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41-449: Bethel (Hebrew: בֵּית אֵל "House of God ") is a biblical site. Beth-El , Beth El or Beit El may refer to the following Jewish synagogues : (by state then city) Bethel Bethel ( Hebrew : בֵּית אֵל , romanized :  Bēṯ ʾĒl , "House of El " or "House of God", also transliterated Beth El , Beth-El , Beit El ; Greek : Βαιθήλ ; Latin : Bethel ) was an ancient Israelite city and sacred space that

82-564: A clay stamp in contextually challenging debris near a Middle Bronze Age wall on the site’s south-west side in 1957. Intriguingly, this find bore a striking resemblance to one Theodore Bent brought back from al-Mašhad Wādī Dawʿan ( Hadhramaut , Yemen ) in 1894. Indeed, such was the similarity, some scholars considered that the Bethel stamp was actually the Bent find and that the latter’s wife, Mabel Bent , had somehow, and for some reason, deposited

123-564: A permanent heap of ruins." God told them they could take the livestock as plunder and they did so. In a study from 2017, Shai Elam compared the Battle of Cannae to the Battle of Ai (which preceded it by about 1,000 years) according to the Malbim 's interpretation of the book of Joshua, which proves that in the Battle of Ai Joshua also surrounded the enemy's army with a perfect ring (which explains

164-462: A stone and dreams of a ladder stretching between Heaven and Earth and thronged with angels ; God stands at the top of the ladder, and promises Jacob the land of Canaan ; when Jacob awakes he anoints the stone ( baetyl ) with oil and names the place Bethel. Another account, from Genesis 35 repeats the covenant with God and the naming of the place as El-Bethel, and makes this the site of Jacob's own change of name to Israel. Both versions state that

205-521: Is frequently mentioned in the Hebrew Bible . Bethel is first referred to in the Bible as being near the place where Abram pitched his tent. Later, Bethel is mentioned as the location of Jacob's Ladder that Jacob named Bethel "House of God". The name is further used for a border city located between the territory of the tribe of Benjamin and that of the tribe of Ephraim , which first belonged to

246-462: Is identified by the narrative as the leader of the Israelites, receives instruction from God. God tells them to set up an ambush and Joshua does what God says. An ambush is arranged at the rear of the city on the western side. Joshua is with a group of soldiers that approach the city from the front so the men of Ai, thinking they will have another easy victory, chase Joshua and the fighting men from

287-447: Is mentioned again in 1 Samuel 13:2 and 2 Samuel 30:27 . After the kingdom of Israel was split into two kingdoms on the death of King Solomon (c.931 BC), Jeroboam , the first king of the northern Kingdom of Israel , made two golden calves ( 1 Kings 12:28 ff) and set one up in Bethel, and the other in Dan in the far north of his kingdom. This was apparently to make it unnecessary for

328-465: Is mentioned in Ezra 2:28 and Nehemiah 7:32 as being resettled at the time of the return of the exiles from Babylon . William F. Albright first excavated a test pit in Bethel in 1927, while Extensive excavations were conducted at Beitin by Albright and James L. Kelso in 1934, which continued under the direction of Kelso in 1937, 1954, 1957, and 1960. During his excavation campaigns, James Kelso found

369-713: Is said in Judges 4:5 to be in Mount Ephraim . In the narrative of Levite's concubine , in Judges 20:18 , where the Hebrew Beth-El is translated in the King James Version as the "House of God", the people of Israel go to Bethel to ask counsel of God when they are planning to attack the Tribe of Benjamin at the battle of Gibeah. They make a second visit ( Judges 20:26 ) after losing the battle. Bethel

410-561: Is the fact that the Hebrew name Ai means more or less the same as the modern Arabic name et-Tell . Up through the 1920s a "positivist" reading of the archeology to date was prevalent—a belief that archeology would prove, and was proving, the historicity of the Exodus and Conquest narratives that dated the Exodus in 1440 BC and Joshua's conquest of Canaan around 1400 BC. And accordingly, on

