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49-615: The bay serves as a natural boundary between the Kuban coast line in Russia and the northern Azov littoral region in Ukraine and Russia. At its northeast end is the mouth of the Don River . Length: about 140 kilometres (87 mi), width at the mouth: 31 kilometres (19 mi), median depth: about 5 metres (16 ft). It may freeze some winters from December to March. Three other rivers,

98-417: A large hatchery of carp has successfully operated since 1967. On the banks of the river, in the floodplain wetlands, there are abundant water frogs , toads (especially green toad ), smooth and great crested newts and less common grass snake , dice snake and European pond terrapin . Human activities, mainly cultivation of the steppes, resulted in the disappearance of animals formerly common in

147-510: A number of attempts were made to revive shipping, in particular, for the sake of the possibility of water transportation of minerals in the Donbass. One of the enthusiasts of the project was D. I. Mendeleev, who wrote about the need to “arrange the Donets […] for our Russian needs […] because the Donets, due to the importance of the interests involved in it, is most necessary”[39]. The developer of

196-622: A waterway connecting this lake (by Gastaldo labeled Ioanis Lago , by Mercator Odoium lac. Iwanowo et Jeztoro ) to Ryazan and the Oka River. Mercator shows Mtsensk ( Msczene ) as a great city on this waterway, suggesting a system of canals connecting the Don with the Zusha ( Schat ) and Upa ( Uppa ) centered on a settlement Odoium , reported as Odoium lacum ( Juanow ozero ) in the map made by Baron Augustin von Mayerberg , leader of an embassy to

245-569: Is 25 m /s (880 cu ft/s) near the source and 200 m /s (7,100 cu ft/s) at the confluence to the Don. The Donets originates on the Central Russian Upland , near Podolkhi village, Prokhorovka area, north of Belgorod , at an elevation of 200 m (660 ft) above sea level. Its basin contains over 3000 rivers, of which 425 are longer than 10 km (6.2 mi) and 11 are longer than 100 km (62 mi); 1011 of those rivers directly flow into

294-651: Is a broad, deep waterway capable of transporting oil tanker size vessels. It is one of two which enables ships to depart the Caspian Sea , the other, a series, connected to the Baltic Sea . The level of the Don where connected is raised by the Tsimlyansk Dam, forming the Tsimlyansk Reservoir . For the next 130 kilometres (81 mi) below the Tsimlyansk Dam, the sufficient depth of the Don

343-897: Is a few miles up the Don river. The concentration of salt water in the Gulf is uneven. The water in the eastern and shallower part of the bay, which receives water from the Don River, is mostly desalinized. The western end of the bay is completely salt water. Besides Don, the bay receives waters of Kalmius , Mius (with its prominent Mius estuary  [ uk ] ( liman )), and Yeya rivers. 46°59′09″N 38°26′58″E  /  46.9859°N 38.4494°E  / 46.9859; 38.4494 Don River (Russia) [REDACTED]   Ryazan Oblast , [REDACTED]   Lipetsk Oblast , [REDACTED]   Voronezh Oblast , [REDACTED]   Volgograd Oblast , The Don ( Russian : Дон , romanized :  don )

392-606: Is also another, small Tanais, which originates in the Seversky Principality (for this reason it is called Donets Seversky) and flows into the large Tanais above Azov ". The Donets is the largest river in eastern Ukraine and the largest tributary of the Don . Its total length is 1,053 km (654 mi) and the basin area is 98,900 km (38,200 sq mi). Most of the river's length 950 km (590 mi) stretches across Ukraine. The average annual flow

441-604: Is contaminated by industrial and communal wastes of Belgorod, Izium and Shebekino cities, but the water is partially purified through the Pechenizke Reservoir. The density of plants and thus the contamination increase downstream in Donetsk and Luhansk areas, especially around Lysychansk and Sievierodonetsk , about 400 km from the mouth. Some tributaries of the Donets, such as Kozenyi Butt, Bakhmut and Lugan are so polluted that consuming fish caught there

