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53-685: The Thuringian Highland borders on the Thuringian Forest to the southwest. It is a plateau about 20 km wide that slopes southeast towards the Saale valley in the area of the Saale Dam and includes parts of the Thuringian Forest and Thuringian Highland and Upper Saale Nature Park . The largest towns in the Thuringian Highland are Saalfeld and Bad Blankenburg which lie on its northern perimeter, Neuhaus am Rennweg in

106-730: A barrier to the main weather currents, erosion is strong and has led to a more pronounced relief than in many other of the European low mountain chains. The mean temperatures decrease with altitude: While the Thuringian Basin experiences less than 100 days per year with temperatures below 0 °C, this number rises to more than 150 in the upper altitudes of the Thuringian Forest. The Northwest Thuringian Forest comprises an area of about 70 km reaching heights up to 470 m (1,540 ft), hardly exceeding those of

159-439: A few navigable passes. It is about 70 km (43 mi) long and 20 km (12 mi) wide. The highest elevation is Großer Beerberg at 982 m (3,222 ft) above sea level. The Rennsteig (sometimes called Rennweg ) is an ancient path following the main ridge and connecting the summits. It is now a famous hiking path and marks the traditional boundary between the hills -dominated terrain of central Germany and

212-790: A few, small, isolated areas. As a result the number of caves is very low. In the Saale Valley there are two of the largest dams in Germany, which form the Hohenwarte and Bleiloch Reservoirs . In the Schwarza Valley there is the Goldisthal Pumped Storage Station , opened in 2003, which is one of the largest pumped-storage hydro-electric power stations in Europe. Around the steep-sided valleys of

265-410: A few, small, isolated areas. As a result the number of caves is very low. In the Saale Valley there are two of the largest dams in Germany, which form the Hohenwarte and Bleiloch Reservoirs . In the Schwarza Valley there is the Goldisthal Pumped Storage Station , opened in 2003, which is one of the largest pumped-storage hydro-electric power stations in Europe. Around the steep-sided valleys of

318-589: A part of the Thuringian Basin , but with numerous deeply eroded river valleys and the dense forestation they resemble very much the Thuringian Forest. The Thuringian Forest is located in the Central European transition zone between the Atlantic oceanic climate and the continental climate of Eastern Europe. Humid air arrives mainly from the west, so that the western slopes and the crest of

371-520: A separate structure, is geologically very similar to the latter, as it consists of the same rock types such as granite, hornfels , porphyrites, Rotliegend and Zechstein sediments, and thus forms part of the Variscan chain. It is about 11 km (6.8 mi) long and 1 km (0.62 mi) to 2 km (1.2 mi) wide, with an average altitude of 460 m. Mining for fluorite , baryte , and limonite has been attempted there on several occasions, but

424-556: A stream from Albrechts, feeding into the Werra . This region between federal roads B 4 between Ilmenau and Stützerbach , following the rivers Ilm , Lengwitz, and Nahe, and B 247 between Luisenthal and Suhl contains the three highest summits as well as the fifth highest summit of the whole range. The only settlements wholly within this region are Gehlberg north of Rennsteig and Vesser south of it. Parts of Schmiedefeld and Goldlauter-Heidersbach (part of Suhl) also extend into this part of

477-572: Is a mountain range in the southern parts of the German state of Thuringia , running northwest to southeast. Skirting from its southerly source in foothills to a gorge on its north-west side is the Werra valley . On the other side of the Forest is an upper outcrop of the North German Plain , the Thuringian Basin , which includes the city Erfurt . The south and south-east continuation of

530-545: Is drained towards the north by the river Lütsche which feeds the Lütsche reservoir and by Wilde Gera and Zahme Gera towards Gera river and Unstrut , and by Freibach stream, a tributary of Ilm river, and towards the south by Lauter , a tributary of Hasel, and mainly by Erle , feeding the Erle reservoir, Breitenbach, Vesser, and Nahe into Schleuse . Notable summits include: The region around Frauenwald and Neustadt forms