451-531: Is widely identified by most scholars with the modern Arab village of Beitin , situated in the central part of the West Bank . Among the earliest proponents of this identification was biblical scholar and traveler Edward Robinson , in his work Biblical Researches in Palestine (1838–52). Robinson based this assessment on the location described in ancient texts, and on the philological similarities between

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492-446: The "wickedness" of Bethel ( Hosea 10:15 ) and Jeremiah (6th century BC) speaks of the "shame" which it brought on Israel ( Jeremiah 48:13 ). Hosea 13:1–3 describes how the Israelites are abandoning Adonai for the worship of Baal, and accuses them of making or using images for 'idol' worship. Chief among these, it appears, was the image of the bull at Bethel, which by the time of Hosea was being worshipped as an image of Baal. Bethel

533-531: The Benjaminites and was later conquered by the Ephraimites. In the 4th century , Eusebius and Jerome described Bethel as a small village that lay 12 Roman miles north of Jerusalem to the right or the east of the road leading to Neapolis . Most scholars identify Bethel with the modern-day village of Beitin , located in the West Bank , 5 kilometers (3.1 mi) northeast of Ramallah . After

574-606: The Bible, the assumption being that the Bible does not mention the actual capture of Bethel, but might speak of it in memory in Judges 1:22–26. Fourth, Callaway has proposed that the city somehow angered the Egyptians (perhaps by rebelling, and attempting to gain independence), and so they destroyed it as punishment. The fifth is that Joshua's Ai is not to be found at et-Tell, but a different location entirely. Koert van Bekkum writes that "Et-Tell, identified by most scholars with

615-715: The Crusader period, the village was given as fief by Baldwin V of Jerusalem to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre . After the Crusaders were defeated by the Ayyubid forces of Saladin in 1187, the church was destroyed and the village was abandoned. 31°55′21″N 35°14′42″E  /  31.9226°N 35.245°E  / 31.9226; 35.245 Ai (Canaan) The Ai's ruins are commonly thought to be in

656-669: The Middle or Late Bronze Ages. These findings, along with excavations at Bethel , posed problems for the dating that Albright and others had proposed, and some scholars including Martin Noth began proposing that the Conquest had never happened but instead was an etiological myth ; the name meant "the ruin" and the Conquest story simply explained the already-ancient destruction of the Early Bronze city. Archeologists also found that

697-544: The ancient cult site of Bethel, and perhaps the location of Abram’s altar. Human settlement at the site of Beitin dates back to the Chalcolithic period. Archaeological excavations in 1950 uncovered flint tools, pottery and animal bones from that time. In the Early Bronze Age (around 3200 BCE) normally nomadic populations settled in the area. Canaanite tombs, houses and olive presses were discovered to

738-522: The basis of excavations in the 1920s the American scholar William Foxwell Albright believed that Et-Tell was Ai. However, excavations at Et-Tell in the 1930s, undertaken by Judith Marquet-Krause , found that there was a fortified city there during the Early Bronze Age, between 3100 and 2400 BC, after which it was destroyed and abandoned. The excavations found no evidence of settlement in

779-401: The book of Judges 1:22 the descendants of Joseph capture the city of Bethel, which again is said to have previously been called Luz. At Judges 4:5 the prophetess Deborah is said to dwell at Bethel under the palm-tree of Deborah (presumably a reference to Genesis 35:8 , where another Deborah , the nurse of Jacob's mother Rebecca , is said to have been buried under a tree at Bethel). Bethel

820-424: The entrance of the city to lead the men of Ai away from the city. Then the fighting men to the rear enter the city and set it on fire. When the city is captured, 12,000 men and women are killed, and it is razed to the ground. The king is captured and hanged on a tree until the evening. His body is then placed at the city gates and stones are placed on top of his body. The Israelites then burn Ai completely and "made it

861-606: The excavations of Bethel." Bethel is mentioned several times in the Book of Genesis . It is first mentioned in Lech-Lecha ( Genesis 12 and 13 ) as a place near the place where Abram stayed and built an altar on his way to Egypt and on his return. It is said to be close to Ai and just to the west of it. More famously, it is mentioned again in Genesis 28 , when Jacob, fleeing from the wrath of his brother Esau , falls asleep on

