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68-583: With over 1,600 paintings, it was once the second largest private collection in the world after the British Royal Collection . A competition was held to house the core of the collection in 1987–88 after Baron Thyssen, having unsuccessfully sought permission to enlarge his museum in Lugano (Villa Favorita), searched for a better-suited location elsewhere in Europe. The collection was started in

136-522: A limited company . Before then, it was maintained using the monarch's official income paid by the Civil List . Since 1993 the collection has been funded by entrance fees to Windsor Castle and Buckingham Palace. A computerised inventory of the collection was started in early 1991, and it was completed in December 1997. The full inventory is not available to the public, though catalogues of parts of

204-739: A California judge determined that the museum held the right to keep the painting. The case was heard before the United States Supreme Court on January 18, 2022; the panel affirmed the district court's judgment in favor of the Thyssen-Bornemisza Collection, in an action under the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act . In January 2024, a federal Court in California sent the case back to the appellate level , ruling that

272-822: A Firescreen now in London, a panel fragment with the Thief on the Cross in Frankfurt, and the Brussels version of the Mérode Altarpiece . Campin was active by 1406 as a master painter in Tournai , in today's Belgium, and became that city's leading painter for 30 years. He had attained citizenship by 1410. His fame had spread enough by 1419 that he led a large and profitable workshop. He had an extra-marital affair with

340-475: A Jewish woman, Lilly Cassirer who was compelled by a Nazi official to sell it under duress for an exit visa to escape Nazi Germany shortly after Kristallnacht in 1939. In 1958, a German court awarded Lilly Cassirer Neubauer compensation of DM 120,000, the fair market value for the work. By 2015, her descendants had filed a lawsuit against the museum, on the grounds that it was looted by the Nazis. On May 1, 2019,

408-459: A Man ), Francesco del Cossa , Bramantino ( Christus Dolens ), Fra Bartolomeo , Giulio Romano , Giovanni Bellini , Palma il Vecchio , Titian , Tintoretto , Veronese , Jacopo Bassano , Sebastiano del Piombo ( Portrait of Ferry Carondelet ), Bernardino Luini , Agnolo Bronzino , Domenico Beccafumi , Albrecht Dürer ( Christ among the Doctors ), Hans Baldung Grien , Lucas Cranach

476-422: A key development in the early Northern Renaissance . While the existence of a highly successful painter called Robert Campin is relatively well documented for the period, no works can be certainly identified as by him through a signature or contemporary documentation. A group of paintings, none dated, have been long attributed to him, and a further group were once attributed to an unknown "Master of Flémalle". It

544-1110: A landscape ). The Museum houses a display of North American paintings from 18th and 19th centuries, including Copley , Winslow Homer , John Singer Sargent . The display of the European 19th century starts with works by Francisco Goya , Thomas Lawrence , Delacroix , Géricault , Corot and Courbet . There are Impressionist and Post-Impressionist works by the artists Claude Monet , Auguste Renoir , Edgar Degas , Camille Pissarro , Alfred Sisley , Berthe Morisot , Pierre Bonnard , Toulouse-Lautrec , Paul Gauguin , Cézanne , and Vincent van Gogh . The large collection of twentieth century modern art includes Cubist works by Picasso , Braque and Juan Gris , as well as paintings by Edvard Munch , Egon Schiele , James Ensor , Kandinsky , Salvador Dalí , Paul Klee , Chagall , Magritte , Piet Mondrian , Edward Hopper , Jackson Pollock , Mark Rothko , Roy Lichtenstein , Willem de Kooning and Francis Bacon . The selection of German Expressionism

612-446: A large number of commissions from individuals and guilds, as well as from ecclesiastical and civic authorities. Campin owned several houses, purchased city bonds and invested in mortgages. Between 1423 and 1429, the city government was dominated by the guilds. Campin was the deputy dean of the guild of goldsmiths and painters in 1423–24 and 1425. In 1427 he represented the guild on the city council. Between 1426-1428, during his time at

680-558: A long time it was thought that Jan van Eyck was the first painter to make full use of the innovations apparent in manuscript illumination in panel painting . By the end of the 19th century it became clear, however, that Van Eyck was the contemporary of an artist who painted a number of works, including the Mérode Altarpiece . Dated to about 1428, the altarpiece (now in the Cloisters of the Metropolitan Museum of Art )