583-776: Is known for the so-called Drachenschlucht , a narrow gorge near Eisenach, and the Wartburg castle. The northern part of the area is drained by several streams into the Hörsel , the southern part into the Elte. Hence, the ridge of the Northwestern Thuringian Forest only forms the watershed between Hörsel and the middle course of the Werra . Notable summits include: The much larger natural region of Central Thuringian Forest with an area of about 850 km , whose ridge rises mostly above 600 m (2,000 ft),

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636-589: Is subdivided into several parts described below in their sequence from the north-west to the south-east. This part, situated around the town of Ruhla north of the Rennsteig , is geologically formed by the basement rocks of the Ruhlaer Kristallin , consisting of granites , gneiss , and schist . There is no pronounced ridge, summits on both sides of the watershed reach heights of 700 m (2,300 ft) or more. Its northeastern parts drain towards

689-500: The Rennsteig , reaches heights of around 900 m at several places southwest to west of Oberhof, but does not really form any individual mountains and has very much the character of a mountain crest. By contrast, the Großer Hermannsberg and Ruppberg (see below) that rise to the southwest of the ridge are better known and popular tourist destinations. To the northeast, where the terrain gradually flattens out, are two of

742-834: The Saale . The Apfelstädt is impounded by the Tambach-Dietharz Dam into a small lake and the Schmalwasser and Ohra by the Schmalwasser and Ohra Dams into larger reservoirs. The south is drained by the Asbach which flows via the Stille into the Schmalkalde and by rivers and streams belonging to the fan-like system of tributaries of Hasel (Werra) , in particular the Schwarza , Häselbach , Lichtenau and

795-402: The Schwarza and Saale the height difference between hilltops and valley bottoms is often as much as 300 m or more, which is large for hills of this size. 50°30′N 11°10′E  /  50.500°N 11.167°E  / 50.500; 11.167 Thuringian Forest The Thuringian Forest ( Thüringer Wald in German pronounced [ˈtyːʁɪŋɐ ˈvalt] )

848-649: The 3 largest reservoirs in the Thuringian Forest (see below). The best known rock formation in the mountain range, the Falkenstein , is also found in this area. Notable summits include: The northeastern flank of the mountains is drained by right tributaries of the Apfelstädt , especially the Schmalwasser , and left tributaries of the Ohra , notably the Kernwasser, via the (Apfelstädt,) Gera and Unstrut into

901-723: The Central German Crystalline Zone, of which Odenwald and Spessart are also constituents. In the Rotliegend era the region formed the crest of a mountain range where the debris originated that was deposited in the Eisenach trough and the northwestern part of the Oberhof trough. The sedimentary, volcano-sedimentary, and magmatic rocks which were deposited or formed in the area from the Cambrian until

954-669: The Forest. The highest summits crowning the mountain ridge are of volcanic origin. The terrain dips rapidly down to heights below 800 m towards the north-east, while heights remain above this altitude south-west of Rennsteig for some distance in the horseshoe-shaped Adlersberg massif. Motorway A 71 and the Neudietendorf–Ritschenhausen railway pass under the Brandleite Massif between Gehlberg and Oberhof in Rennsteig road tunnel and Brandleite Tunnel . The area

1007-528: The German state of Thuringia . The Thuringian Highland borders on the Thuringian Forest to the southwest. It is a plateau about 20 km wide that slopes southeast towards the Saale valley in the area of the Saale Dam and includes parts of the Thuringian Forest and Thuringian Highland and Upper Saale Nature Park . The largest towns in the Thuringian Highland are Saalfeld and Bad Blankenburg which lie on its northern perimeter, Neuhaus am Rennweg in

1060-552: The Hörsel, the southwestern parts towards the middle course of the Werra. The area is limited towards the south-east by state road 1027 between Schwarzhausen and Bad Liebenstein. Notable summits include: Reaching until Tambach-Dietharz , the part of Thuringian forest around the town of Brotterode is geologically more heterogeneous than the region around Ruhla. State road 1026 between Friedrichroda and Floh-Seligenthal which follows

1113-409: The Oberhof trough had been a rift zone with intense tectonics and continual changes of the internal relief and of the main areas of deposition. The tectonic processes were accompanied by an intense felsitic volcanism which was the origin of many volcanic rock formations, predominantly rhyolites of porphyric structure with accompanying tuff deposits. These volcanic rocks alternate in sequence with

