewed as addictive . Some people, however, may want or crave chocolate, leading to a self-described term, chocoholic . By some popular myths , chocolate is considered to be
6160-430: The international (voluntary) standard limit for lead in cocoa powder or beans, which is 1 μg of lead per gram. In 2006, the U.S. FDA lowered by one-fifth the amount of lead permissible in candy, but compliance is only voluntary. Studies concluded that "children, who are big consumers of chocolates, may be at risk of exceeding the daily limit of lead; whereas one 10 g cube of dark chocolate may contain as much as 20% of
6248-426: The mouth. The length of the conching process determines the final smoothness and quality of the chocolate. High-quality chocolate is conched for about 72 hours, and lesser grades about four to six hours. After the process is complete, the chocolate mass is stored in tanks heated to about 45 to 50 °C (113 to 122 °F) until final processing. After conching, chocolate is tempered. This process aims to create
6336-505: The newest, mango. Chocolate Chocolate is a food made from roasted and ground cocoa beans that can be a liquid, solid, or paste, either on its own or as a flavoring in other foods. The cacao tree has been used as a source of food for at least 5,300 years, starting with the Mayo-Chinchipe culture in what is present-day Ecuador . Later, Mesoamerican civilizations consumed cacao beverages, of which one, chocolate,
6424-423: The office and show my work to Sol Brodsky , who was Stan [Lee]'s right-hand man at the time. . . . I was just preparing to put some material together and go to DC and Charlton when I got a call from Sol Brodsky, who was production chief. He said they needed somebody on staff in the production department to run the new photostat machine they had just bought, and to do some production work. I would primarily run
6512-464: The risk of kidney stones . In sufficient amounts, the theobromine found in chocolate is toxic to animals such as cats, dogs, horses, parrots, and small rodents because they are unable to metabolize the chemical effectively. If animals are fed chocolate, the theobromine may remain in the circulation for up to 20 hours, possibly causing epileptic seizures , heart attacks , internal bleeding , and eventually death. Medical treatment performed by
6600-600: The sales volume twelve-fold. After Bernard Rubin's death, his brother William B. Rubin served as president until 1962, when William's daughter Ellen Rubin Gordon took control. As of August 2015, she is chairman and CEO of the company, having succeeded her late husband, Melvin Gordon, who was chairman and CEO for many years. Captain Tootsie is an advertisement comic strip created for Tootsie Rolls in 1943 by C C Beck , Pete Costanza and Bill Schreider (1950 onwards). It features
6688-586: The shell of each bean is removed to extract the nib. The nibs are ground and liquefied, resulting in pure chocolate liquor . The liquor can be further processed into cocoa solids and cocoa butter. Producers of high-quality, small-batch chocolate argue that mass production produces bad-quality chocolate. Some mass-produced chocolate contains much less cocoa (as low as 7% in many cases), and fats other than cocoa butter. Vegetable oils and artificial vanilla flavor are often used in cheaper chocolate to mask poorly fermented and/or roasted beans. The penultimate process
6776-416: The time that were in [particular] issues and that was the end of them." Trimpe co-created nearly all of the characters introduced during his run on The Incredible Hulk , with Wolverine being a rare exception. He said that he devised the military unit the Hulkbusters, which became a regular element of The Incredible Hulk : [The series' writers] came up with the major concepts. I was not involved much with
6864-453: The tree using a machete , or by knocking them off the tree using a stick. It is important to harvest the pods when they are fully ripe, because if the pod is unripe, the beans will have a low cocoa butter content, or low sugar content, reducing the ultimate flavor. The beans (which are sterile within their pods) and their surrounding pulp are removed from the pods and placed in piles or bins to ferment. Micro-organisms , present naturally in
6952-474: The way it had been produced by the Aztecs. Starting in the 18th century, chocolate production was improved. In the 19th century, engine-powered milling was developed, and in 1828, Coenraad Johannes van Houten received a patent for a process making Dutch cocoa . This removed cocoa butter from chocolate liquor (the product of milling), and permitted large scale production of chocolate. Other developments in
