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19-664: The name Tangipahoa is derived from the Muskogean words (tonche pahoha) which translates to "corncob people" or "people of the corn" or "corncob". It is from this Native American tribe that the modern Tangipahoa Parish gets its name, as well as the Tangipahoa River and the village of Tangipahoa . Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville wrote that in the year 1650 the population of both the Acolapissa and Tangipahoa combined consisted of 250 families and around 150 men. However

38-463: A Muskogean language was spoken by at least some of the people of the paramount chiefdom of Cofitachequi in northeastern South Carolina . If so, that would be the most eastern outpost of Muskogean. The people of Cofitichequi were probably absorbed by nearby Siouan and Iroquoian speakers in the late 17th century. A vocabulary of the Houma may be another underdocumented Western Muskogean language or

57-557: A Tangipahoa settlement. Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville claimed that the Tangipahoa settlement was an Acolapissa settlement and that they were of the same tribe. The Tangipahoa settlement was destroyed sometime in the 17th century. When La Salle reached the village he said he saw that it was burned and that there were bodies laying in the village. La Salle wrote that when he asked the Bayogoula tribe what had happened they claimed that

76-555: A version of Mobilian Jargon , a pidgin based on Western Muskogean. The best-known connection proposed between Muskogean and other languages is Mary Haas ' Gulf hypothesis , in which she conceived of a macrofamily comprising Muskogean and a number of language isolates of the southeastern US: Atakapa , Chitimacha , Tunica , and Natchez . While well-known, the Gulf grouping is now generally rejected by historical linguists. A number of Muskogean scholars continue to believe that Muskogean

95-746: Is extinct , its precise relationship to the other languages is uncertain; Mary Haas and Pamela Munro both classify it with the Alabama–Koasati group. For connections among these groupings, the traditional classification is that of Mary Haas and her students, such as Karen Booker, in which "Western Muskogean" (Choctaw-Chickasaw) is seen as one major branch, and "Eastern Muskogean" (Alabama-Koasati, Hitchiti-Mikasuki, and Muscogee) as another. Within Eastern Muskogean, Alabama-Koasati and Hitchiti-Mikasuki are generally thought to be more closely related to each other than to Muscogee. That classification

114-461: Is a list of basic vocabulary in five Muskogean languages from Broadwell (1992): Proto-Muskogean is reconstructed as having the consonants (given in IPA transcription): The phonemes reconstructed by Haas as */x/ and */xʷ/ show up as /h/ and /f/ (or /ɸ/ ), respectively, in all Muskogean languages; they are therefore reconstructed by some as */h/ and */ɸ/ . */kʷ/ appears as /b/ in all

133-598: Is an American linguist who specializes in Native American languages . She is a distinguished research professor emeritus of linguistics at the University of California, Los Angeles , where she has held a position since 1974. She earned her PhD in 1974 from the University of California, San Diego , where her graduate adviser was Margaret Langdon . Her dissertation, titled Topics in Mojave Syntax,

152-526: Is ongoing, the Muskogean languages are generally divided into two branches, Eastern Muskogean and Western Muskogean. Typologically, Muskogean languages are agglutinative . One documented language, Apalachee , is extinct and the remaining languages are critically endangered. The Muskogean family consists of six languages that are still spoken: Alabama , Chickasaw , Choctaw , Muscogee (previously referred to as Creek), Koasati , and Mikasuki , as well as

171-496: Is reflected in the list below: A more recent and controversial classification has been proposed by Pamela Munro . In her classification, the languages are divided into a "Southern Muskogean" branch (Choctaw-Chickasaw, Alabama-Koasati, and Hitchiti-Mikasuki) and a "Northern Muskogean" one (Muscogee). Southern Muskogean is the subdivided into Hitchiti-Mikasuki and a "Southwestern Muskogean" branch containing Alabama-Koasati and "Western Muskogean" (Choctaw-Chickasaw). The classification

190-503: Is reflected in the list below: A third proposed classification is that of Geoffrey Kimball, who envisions a threeway split among the languages, with "Western Muskogean" (Choctaw-Chickasaw), "Eastern Muskogean" (Muscogee), and "Central Muskogean" (Alabama-Koasati and Hitchiti-Mikasuki). However, Kimball's classification has not received as much support as either Haas's or Munro's. Several sparsely attested languages have been claimed to be Muskogean languages. George Broadwell suggested that