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902-604: The fall of the Crusader kingdom , Bethel was left in ruins under the rule of Saladin , remaining uninhabited for centuries until the mid-19th century when modern-day Beitin was established. In 1977, the biblical name was applied to the Israeli settlement of Beit El , founded nearby. In several countries, particularly the United States , the name has been given to various locations (see Bethel (disambiguation) ). Bethel

943-445: The fame of his great conquest. The second is that people of Bethel inhabited Ai during the time of the biblical story and they were the ones who were invaded. In a third, Albright combined these two theories to present a hypothesis that the story of the Conquest of Bethel, which was only a mile and a half away from Ai, was later transferred to Ai in order to explain the city and why it was in ruins. Support for this position can be found in

984-464: The later Iron Age I village appeared with no evidence of initial conquest, and the Iron I settlers seem to have peacefully built their village on the forsaken mound, without meeting resistance. Five main hypotheses exist about how to explain the biblical story surrounding Ai in light of archaeological evidence. The first is that the story was created later on: Israelites related it to Joshua because of

1025-552: The modern and ancient name, arguing that the replacement of the Hebrew el with the Arabic in was not unusual. This viewpoint was later reaffirmed by another early scholar, Henry Baker Tristram . The final 'l' in the name "Bethel" endured until the Crusader period. The name "Beitin," with the /n/ ending, was not documented until the 19th century, possibly coming into use after the Early Middle Ages. A minority view

1066-473: The modern-day archeological site of Et-Tell . Excavations revealed a large urban settlement dating back to around 3100 BC , with cycles of destruction and rebuilding until roughly 2400 BC . It remained uninhabited until a small village emerged in the Early Iron Age . In light of these findings, scholars interpret the biblical account of Ai's conquest as an etiological story explaining the origin of

1107-473: The north and southeast of the village. The remains of a Canaanite temple were also excavated by archaeologists. In the Middle Bronze Age (around 1750 BCE) its status was elevated from a village to a fortified Canaanite town which is believed to be biblical Luz . Two city gates dating to this period have been excavated, one in the northeast and the other northwest of the wall. A second temple

1148-609: The object there after her husband’s untimely death in 1897. Bizarrely, neither of the stamps (or the single one) have been traced for decades, and the only evidence that can be seen today is a squeeze made of the Bent stamp, which is now in the Eduard Glaser Collection, Vienna. Recent excavations at Elevation Point 914, a prominent hill located 900 meters east of the village of Beitin, by Aharon Tavger have uncovered several Middle Bronze and Iron II remains which have led excavator at E.P. 914 to propose this place as

1189-412: The original name of the place was Luz , a Canaanite name. Bethel is mentioned again in the book of Joshua 7:2, 8:9 as being close to Ai and on the west side of it; in this episode Joshua sent men from Jericho to capture Ai. At 16:1 it is again said to be next to Luz, near Jericho , and part of the territory of the descendants of Joseph (that is Manasseh and Ephraim , cf. Joshua 16:4 ). In

1230-501: The people of Israel to have to go to Jerusalem to worship in the temple there. It seems that this action provoked the hostility of the Judaeans. A story is told at 1 Kings 13:1 ff of how a man from Judah visited the shrine at Bethel and prophesied that it would eventually be destroyed by Josiah . According to 2 Kings 2:1 ff, the prophets Elijah and Elisha visited Bethel on a journey from Gilgal to Jericho shortly before Elijah

1271-574: The place name. According to Genesis , Abraham built an altar between Bethel and Ai. In the Book of Joshua , chapters 7 and 8, the Israelites attempt to conquer Ai on two occasions. The first, in Joshua 7 , fails. The biblical account portrays the failure as being due to a prior sin of Achan , for which he is stoned to death by the Israelites. On the second attempt, in Joshua 8, Joshua , who