7040-623: Was "Tootsie." The first Tootsie Rolls were marketed commercially in September 1908. Hirschfeld became vice-president of the company, which changed its name to Sweets Company of America in 1917, around the time of the retirement of founders Stern and Saalberg. Hirschfield resigned or was fired in 1920 and subsequently started Mells Candy. On January 13, 1922, in his room at the Monterey Hotel in Manhattan, he shot and killed himself, leaving
7128-531: Was a good flow there, but it was too [much like] EC [Comics] for Stan. I loved EC, the dark atmosphere and clean lines of it. . . . But it wasn't right for Marvel." As a Marvel mainstay, Trimpe would draw nearly every starring character, including Captain America ( Captain America #184 and 291), the Fantastic Four ( Fantastic Four Annual #25–26 in 1992–1993; Fantastic Four Unlimited #1–12 in 1993–1995), Iron Man ( Iron Man #39, 82–85, and 93–94 in
7216-758: Was a weatherman, and our unit was on loan, you might say, to the Army . We supplied aviation weather support to the First Air Cavalry Division based in the central highlands in Viet Nam . They used helicopters extensively to move troops around." He achieved the rank of Senior Airman. Upon his discharge in October 1966, he learned that fellow SVA classmate John Verpoorten was working at Marvel Comics ' production department, and . . . said they were hiring freelance people, and I should come up to
7304-760: Was an American comics artist and occasional writer, best known as the seminal 1970s artist on The Incredible Hulk and as the first artist to draw for publication the character Wolverine , who later became a breakout star of the X-Men . Herb Trimpe was born May 26, 1939, in Peekskill, New York , the son of Anna (Jamison) and Herbert Trimpe. He graduated from Lakeland High School . His brother, Mike Trimpe, inked an Ant-Man story that Trimpe pencilled in Marvel Feature #6 (Nov. 1972). Of his childhood art and comics influences, he said in 2002, "I really loved
7392-643: Was at the April 2015 East Coast Comicon in Secaucus, New Jersey . Sometime between 1969 and 1971, Trimpe was divorced from his first wife. In late 1972, Trimpe married Marvel Comics editorial assistant and writer Linda Fite , with whom he had three children. He later was married to Patricia, who survived him after his death. Trimpe's son, Alexander Spurlock "Alex" Trimpe, who co-pencilled RoboCop #11 (Jan. 1991), The Mighty Thor Annual #16 (1991), and Fantastic Four Unlimited #3 (Sept. 1993) with his father,
7480-409: Was believed to be an aphrodisiac and medicine, and spread across Europe in the 17th century, sweetened, served warm and flavored with familiar spices. It was initially primarily consumed by the elite, with expensive cocoa supplied by colonial plantations in the Americas. In the 18th century, it was considered southern European, aristocratic and Catholic and was still produced in a similar way to
7568-411: Was capped with a dark brown foam created by pouring the liquid from a height between containers. While Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés may have been the first European to encounter chocolate when he observed it in the court of Moctezuma II in 1520, it proved to be an acquired taste, and it took until 1585 for the first official recording of a shipment of cocoa beans to Europe. Chocolate
7656-607: Was featured by many publishers and in the newspapers. Within the context of the stories, Captain Tootsie is quite intense and quicker to the punch than any of his enemies. His stories are light and "kid-friendly." Captain Tootsie's comic strip ads ended in the 1950s. In the 1970s, artist Herb Trimpe is believed to have modeled the original costume for the Marvel Comics character Doc Samson partly on Captain Tootsie's uniform. In 2019, artist/writer Erik Larsen used Captain Tootsie as one of several older comic book characters in
7744-400: Was introduced to Europe in the 16th century. The seeds of the cacao tree ( Theobroma cacao ) have an intense bitter taste and must be fermented to develop the flavor. After fermentation , the seeds are dried, cleaned, and roasted. The shell is removed to produce nibs, which are then ground to cocoa mass , unadulterated chocolate in rough form. Once the cocoa mass is liquefied by heating, it
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