748-691: A major collection of trecento and quattrocento (i.e. 14th and 15th century) Italian paintings by Duccio , Luca di Tommè , Bernardo Daddi , Paolo Uccello , Benozzo Gozzoli and his contemporaries, and works of the early Flemish and Dutch painters like Jan van Eyck ( Diptich of the Annunciation ), Petrus Christus ( Madonna of the Dry Tree ), Robert Campin , Rogier van der Weyden , Gerard David and Hans Memling . Other highlights include works by leading Renaissance , Baroque and Rococo painters, including Antonello da Messina ( Portrait of

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816-690: A passionate collector of Italian paintings and a major patron of van Dyck and other Flemish artists. He purchased the bulk of the Gonzaga collection from the Duchy of Mantua . The entire Royal Collection, which included 1,500 paintings and 500 statues, was sold after Charles's execution in 1649. The 'Sale of the Late King's Goods' at Somerset House raised £185,000 for the English Republic . Other items were given away in lieu of payment to settle

884-523: A study of the holdings contained within the Royal Collection. There are more than 7,000 paintings, spread across the Royal residences and palaces. The collection does not claim to provide a comprehensive, chronological survey of Western fine art but it has been shaped by the individual tastes of kings, queens and their families over the past 500 years. The prints and drawings collection is based in

952-644: A twenty-room building modelled after the Neue Pinakothek in Munich . In 1988, the Baron filed a request for building a further extension designed by British architects James Stirling and Michael Wilford , but the plan was rejected by the Lugano City Council. In 1985, the Baron married Carmen "Tita" Cervera (a former Miss Spain 1961) and introduced her to art collecting. Cervera's influence

1020-545: A woman named Leurence Pol, which led to his imprisonment. Campin, however, was able to maintain his public standing and workshop until his death in 1444. The early Campin panels show the influence of the International Gothic artists the Limbourg brothers (1385–1416) and Melchior Broederlam (c. 1350 – c.1409), but display a more realistic observation than any earlier artists, achieved through innovations in

1088-661: Is a similar art gallery next to the Palace of Holyroodhouse in Edinburgh , and a Drawings Gallery at Windsor Castle . The Crown Jewels are on public display in the Jewel House at the Tower of London . About 3,000 objects are on loan to museums throughout the world, and many others are lent on a temporary basis to exhibitions. Few items from before Henry VIII survive. The most important additions were made by Charles I ,

1156-555: Is dated to around 1425. The central panel shows his debt to the sculpture of the time (Campin was known to have polychromed several statues). After this, he painted the Marriage of the Virgin (Museo del Prado, Madrid) and Nativity ( Musée des Beaux-Arts de Dijon ) around 1420–1425. Around 1425–1428 Campin painted the Mérode Altarpiece , a triptych (three paneled paintings) commissioned for private use. The Annunciation occupies

1224-574: Is extensive, and includes Emil Nolde , Ernst Ludwig Kirchner , August Macke , Max Beckmann , George Grosz , and Otto Dix . A collection of works from the museum ( Fra Angelico , Cranach, Titian, Canaletto, Rubens) is housed in Barcelona in the Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya . One painting, Rue Saint-Honoré in the Afternoon, Effect of Rain by Camille Pissarro , belonged to

1292-512: Is now usually thought that both groupings are by Campin, but this has been a matter of some controversy for decades. A corpus of work is attached to the unidentified "Master of Flémalle," so named in the 19th century after three religious panels said to have come from a monastery in Flémalle. They are each assumed to be wings of triptychs or polyptychs , and are the Virgin and Child with

1360-477: Is permeated with loving attention to details and realism. Three other panels in a similar manner, supposed to come from the so-called abbey of Flémalle (it has been established that there was, in fact, no such abbey), are now in Frankfurt . It was argued that these works belong to one "Master of Flémalle", whose identity at that time could not be established. In the 20th century, several scholars suggested that

1428-530: Is tempting to assume that both Daret and Rogier were disciples of the Master of Flémalle, i.e. Robert Campin. Another possibility, however, is that the Flémalle panels were painted by Rogier himself when he was still in his twenties. Some scholars have even attributed the famous Deposition in the Prado (Madrid) to Campin rather than Van der Weyden. The tightest definition of the works from his own hand includes only