490-518: Is dangerous. The purest segment of Donets is between the source and Belgorod, and between the Pechenizke Reservoir and Chuhuiv . Average water salinity is 650–750 mg/L, and it increases in winter to 1000 mg/L mostly due to industrial wastewater. The Donets hosts 44 species of fish, predominantly small fishes such as European perch , rutilus and common rudd . Medium and large species include bream , perch , catfish and pike and are becoming increasingly rare. Near Pechenizke Reservoir

539-551: Is dissected by gullies. The left bank is more flat, contains numerous swamps, lakes and oxbow lakes , the largest of which is lake Lyman. The river is meandering, especially above the Oskil tributary. Upstream, above Belgorod, the river contains several dams and small reservoirs. Downstream, below the confluence with the Wolf River (Volchiya River), there is the Pechenizke Reservoir (volume 86 km ), which supplies water to

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588-569: Is maintained by dredging. In order to improve shipping conditions in the lower reaches of the Don, the waterway authorities support plans for one or two more low dams with locks. These will be in Bagayevsky District and possibly Aksaysky District . Main tributaries from source to mouth: Donets The Seversky Donets ( Russian : Се́верский Доне́ц ) or Siverskyi Donets ( Ukrainian : Сіверський Донець , lit.   'Northern Donets'), usually simply called

637-548: Is maintained by the sequence of three dam-and-ship-lock complexes: the Nikolayevsky Ship Lock ( Николаевский гидроузел ), Konstantinovsk Ship Lock ( Константиновский гидроузел ), and the best known of the three, the Kochetovsky Ship Lock ( Кочетовский гидроузел ). The Kochetovsky Lock, built in 1914–19 and doubled in 2004–08, is 7.5 kilometres (4.7 mi) downstream of the discharge of

686-788: Is the fifth-longest river in Europe. Flowing from Central Russia to the Sea of Azov in Southern Russia , it is one of Russia's largest rivers and played an important role for traders from the Byzantine Empire . Its basin is between the Dnieper basin to the west, the lower Volga basin immediately to the east, and the Oka basin (tributary of the Volga) to the north. Native to much of

735-526: The Donets , is a river on the south of the East European Plain . It originates in the Central Russian Upland , north of Belgorod , flows south-east through Ukraine ( Kharkiv , Donetsk and Luhansk Oblasts ) and then again through Russia ( Rostov Oblast ) to join the river Don , about 100 km (62 mi) from the Sea of Azov . The Donets is the fourth-longest river in Ukraine, and

784-806: The Kalmius , Mius and the Yeya , flow into the bay. The flow of water into the bay is the chief factor for current development in the Sea of Azov. Its mouth is marked by the Dolgaya Spit on the south and the Bilosarayska Spit  [ uk ] on the north. It abounds in sandy spits that partly enclose shallow bays. The bay contains sandy isles. Other major spits: uk:Крива коса , uk:Біглицька коса , uk:Єйська коса . The major ports are Taganrog , Mariupol ( Ukraine ), and Yeysk . Rostov-on-Don

833-540: The Seversky Donets and 131 kilometres (81 mi) upstream of Rostov-on-Don . It is at 47°34′07″N 40°51′10″E  /  47.56861°N 40.85278°E  / 47.56861; 40.85278 . This facility, with its dam, maintains a navigable head of water locally and into the lowermost stretch of the Seversky Donets. This is presently the last lock on the Don; below it, deep-draught navigation

882-620: The War in Donbas , Luhansk Oblast was roughly split along the river between the Luhansk People's Republic , which controlled most of the portion of the oblast south of the Donets, and the Ukrainian government, which controlled most of the territory north of the Donets. In May 2022, Russian attempts to cross the Donets above Lysychansk were stopped in the operationally decisive Battle of

931-509: The 18th century, when old oaks were cut down along its banks. The industrial development of the 19th century reduced the groundwater levels of the basin. This resulted in shallowing of the river and slowed navigation. Until the mid-19th century, the river was rich in fish which population rapidly declined since then. The water quality is graded as level IV (polluted) to V (dirty). The main pollutants are fertilizers , petroleum , phenols , zinc , chromium and copper . In Kharkiv Oblast, water