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1166-458: The Rotliegend era, and the conglomerates, sandstones, and abundant volcanic rocks ( rhyolites and andesites ) of the Oberhof trough. Ore deposits associated with the upthrust of the range have been of significant historical importance in the development of the region, for example, the metalworking tradition in Suhl and the mining history of Ilmenau . The uplift of the horst -like fault block

1219-723: The Thuringian Forest in Brandleite Tunnel between Gehlberg and Oberhof, the Werra Railway between Eisenach and Eisfeld does so in a tunnel near Förtha . Both are in daily operation. A third line, the southern section of the Plaue–Themar railway, does not use a tunnel, but crosses the mountain ridge at Rennsteig switchback station. It has only been used by museum trains since 1998. The Nuremberg–Erfurt high-speed railway , due to be commissioned in December 2017, crosses

1272-463: The Thuringian Forest with the help of several tunnels and bridges. Thüringerwaldbahn, a cross-country line of the Gotha tramway network, serves the northern foothills of the Thuringian Forest between Gotha and Bad Tabarz , including a branch to Waltershausen . Geologically, the Thuringian Forest is defined by a belt of strongly uplifted and deformed metamorphic and igneous rock that divides

1325-652: The Thuringian Highland is mainly made of slate rock. Although this region was formed in a similar way to the Harz , it lacks the sharp divisions caused by fault lines. Almost all the way round the region transitions gradually into the surrounding land. The rocks found here are from the Palaeozoic era, i.e. the Ordovician , Silurian , Devonian and Lower Carboniferous periods. The most important ones are: Karst -forming, and hence cave-forming, limestone only occurs in

1378-487: The Thuringian Highland is mainly made of slate rock. Although this region was formed in a similar way to the Harz , it lacks the sharp divisions caused by fault lines. Almost all the way round the region transitions gradually into the surrounding land. The rocks found here are from the Palaeozoic era, i.e. the Ordovician , Silurian , Devonian and Lower Carboniferous periods. The most important ones are: Karst -forming, and hence cave-forming, limestone only occurs in

1431-559: The Thuringian forest. The lack of volcanic rocks suggests that at the time of the deposition of the Eisenach formation, no significant tectonic processes took place in the Werra basin which was by then a mostly consolidated depositional environment. In the Ruhla anticline the basement rocks, folded in the Variscan era, are exposed. They are named Ruhlaer Kristallin after the location and are according to Franz Kossmat considered part of

1484-596: The Vesser complex near Schmiedefeld , an island of Variscan rocks embedded in Rotliegend. While the near-surface rocks of the Thuringian Highland comprise mostly the folded Variscan basement , the oldest unfolded overlying strata (dating from the Permosilesian age) of this basement are exposed in the Thuringian forest. Common to both ranges, but also to other low mountain ranges in Central Europe uplifted at

1537-447: The adjacent Buntsandstein forelands to the southwest, but exhibiting a much more pronounced relief. It stretches until Moosbach stream, a tributary or Erbstrom river, in the north east, and to Bundesstraße 19 in the east and south, which follows the upper reaches of Elte river between the villages of Wilhelmsthal and Etterwinden. The predominant rock species is Eisenacher Rotliegend , namely conglomerates and sandstones . The area

1590-618: The backbone of the Central Uplands . They extend for about 75 km from east to west and 50 km from north to south. Typical features of the landscape are the dolerite peaks or Kuppen (like the Pöhlde or the Hübel ) with their wooded crests. These are made from a volcanic rock, dolerite, which is harder than the surrounding rocks and so weathers more slowly, giving rise to the characteristic Kuppen . As its German name suggests,

1643-451: The backbone of the Central Uplands . They extend for about 75 km from east to west and 50 km from north to south. Typical features of the landscape are the dolerite peaks or Kuppen (like the Pöhlde or the Hübel ) with their wooded crests. These are made from a volcanic rock, dolerite, which is harder than the surrounding rocks and so weathers more slowly, giving rise to the characteristic Kuppen . As its German name suggests,