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1496-945: Is the largest private art collection in the world. Spread among 13 occupied and historic royal residences in the United Kingdom, the collection is owned by King Charles III and overseen by the Royal Collection Trust . The British monarch owns some of the collection in right of the Crown and some as a private individual. It is made up of more than one million objects, including 7,000 paintings, more than 150,000 works on paper, this including 30,000 watercolours and drawings, and about 450,000 photographs, as well as around 700,000 works of art, including tapestries, furniture, ceramics, textiles, carriages, weapons, armour, jewellery, clocks, musical instruments, tableware, plants, manuscripts, books, and sculptures. Some of

1564-651: The COVID-19 pandemic , the Trust lost £64 million during 2020 and announced 130 redundancies, including the roles of Surveyor of the Queen's Pictures and Surveyor of the Queen's Works of Art . The two posts were reinstated in December 2023. The Royal Collection Trust is a company limited by guarantee , registered in England and Wales, and a Registered Charity . On its website, the Trust describes its purpose as overseeing

1632-699: The Keeper of the Privy Purse . Other Trustees are appointed for their knowledge and expertise in areas relevant to the charity's activities. Currently, the trustees are: The Management Board is the committee responsible for the day-to-day running of the Royal Collection. It is appointed by the Board of Trustees. It consists of: The Operations Board represents all areas of the Royal Collection Trust and focuses on high-level, operational issues and

1700-486: The Morgan Library ) and Carpaccio 's Knight (from the collection of Otto Kahn ). The collection was later expanded by Heinrich's son Baron Hans Heinrich Thyssen-Bornemisza (1921–2002), who assembled most of the works from his relatives' collections and proceeded to acquire large numbers of new works (from Gothic art to Lucian Freud ). The collection was initially housed in the family estate in Lugano in

1768-693: The Print Room, Windsor , and is exceptionally strong, with famous holdings of drawings by Leonardo da Vinci (550), Raphael , Michelangelo and Hans Holbein the Younger (85). A large part of the Old Master drawings were acquired by George III. Starting in early 2019, 144 of Leonardo da Vinci's drawings from the Collection went on display in 12 locations in the UK. From May to October that year, 200 of

1836-775: The Royal Pavilion in Brighton, and Osborne House on the Isle of Wight. Some works are on long-term or permanent loan to museums and other places; the most famous of these are the Raphael Cartoons , in the Victoria and Albert Museum in London since 1865. The collection's holdings of Western fine art are among the largest and most important assemblages in existence, with works of the highest quality, and, in many cases, artists' oeuvres cannot be fully understood without

1904-630: The Royal manuscripts . The core of this collection was the purchase by James I of the related collections of Humphrey Llwyd , John Lumley, 1st Baron Lumley , and the Henry FitzAlan, 19th Earl of Arundel . Prince Albert's will requested the donation of a number of mostly early paintings to the National Gallery , which Queen Victoria fulfilled. Throughout the reign of Elizabeth II (1952–2022), there were significant additions to

1972-458: The guild of painters . However, the dated Werl Altarpiece (1438) shows he continued to work (the two outer wings are in the Prado ; the main panel is lost). He died in his adopted city of Tournai in 1444. Although heavily indebted to late 14th-century manuscript illumination aesthetics, Campin displayed greater powers of realistic observation than any other painter before him. He was one of

2040-481: The royal stamp collection , inherited from her father George VI, as a private individual. Non-personal items are said to be inalienable as they can be willed to only the monarch's successor. The legal accuracy of this claim has never been substantiated in court. According to Cameron Cobbold , then Lord Chamberlain , speaking in 1971, minor items have occasionally been sold to help raise money for acquisitions, and duplicates of items are given away as presents within

2108-525: The "Flémalle" panels, a 'Nativity at Dijon, a Crucified Thief (fragment of a Crucifixion ) in Frankfurt, two portraits of a man and woman in London (of around 1430), and perhaps the Seilern Triptych . This, which excludes the best known works usually attributed to him, which are then assigned to his workshop or followers, is the position taken by Lorne Campbell. The Entombment Triptych (or " Seilern Triptych " Courtauld Institute , London)

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2176-709: The "maintenance and conservation of the Royal Collection, subject to proper custodial control in the service of the King and the nation". It also deals with acquisitions for the Royal Collection, and the display of the Royal Collection to the public. The Board of Trustees includes the following officers of the Royal Household : the Lord Chamberlain , the Private Secretary to the Sovereign and

2244-525: The 1920s as a private collection by Heinrich, Baron Thyssen-Bornemisza de Kászon . In a reversal of the movement of European paintings to the US during this period, one of the elder Baron's sources was the collections of American millionaires coping with the Great Depression and inheritance taxes. In this way he acquired old master paintings such as Ghirlandaio 's portrait of Giovanna Tornabuoni (once in