980-465: The Don was influenced by the Byzantine Empire because the river was important for traders from Byzantium. In antiquity, the river was viewed as the border between Europe and Asia by some ancient Greek geographers. In the Book of Jubilees , it is mentioned as being part of the border, beginning with its easternmost point up to its mouth, between the allotments of the sons of Noah , that of Japheth to

1029-539: The Donets. These rivers are mostly fed by melting snow, and thus the water supply is uneven during the year. The spring flood lasts about two months, from February to April – during this period the water level rises by 3 to 8 m (9.8 to 26.2 ft). Excessive flooding is rare due to numerous artificial water reservoirs constructed along the river. The width of the river mostly ranges between 30 and 70 m (98 and 230 ft), sometimes reaching 100–200 m (330–660 ft) and even 4 km (2.5 mi) in

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1078-583: The Kharkiv Oblast. North of Izium , there are still broadleaf forests, and pine forests are found near Chuhuiv . Many species of wild plants survive near floodplain wetlands. These include willow , downy birch , alder and krushinnik. Along the river banks, there are cane , swamp horsetail, carex , kizlyak, swamp sabelnik and other types of grass. The Donets is regarded as one of the most scenic rivers of East European Plain and contains many hiking and biking routes along its banks. Canoe rafting

1127-469: The Kochetok Reservoir was created and coupled to the water system of Kharkiv. By the 1950s, this measure proved insufficient, and in the 1960s, Pechenizke Reservoir was constructed in place of the Kochetok Reservoir. It has with the capacity of 400 million m and provides about 75% of water consumed by Kharkiv. To supply water to southern Donbas and Donetsk, the 130-km long Donets-Donbas channel

1176-478: The Siverskyi Donets . Being one of the largest rivers in Ukraine, the Donets is very intensively used in farming and industry. Ukraine alone uses more than 2 km (0.48 cu mi) of river waters per year, half of which is returned as polluted discharges; this consumption effectively reduces river runoff by 32 m /s (1,100 cu ft/s). Donets suffered greatly even back in

1225-563: The Tanais as Silys . According to an anonymous Greek source, which historically (but not certainly) has been attributed to Plutarch , the Don was home to the legendary Amazons of Greek mythology . The area around the estuary has been speculated to be the source of the Black Death in the mid-14th century. While the lower Don was well known to ancient geographers, its middle and upper reaches were not mapped with any accuracy before

1274-506: The Tsardom of Russia in 1661. In modern literature, the Don region was featured in the work And Quiet Flows the Don by Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov , a Nobel-prize winning writer from the stanitsa of Veshenskaya . At its easternmost point, the Don comes within 100 kilometres (62 mi) of the Volga . The Volga–Don Canal , 101 kilometres (65 mi), connects the two. It

1323-819: The Volga-Don river region was the homeland of the Proto-Indo-Europeans around 4,000 BC. The Don river functioned as a fertile cradle of civilization where the Neolithic farmer culture of the Near East fused with the hunter-gatherer culture of Siberian groups, resulting in the nomadic pastoralism of the Proto-Indo-Europeans. The east Slavic tribe of the Antes inhabited the Don and other areas of Southern and Central Russia . The area around

1372-453: The ages, the river banks were populated by tribals of various cultures, including Mousterian , Yamna , Catacomb , Scythian , Alan , Khazar and later Slavic cultures. Many of the related tribals had nomadic lifestyle characteristic of Kipchak people , Golden Horde and later of Cossacks . The river flows through the historic lands of Sloboda Ukraine as well as the lands of Don River Host. The many Cossacks became later assimilated into

1421-408: The basin in the 1960s brought insectivorous birds new to this area, such as Streptopelia , European magpie and shrikes . From the traditional bird types, still common are several species of ducks, crows, Charadriiformes , Podiceps , great reed warbler and much less common are herons and storks . Only 12 individuals of demoiselle cranes remain in the area, near Sviatohirsk city. During