209-402: Is related to Natchez. Most family languages display lexical accent on nouns and grammatical case , which distinguishes the nominative from the oblique. Nouns do not obligatorially inflect for gender or number. Muskogean verbs have a complex ablaut system; the verbal stem almost always changes depending on aspect; less commonly, it is affected by tense or modality. In Muskogean linguistics,

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228-519: The Tangipahoa village was destroyed by the Houma people . The remaining Tangipahoa tribe members are believed to have reunited with the Acolapissa and eventually merged with the Bayogoula and then the Houma . Muskogean Muskogean (also Muskhogean , Muskogee ) is a Native American language family spoken in different areas of the Southeastern United States . Though the debate concerning their interrelationships

247-655: The Yamasee as an ethnically mixed group that included people from Muskogean-speaking regions, such as the early colonial-era native towns of Hitchiti , Coweta , and Cussita . The Amacano , Chacato , Chine , Pacara, and Pensacola people, who lived along the Gulf Coast of Florida from the Big Bend Coast to Pensacola Bay , are reported to have spoken the same Muskogean language, which may have been closely related to Choctaw. Sparse evidence indicates that

266-670: The daughter languages except Muscogee for which it is /k/ initially and /p/ medially. The value of the proto-phoneme conventionally written ⟨θ⟩ (or ⟨N⟩ ) is unknown; it appears as /n/ in Western Muskogean languages and as /ɬ/ in Eastern Muskogean languages. Haas reconstructed it as a voiceless /n/ (that is, */n̥/ ), based partly on presumed cognates in Natchez . Proto-Muskogean lexical reconstructions by Booker (2005) are as follows. Pamela Munro Pamela Munro (born May 23, 1947 )

285-766: The different forms are known as "grades". Verbs mark for first and second person, as well as agent and patient (Choctaw and Chickasaw also mark for dative). Third-persons (he, she, it) have a null-marker. Plurality of a noun agent is marked by either affixation on the verb or an innately plural verbal stem: Pluralization via affixation, Choctaw: ish-impa 2SG . NOM -eat ish-impa 2SG.NOM-eat "you [sg.] eat" hash-impa 2PL . NOM -eat hash-impa 2PL.NOM-eat "you [pl.] eat" Innately-numbered verbal stems, Mikasuki: łiniik run. SG łiniik run.SG "to run (singular)" palaak run. PAU palaak run.PAU "to run (several)" mataak run. PL mataak run.PL "to run (many)" Below

304-547: The languages of the Yamasee and Guale were Muskogean. However, William Sturtevant argued that the "Yamasee" and "Guale" data were Muscogee and that the language(s) spoken by the Yamasee and Guale people remain unknown. It is possible that the Yamasee were an amalgamation of several different ethnic groups and did not speak a single language. Chester B. DePratter describes the Yamasee as consisting mainly of speakers of Hitchiti and Guale. The historian Steven Oatis also describes

323-561: The now-extinct Apalachee , Houma , and Hitchiti (the last is generally considered a dialect of Mikasuki). "Seminole" is listed as one of the Muskogean languages in Hardy's list, but it is generally considered a dialect of Muscogee rather than a separate language, as she comments. The major subdivisions of the family have long been controversial, but the following lower-level groups are universally accepted: Choctaw–Chickasaw, Alabama–Koasati, Hitchiti–Mikasuki, and Muscogee. Because Apalachee

342-430: The research by James Mooney determined that a more accurate count was proposed by Jean-Baptiste Bénard de la Harpe when he found that the tribe population was around 1500 people. The Tangipahoa language was closely related to Choctaw and Chickasaw , which are both Muskogean languages . On March 31, 1682 Henri de Tonti on a journey with René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle wrote that they camped at Maheoula,

361-576: Was published by Garland in 1976. Her research has concentrated on all aspects of the grammars of indigenous languages of the Americas, most recently focusing on the Chickasaw ( Muskogean ; Oklahoma), Garifuna ( Arawakan ; Central America), Imbabura Quichua ( Quechuan ; Ecuador), Tongva ( Uto-Aztecan ; Los Angeles Basin), and Tlacolula Valley Zapotec (Zapotecan; Central Oaxaca, Mexico) languages. She has published numerous articles and books, and

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