2312-689: The Commonwealth. In 1995, Iain Sproat , then Secretary of State for National Heritage , told the House of Commons that selling objects was "entirely a matter for the Queen". In a 2000 television interview, the Duke of Edinburgh said that the monarch was "technically, perfectly at liberty to sell them". Hypothetical questions have been asked in Parliament about what should happen to the collection if

2380-472: The Crown unless he or she agreed to surrender them voluntarily. A registered charity, the Royal Collection Trust was set up in 1993 after the Windsor Castle fire with a mandate to conserve the works and enhance the public's appreciation and understanding of art. It employs around 500 staff and is one of the five departments of the Royal Household . Buildings do not come under its remit. In 2012,

2448-615: The Elder , Hans Holbein ( Portrait of Henry VIII ), Albrecht Altdorfer , El Greco , Caravaggio ( Saint Catherine ), Guercino , Sebastiano Ricci , Rubens , Van Dyck , Murillo , Rembrandt , Frans Hals ( Family Portrait in a Landscape ), Simon Vouet , Claude Lorrain , Canaletto , Francesco Guardi , Tiepolo , Giambattista Pittoni , Watteau , François Boucher , Chardin , Fragonard , Gainsborough and Pompeo Batoni , as well as two famous portraits by Domenico Ghirlandaio ( Giovanna Tornabuoni ) and Vittore Carpaccio ( Knight in

2516-672: The King's debts. A number of pieces were recovered by Charles II after the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660, and they form the basis for the collection today. The Dutch Republic also presented Charles with the Dutch Gift of 28 paintings, 12 sculptures, and a selection of furniture. He went on to buy many paintings and other works. George III was mainly responsible for forming the collection's outstanding holdings of Old Master drawings; large numbers of these, and many Venetian paintings including more than 40 Canalettos , joined

2584-430: The Master of Flémalle may be Robert Campin, documented as a master painter in Tournai from 1406. The argument turns around a paper mentioning two pupils entering his studio in 1427 – Jacques Daret and Rogelet de la Pasture. The latter was probably Rogier van der Weyden . A very well-documented altarpiece by Daret shows striking similarities with the works of Master of Flémalle, as do early works by Rogier. Therefore, it

2652-451: The Queen in the first 50 years of her reign, mostly portraits of previous monarchs or their close relatives. Eight were purchased at auction, six bought from dealers, three commissioned, two donated or bequeathed, and one was a purchase from Winchester Cathedral . In 1987 a new department of the Royal Household was established to oversee the Royal Collection, and it was financed by the commercial activities of Royal Collection Enterprises,

2720-577: The Royal Collection. The Commonwealth is strongly represented in this manner: an example is 75 contemporary Canadian watercolours that entered the collection between 1985 and 2001 as a gift from the Canadian Society of Painters in Water Colour . Modern art acquired by Elizabeth II includes pieces by Sir Anish Kapoor , Lucian Freud , and Andy Warhol . In 2002 it was revealed that 20 paintings (excluding works on paper) were acquired by

2788-492: The Royal family, especially female members, some going back to the early 19th century. These include ceremonial dress and several wedding dresses, including that of Queen Victoria which set the trend for white wedding dresses (1840). There are also servant's livery uniforms, and a number of exotic pieces presented over the years, going back to a "war coat" of Tipu Sultan (d. 1799). In recent years these have featured more prominently in displays and exhibitions, and are popular with

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2856-657: The Tower of London also house the Crown Jewels . A rotating selection of art, furniture, jewellery, and other items considered to be of the highest quality is shown at the King's Gallery , a purpose-built exhibition centre adjoining Buckingham Palace . Many objects are displayed in the palace itself, the state rooms of which are open to visitors for much of the year, as well as in Windsor Castle , Holyrood Palace in Edinburgh,

2924-481: The UK ever becomes a republic . In other European countries, the art collections of deposed monarchies usually have been taken into state ownership or become part of other national collections held in trust for the public's enjoyment. Under the European Convention on Human Rights , incorporated into British law in 1998, the monarch may have to be compensated for the loss of any assets held in right of

2992-407: The archives of 1405–06, as a free master of the guild of goldsmiths and painters , and there has been a lot of speculation about his origin and birthplace which is actually unknown, although he is sometimes listed as having been born in Valenciennes . In 1408 he had purchased the house that he had been leasing since 1406 near the Tournai Cathedral . In 1410, he bought full citizenship. Records show