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1312-453: The prophet Amos (c. 750): Do not seek Bethel, do not go to Gilgal, do not journey to Beersheba. For Gilgal will surely go into exile, and Bethel will be reduced to nothing. Amaziah , a priest of Bethel, expels Amos from the shrine: Don’t prophesy anymore at Bethel, because this is the king’s sanctuary and the temple of the kingdom. A few years later, the prophet Hosea (8th century BC) speaks (at least according to modern translations) of

1353-410: The prophet Samuel , who resided at Ramah , used to make a yearly circuit of Bethel, Gilgal and Mizpah to judge Israel. At I Samuel 10:3, Samuel tells Saul to go to Bethel to visit the 'Hill of God,' where he will meet a group of prophets coming down from the high place with a 'psaltery, and a tabret, and a pipe, and a harp.' It appears that there was a Philistine garrison there at that time. Bethel

1394-528: The prophets of Baal and destruction of their temple, it is said that Jehu continued to tolerate the presence of the golden calves in Bethel and Dan ( 2 Kings 10:29 ). The shrine at Bethel apparently avoided destruction in the Assyrian invasions of the Kingdom of Israel in c. 740 and 722, but was finally completely destroyed by King Josiah of Judah (c. 640–609 BC). The shrine is mentioned with disapproval by

1435-508: The role of the two ambushers and their position during the battle), in a performance that does not fall short of Hannibal 's tactics. Edward Robinson (1794–1863), who identified many biblical sites in the Levant on the basis of local place names and basic topography, suggested that Et-Tell or Khirbet Haijah were likely on philological grounds; he preferred the former as there were visible ruins at that site. A further point in its favour

1476-589: The time of Jerome, noting also the presence of what appear to be ruins of churches from the Middle Ages . The town appears on the 6th century Madaba Map as Louza ( ‹See Tfd› Greek : Λουζα ), also known as Bethel ( Βεθηλ , Bethēl )". The church fell into ruin after the Islamic Rashidun army conquered the area. The church was rebuilt by the Crusaders in the 12th century. During

1517-622: Was again inhabited and fortified by Bacchides the Syrian in the time of the Maccabees . During the Great Jewish Revolt , Vespasian captured Bethel in the summer of 69 CE. Robinson notes that after the writings of Eusebius and Jerome, he found no further references to Bethel in the written historical record. However, he notes that the ruins at Beitin are greater than those of a village and seem to have undergone expansion after

1558-612: Was built in Luz during this period, but was destroyed as a result of an earthquake. The Late Bronze Age city at Bethel was destroyed at some point during the late 13th or early 12th century BCE. During the Early Iron Age, a newer settlement was established. This settlement was continuously inhabited during the early and later phases of the Iron Age, although the exact date of its destruction remains uncertain. Bethel/Beitin

1599-560: Was evidently already an important religious centre at this time; it was so important, in fact, that the Ark of the Covenant was kept there, under the care of Phinehas the grandson of Aaron ( Judges 20:27 f). At Judges 21:19 , Bethel is said to be south of Shiloh . At the next mention of the Ark, in 1 Samuel 4:3 , it is said to be kept at Shiloh. In the book 1 Samuel 7:16 , it is said that

1640-448: Was proposed by David Palmer Livingston and John J. Bimson, who proposed an alternative identification, suggesting that Bethel might be equated with al-Bireh , while positing Beitin as biblical Ophrah . However, Ophrah is commonly identified with the nearby village of Taybeh . These proposals have been rejected by Jules Francis Gomes, who wrote that "The voices of Livingston and Bimson have hardly been taken seriously by those who worked on

1681-427: Was taken up to heaven alive ( 2 Kings 2:11 ). Later, when Elisha returned alone to Bethel, he was taunted by some young men (not 'young boys' as it is translated in some English Bibles) as he climbed up to the shrine, and cursed them; whereupon 42 of the young men were mauled by bears ( 2 Kings 2:23 ff). Bethel is next mentioned in connection with the tenth king of Israel, Jehu (c. 842–815 BC). Despite his killing of

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