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1696-425: The chain experience the highest levels of precipitation. While the exception of the northwestern part with its lower altitudes (650 mm), the yearly precipitation reaches about 1000 mm, in the higher parts up to about 1300 mm. In contrast, the leeward Thuringian Basin is one of the driest regions in Germany with only around 460 mm to 590 mm of precipitation per year. As the Thuringian Forest forms

1749-472: The favourable climate, the Thuringian Forest is an important year-round tourist destination. Winter sports play an important role, facilities of international significance are concentrated around Oberhof. Famous sights include Wartburg Castle outside Eisenach where Martin Luther lived in exile, the selenite cave ( Marienglashöhle , a former mine) near Friedrichroda , the firearms museum in Suhl , and

1802-489: The former south of Erfurt , crosses the range from the northeast to the southwest, passes under the ridge in the Rennsteig Tunnel near Oberhof, and is joined near Suhl by A 73 . Two more long-distance roads, Bundesstraßen 19 and 84, pass over the western parts of the range, while Bundesstraße 88 skirts the northern foothills between Eisenach and Geraberg. The Neudietendorf–Ritschenhausen railway crosses

1855-525: The highest region and Bad Lobenstein on the eastern edge (where it transitions into Franconian Forest ). The area includes a total of 4 smaller regions: The slate mountains of the Vogtland and Thuringian Highland stretch from the Thuringian Forest to the Ore Mountains . They are between about 300 m to 500 m above NN high, and comprise gently rolling hills which are part of

1908-407: The highest region and Bad Lobenstein on the eastern edge (where it transitions into Franconian Forest ). The area includes a total of 4 smaller regions: The slate mountains of the Vogtland and Thuringian Highland stretch from the Thuringian Forest to the Ore Mountains . They are between about 300 m to 500 m above NN high, and comprise gently rolling hills which are part of

1961-419: The historic town centres of Eisenach and Ilmenau . The Rennsteig trail is the most popular long-distance hiking trail in Germany. It is part of: Thuringian Highland The Thuringian Highland , Thuringian Highlands or Thuringian-Vogtlandian Slate Mountains ( German : Thüringer Schiefergebirge or Thüringisches Schiefergebirge , literally "Thuringian Slate Hills") is a low range of mountains in

2014-439: The more rugged terrain characteristic of southern Germany, and also the boundary between the cultural regions of central and north Thuringia and Franconia . Dialects and traditional customs and costumes are different on either side of the Rennsteig. The Rennsteig is the subject of the song Rennsteiglied ( de ) , the unofficial hymn of Thuringia. Motorway A 4 passes north of the Thuringian Forest, while A 71 , intersecting

2067-414: The most south-eastern part of the Thuringian forest proper. It is limited by state road B 4 in the northwest, and by a line along the rivers Talwasser (with Ilmsenbach), Neubrunn, and Schleuse. The adjacent Thuringian Slate Mountains form a geographically and geologically separate natural region, although they are often popularly referred to as a continuation of the former range. Populated places wholly within

2120-540: The north. South of Georgenthal, the mountain range becomes the watershed between Elbe and Weser. Notable summits include: The B 247 from Luisenthal via Oberhof and Zella-Mehlis to Suhl , which follows the Ohra to the north, a section along the Lichtenau to the south and finally the lower reaches of the Mühlwasser , together with the slightly more than 10 km long L 1028 road that runs parallel to it to

2173-466: The northeast and the southwest clearly originate from the main one and show even and gentle slopes, not counting the steep descent into the foreland. The southwestern crests reach altitudes of about 800 m. The dividing valleys are often narrow gorges. The zone drains: The Schleuse, Gabel and Tanne feed the Schönbrunn reservoir. Notable summits include: Due to its geographical characteristics and

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2226-513: The northwest separates this natural sub-division of the Thuringian Forest from the rest. Apart from the south, this region is traversed by very few public roads and is only populated in the south – in the villages of Schnellbach and Struth-Helmershof in the municipality of Floh-Seligenthal , the Rotterode , Unterschönau and Oberschönau suburbs of Steinbach-Hallenberg and the town of Zella-Mehlis. The Elbe-Weser watershed , accompanied by