3060-411: The buildings which house the collection, such as Hampton Court Palace , are open to the public and not lived in by the Royal Family, whilst others, such as Windsor Castle and Kensington Palace , are both residences and open to the public. The public King's Gallery at Buckingham Palace in London was purpose-built in the mid-20th century to exhibit pieces from the collection on a rotating basis. There

3128-508: The central panel. The Archangel Gabriel is shown approaching Mary, who sits reading. She is depicted in a well-kept middle-class Flemish home. Several works attributed to Robert Campin may be seen in the Hermitage , including diptych panels depicting The Holy Trinity and The Virgin and Child . Other works are displayed in the Prado , and the London National Gallery . Campin also collaborated with other artists, e.g. with Jean Delemer in creating (presumably painting) two wooden sculptures of

3196-402: The collection by a monarch at their sole discretion. Ambiguity surrounds the status of objects that came into the possession of Elizabeth II during her 70-year reign. The Royal Collection Trust has confirmed that all pieces left to her by Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother , which included works by Monet , Nash , and Fabergé , belonged to her personally. It was also confirmed that she owned

3264-431: The collection for an annual fee of 6.5 million euros ($ 7.8 million) over the course of 15 years. The Old Masters were mainly bought by the elder Baron, while Hans focused more on the 19th and 20th century, resulting in a collection that spans eight centuries of European painting, without claiming to give an all-encompassing view but rather a series of highlights. One of the focal points is the early European painting, with

3332-405: The collection is owned by the monarch personally, and everything else is described as being held in trust by the monarch in right of the Crown . It is understood that works of art acquired by monarchs up to the death of Queen Victoria in 1901 are heirlooms which fall into the latter category. Items the British royal family acquired later, including official gifts, can be added to that part of

3400-402: The collection through judicious purchases, bequests, and gifts from nation states and official bodies. According to guidelines drawn up in 1995 and updated in 2003, gifts given to the royal family by foreign heads of state and dignitaries in an official capacity cannot be sold or traded and automatically become part of the Royal Collection. Since 1952, approximately 2,500 works have been added to

3468-464: The collection to museums, especially by George III and Victoria and Albert. In particular, the King's Library formed by George III with the assistance of his librarian Frederick Augusta Barnard , consisting of 65,000 printed books, was given to the British Museum and later transferred to the British Library , where they remain as a distinct collection. He also donated the "Old Royal Library" of some 2,000 manuscripts, which are still segregated as

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3536-412: The collection when he bought the collection of Joseph " Consul Smith ", which also included a large number of books. Many other drawings were bought from Alessandro Albani , cardinal and art dealer in Rome. George IV shared Charles I's enthusiasm for collecting, buying up large numbers of Dutch Golden Age paintings and their Flemish contemporaries. Like other English collectors, he took advantage of

3604-517: The collection – especially paintings – have been published, and a searchable database on the Royal Collection website is increasingly comprehensive, with "271,697 items found" by late 2020. About a third of the 7,000 paintings in the collection are on view or stored at buildings in London which fall under the remit of the Historic Royal Palaces agency: the Tower of London , Hampton Court Palace , Kensington Palace , Banqueting House, Whitehall , and Kew Palace . The Jewel House and Martin Tower at

3672-403: The delivery of Royal Collection Trust’s strategy. It consists of: Robert Campin Robert Campin (c. 1375 – 26 April 1444), now usually identified with the Master of Flémalle (earlier the Master of the Merode Triptych , before the discovery of three other similar panels), was a master painter who, along with Jan van Eyck , initiated the development of early Netherlandish painting ,

3740-435: The drawings were on display in the Queen's Gallery at Buckingham Palace . Numbering more than 300 items, the Royal Collection holds one of the greatest and most important collections of French furniture ever assembled. The collection is noted for its encyclopedic range as well as counting the greatest cabinet-makers of the Ancien Régime . The collection has a number of items of clothing, including those worn by members of

3808-432: The first to experiment with the use of oil-based colours, in lieu of egg-based tempera, to achieve the brilliance of color typical for this period. Campin used the new technique to convey strong, rounded characters by modelling light and shade in compositions of complex perspectives. Art historians have long been keen to trace the beginnings of the Northern Renaissance – with far less evidence to go on than in Italy. For