1470-440: The basin were Slavic nomads. The Don rises in the town of Novomoskovsk 60 kilometres (37 mi) southeast of Tula (in turn 193 kilometres (120 mi) south of Moscow), and flows 1,870 kilometres to the Sea of Azov . The river's upper half meanders subtly south; however, its lower half consists of a great eastern curve, including Voronezh , making its final stretch, an estuary , run west south-west . The main city on

1519-408: The basin, such as tarpan , steppe antelope, saiga antelope , marmots and others. Back in the 1960s–1970s, especially near Oskil River, it was not unusual to meet bobak marmot , Eurasian deer , wild boar and Russian desman . Current mammals of the basin include European beaver , Dipodidae , suslik , mice, European otter , European mink , weasel and bats . The number of bird species of

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1568-410: The city of Donetsk ( Rostov Oblast ), 222 km from the mouth. Navigation on the last section is supported by six dams, built from 1911 to 1914. Each consists of a 100–150-meter (330–490 ft) long concrete dam and a single-chamber sluice, 100 m (330 ft) long, 17 m (56 ft) wide and 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in) deep. At the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries,

1617-671: The city of Kharkiv . Below the Pechenizke Reservoir, the Donets is fed by the Udy and by its largest tributary, the Oskil. There the valley widens and its floodplain creates numerous oxbow lakes. Within Ukraine, the river flows between the Cisdesna plateau and the Donets lowland. In its middle, the river is partly fed by the Dnieper waters, which are brought though the Dnieper–Donbas–Seversky Donets channels which provide water to

1666-633: The coal industry of the Donets Basin (usually called the Donbas). Near the Russian city of Donetsk (Rostov oblast) , the river crosses the Donets Ridge and flows in a narrow valley with steep and rocky slopes. In the lower part of the Donets lowland, the flow is interrupted by sluices and is slow. At the delta, it splits into three distributaries . At present, the Donets is navigable up to

1715-523: The dams and their old age slowed the navigation of the river, which is currently rather limited. The river played a crucial role for its ancient settlers as a source of water and food, means of transportation and trade route. The first archaeological evidence of settlers relates to Cheulean and Acheulean periods of Lower Paleolithic through stone tools (axes) found on the river banks near Izium city of Kharkiv Oblast and in Luhansk Oblast. Over

1764-511: The early medieval times. In the 2nd century CE Ptolemy knew the river Don, into which the Donets flows, as Tanais , and Western Europeans recognized that the Don had a significant tributary which they called either the small Tanais or Donetz . The Slavic name of Seversky Donets derived from the fact that the river originates from the land of Severians . As the Italian-Polish chronicler Alexander Guagnini (1538–1614) wrote: "There

1813-524: The end of the 18th century, and the mill dams interrupted navigation on the river. Industrialization in the 20th century shifted interests to mineral exploitation in Donbas , with water-hungry plants concentrated mostly in Kyiv , Luhansk and Donetsk . Already by the 1930s, Kharkiv, Donetsk and Luhansk were lacking water forcing the authorities to gradually create a network of canals and reservoirs. In 1936,

1862-434: The fall of the river is 195 m (640 ft) with the average gradient of 0.18 m/km. The flow is slow, between 0.15 m/s (0.49 ft/s) at Chuhuiv and 1.41 m/s (4.6 ft/s) near Lysychansk . The river valley is wide: from 8–10 km (5.0–6.2 mi) in the upper part and up to 20–26 km (12–16 mi) downstream, and is asymmetrical. The right bank is usually high, sometimes with chalk cliffs, and

1911-481: The gradual conquest of the area by the Tsardom of Russia in the 16th century. The Don Cossacks , who settled the fertile valley of the river in the 16th and 17th centuries, were named after the river. The fort of Donkov was founded by the princes of Ryazan in the late 14th century. The fort stood on the left bank of the Don, about 34 kilometres (21 mi) from the modern town of Dankov , until 1568, when it