2279-560: The range is the highland often called the Thuringian-Vogtlandian Slate Mountains . Among scattered foothills at its northern foot are the towns Eisenach , Gotha and Arnstadt . The towns of Ilmenau and Suhl sit in slight dips on the range itself to the north and south respectively. The Thuringian Forest forms a continuous chain of ancient rounded mountains with steep slopes to both sides and poses ample difficulties in transit routing save through

2332-446: The region are Frauenwald , Allzunah, Neustadt am Rennsteig , and Oehrenstock. Parts of Stützerbach also reach into this area. Roads follow the Rennsteig , the mountain crests, or the valleys of the rivers. The main ridge of the mountain range exceeds altitudes of 800 m in several places. The highest and best known summit is Kickelhahn (861 metres above sea level) southwest of Ilmenau . As seen from there, all secondary crests towards

2385-532: The relatively flat sedimentary plains of the Thüringer Becken (to the northeast) from similar rock formations in the valley of the Werra (to the southwest). It consists of a large fault block in hercynian orientation, which consists from sandstones and conglomerates of Rotliegend age in its western parts (Eisenach trough), followed by granites and gneisses of the Ruhlaer Kristallin formation of early paleozoic origin which were uplifted in

2438-587: The same time, are the bordering Zechstein deposits which contain Bryozoa reefs. These stretch especially wide on the northwestern edge of the Thuringian forest, where the landscape park of Altenstein Palace is located on one of the largest Zechstein reefs in Germany. The Eisenach trough is part of the much larger Werra basin, which in turn is part of the Saar-Unstrut depression of early Permian origin. It

2491-750: The south, and by the Variscan rocks of the Thuringian Highland towards the east. The geological borders differ from the geographical ones insofar, as the Rotliegend rock of the Thuringian forest finds its continuation in the Masserberg and Crock block in Hildburghausen district , southeast of the main range, and the rock types of the Thuringian Highland are also found in the Schleuse horst between Schönbrunn reservoir and Schönau, and in

2544-459: The typical reddish molasse sediments (conglomerates, sandstones, siltstones, and claystones) of the Rotliegend. The Little Thuringian Forest (German: Kleiner Thüringer Wald ) is a narrow horst south of Suhl and northwest of Schleusingen , northwest of Schleuse river, embedded in the Triassic foothills of Southern Thuringia. It is oriented roughly parallel to the Thuringian Forest and, while

2597-461: The upper Devonian were subjected to intense metamorphosis during the Variscan uplift and are now mostly present in the form of gneiss or schist . The Oberhof trough is by far the largest of the main geologic parts of the Thuringian Forest. It consists of the uplifted part of the so-called Thuringian Forest Basin whose contents can be further subdivided into several formations. Their relative ages have not been fully resolved yet, partly because

2650-402: The valleys of the rivers Schilfwasser and Schmalkalde and passes through Kleinschmalkalden and state road 1028 between Georgenthal and Floh-Seligenthal which follows the valleys of the rivers Apfelstädt and Flohbach divide the area into segments. In this area the mountain ridge becomes more pronounced. The summit of Großer Inselsberg of volcanic origin causes a marked shift of the ridge towards

2703-482: Was given up as unprofitable due to difficult drainage. Large baryte deposits prospected in the 1950s have remained untouched. The Waltershausen foothills (German: Waltershäuser Vorberge ) are a wooded chain of Buntsandstein hills immediately north of and parallel to the Thuringian Forest between Eisenach, Waltershausen, Friedrichroda, and Georgenthal. An outcrop of Muschelkalk rock can be found in their northern part, south of Waltershausen. They are generally regarded

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2756-665: Was part of the Saxonian tectonic processes and is understood as a long range effect of the Alpine orogeny . It began in the upper Cretaceous era and ended in the late Tertiary after about 40 million years. Thuringian forest is surrounded on three sides by triassic rocks: the Thuringian Basin in the northeast, the Hesse Highlands in the west, and the northeastern parts of the South German Scarplands in

2809-431: Was uplifted as one of the fault blocks in the Saxonian tectonic era and is filled with Variscan molasses , named Eisenach formation after the location. It consists mostly of monotonous sequences of reddish conglomerates representing a proximal alluvial fan which originated in debris flows from the Ruhla anticline. Dated in the upper Rotliegend, the Eisenach formation consists of some of the youngest geological units in

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