3876-479: The great quantities of French decorative art on the London market after the French Revolution , and is mostly responsible for the collection's outstanding holdings of 18th-century French furniture and porcelain, especially Sèvres . He also bought much contemporary English silver, and many recent and contemporary English paintings. Queen Victoria and her husband Albert were keen collectors of contemporary and old master paintings. Many objects have been given from

3944-419: The guild, Campin employed four different apprentices Rogelet de le Pasture, Haquin de Blandain, Jaquelotte Daret, Willemet. After restoration of the oligarchy of full citizens, the leaders of the guild regime, including Robert Campin, were brought to court. Campin was ordered to make a pilgrimage to Saint-Gilles and pay the fine. Campin was married to Ysabel de Stocquain (Elisabeth van Stokkem). The couple

4012-401: The lower court should compare Spanish law with California law, rather than federal law, in evaluating the case. Motivated by this verdict, Jesse Gabriel , co-chair of the California Legislative Jewish Caucus , authored Assembly Bill 2867, which aims to help California residents recover art and other personal property stolen during the Holocaust or other acts of genocide or persecution. The bill

4080-433: The museum opened, in 1999, Cervera loaned 429 works of her own art collection to the museum for 11 years. The loan was renewed annually for free from 2012 to 2021. The Baroness remains involved with the museum. She personally decided the salmon pink tone of the interior walls and in May 2006, publicly demonstrated against plans of the Mayor of Madrid, Alberto Ruiz-Gallardón to redevelop the Paseo del Prado as she thought

4148-469: The public. A collection of 277 cameos , intaglios , badges of insignia, snuff boxes and pieces of jewellery known as the Gems and Jewels are kept at Windsor Castle. Separate from Elizabeth II's jewels and the Crown Jewels, 24 pre-date the Renaissance and the rest were made in the 16th to 19th centuries. In 1862, it was first shown publicly at the South Kensington Museum, now the Victoria and Albert Museum . Several objects were removed and others added in

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4216-423: The second half of the Victorian period. An inventory of the collection was made in 1872, and a catalogue, Ancient and Modern Gems and Jewels in the Collection of Her Majesty The Queen , was published in 2008 by the Royal Collection Trust. The Royal Collection is privately owned, although some of the works are displayed in areas of palaces and other royal residences open to visitors for the public to enjoy. Some of

4284-422: The team of curatorial staff numbered 29, and there were 32 conservationists. Income is raised by charging entrance fees to see the collection at various locations and selling books and merchandise to the public. The Trust is financially independent and receives no Government funding or public subsidy. A studio at Marlborough House is responsible for the conservation of furniture and decorative objects. Owing to

4352-470: The use of oil paints . He was successful in his lifetime, and the recipient of a number of civic commissions. Campin taught both Rogier van der Weyden , named in these early records as Rogelet de la Pasture, a French version of his name) and Jacques Daret . Campin was a contemporary of Jan van Eyck , and they are recorded as meeting in 1427. Campin's best known work is the Mérode Altarpiece of c.1425–28. Campin first appears as settled in Tournai from

4420-460: The works and traffic would damage the collection and the museum's appearance. In 2015, the Baroness delayed the annual renewal of her loan while deciding whether or not to temporarily move her collection for a fee to a museum in Barcelona, the United States, or Russia. She eventually decided to keep the collection in Madrid, but in 2017, she again delayed signing the agreement. In 2021, the Ministry of Culture officially finalized an agreement to loan

4488-427: Was childless. He had an affair with Laurence Polette, for which he was prosecuted in 1432 and sentenced to banishment for a year. Margaret of Burgundy , wife of the Count of Holland and sister of John the Fearless , Duke of Burgundy intervened on his behalf, and this was reduced to a fine. A short time after the verdict Campin's apprentices Rogier van der Weyden and Jacques Daret were accepted as masters into

4556-424: Was decisive in persuading the Baron to relocate the core of his collection to Spain where the local government had a building available next to the Prado. The Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum officially opened in 1992, under the directorship of Tomás Llorens , showing 715 works of art. A year later, the Spanish Government bought 775 works for $ 350 million. These pieces are now in the purpose-built museum in Madrid. After

4624-401: Was passed in August 2024. In 2011, due to "a lack of liquid funds", Cervera decided to sell The Lock by the English artist John Constable . The painting, which belonged to her private collection, was sold in London the following year for £22.4 million, more than doubling the price paid for it in 1990. Royal Collection The Royal Collection of the British royal family

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