1960-531: The largest in eastern Ukraine , where it is an important source of fresh water. It gives its name to the Donets Basin, known commonly as the Donbas , an important coal-mining and industrial region in Ukraine. The names Don and its diminutive Donets are derived from Iranic , Sarmatian Dānu "the river". Scytho-Sarmatians inhabited the areas to the north of the Black Sea from 1100 BC into

2009-496: The migratory season, the region is visited by greylag and black geese. Banks of the river used to contain groves of trees, which were cut during the 18th–19th centuries. Some of the trees were used for shipbuilding during the Russian-Turkish wars in the time of Peter I . By the 20th century, most meadows along the river banks were converted into farmers' fields. Only a small part of the old groves remains, mainly in

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2058-618: The north and that of Shem to the south. During the times of the old Scythians it was known in Greek as the Tanaïs ( Τάναϊς ) and has been a major trading route ever since. Tanais appears in ancient Greek sources as both the name of the river and of a city on it, situated in the Maeotian marshes . Greeks also called the river Iazartes ( Ἰαζάρτης ). Pliny gives the Scythian name of

2107-529: The project was the Russian hydraulic engineer Nestor Platonovich Puzyrevsky, known for his contribution to the Volga-Don Canal project. In 1903-1904, he conducted a detailed study of the channel of the Seversky Donets and proposed a project to restore the navigation of the Seversky Donets to the city of Belgorod, which involves the construction of a large number of locks were interrupted by World War I , Russian Civil War and lack of funds. The design of

2156-476: The reservoir area. The river bottom is sandy and uneven, with the depth varying between 0.3 and 10 m (1 ft 0 in and 32 ft 10 in) and the average value of 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in). The river freezes from around mid-December until late March and is covered by 20–50 cm (7.9–19.7 in) thick ice. It flows into the Don 218 km (135 mi) from the latter's mouth, at an elevation of 5.5 m (18 ft) above sea level; thus

2205-460: The river basin reduced sharply over the past 100–150 years. The disappeared species include steppe eagle , tirkusha, sociable lapwing , bustard , black and winged lark . Less common are geese, swans, golden eagle , white-tailed eagle , peregrine falcon , honey buzzard and osprey . The reduction is mainly caused by the destruction of forests, especially old groves along the river banks. The creation of artificial forest belts ( windbreaks ) in

2254-511: The river is Rostov-on-Don . Its main tributary is the Seversky Donets , centred on the mid-eastern end of Ukraine, thus the other country in the overall basin. To the east of a series of three great ship locks and associated ponds is the 101-kilometre (63 mi) Volga–Don Canal . The name Don could stem from the Avestan word dānu- ("river, stream"). According to the Kurgan hypothesis ,

2303-412: The strengthening Russian Empire, which had rebuilt and reinforced the fortress of Belgorod and cities of Kyiv , Izium , Luhansk , Chuhuiv and others in order keep defensive lines against the raids of nomads from the south-east. Later, the protective role of the river basin gave way to economic needs. In the 18th–19th centuries, the river was extensively used for watermills, which numbered by hundreds by

2352-586: Was built around 1958 starting near Raigorodok city, and in compensation, the Dnieper-Donbas channel was created to supply water from Dnieper River to the upstream of the Donets via the Bereka River. As a result of the industrial activity, the wild nature of Donets Basin transformed into an industrial settlement. After the breakup of the USSR, most of the basin territory became part of Ukraine. During

2401-627: Was destroyed by the Crimean Tatars , but was soon restored at a better fortified location. It is shown as Donko in Mercator 's Atlas (1596). Donkov was again relocated in 1618, appearing as Donkagorod in Joan Blaeu 's map of 1645. Both Blaeu and Mercator follow the 16th-century cartographic tradition of letting the Don originate in a great lake, labeled Resanskoy ozera by Blaeu. Mercator follows Giacomo Gastaldo (1551) in showing

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