A Subah is a term for a province or state in several South Asian languages . It was introduced by the Mughal Empire to refer to its subdivisions or provinces; and was also adopted by other polities of the Indian subcontinent . The word is derived from Arabic and Persian . The governor/ruler of a Subah was known as a subahdar (sometimes also referred to as a " Subeh " ), which later became subedar to refer to an officer in the Indian and Pakistani armies. The subahs were established by Padishah (emperor) Akbar during his administrative reforms of the years 1572–1580; initially, they numbered 12, but his conquests expanded the number of subahs to 15 by the end of his reign. Subahs were divided into Sarkars , or districts. Sarkars were further divided into Parganas or Mahals . His successors, most notably Aurangzeb , expanded the number of subahs further through their conquests. As the empire began to dissolve in the early 18th century, many subahs became de facto independent or came under the influence of the Marathas or the suzerainty of the East India Company .
15-569: The Thatta Subah (1593–1737) or Sind State (1737–1843), was a Mughal subah , then a proto-state , and lastly a princely state in the Sindh region of the Indian subcontinent until its annexation by the British in 1843. The name Sind ( / s ɪ ŋ d / ), now obsolete, was once the anglicized name of the state, which was also adopted by the British to refer to its division . The Thatta Subah
30-412: A colonial power ). In other cases, federated states have been created out of the administrative divisions of previously unitary states . Once a federal constitution is formed, the rules governing the relationship between federal and regional powers become part of the country's constitutional law and not international law . In countries with federal constitutions, there is a division of power between
45-633: A Mughal subah in 1692. During the Mughal Empire, the Punjab region consisted of three subahs: Lahore, Multan, and parts of Delhi subah. The Sikh Empire (1799–1849), originating in the Punjab region, also used the term Suba for the provinces it administered under its territorial delineation, of which there were five. In modern usage in Urdu language, the term is used as a word for province , while
60-458: A result of the administrative reform by Akbar(Mughal Emperor): The subahs which added later were (with dates established): Federated state A federated state (also state , province , region, canton , land , governorate , oblast , emirate , or country ) is a territorial and constitutional community forming part of a federation . A federated state does not have international sovereignty since powers are divided between
75-602: Is used in several Pakistani languages (most notably Punjabi , Balochi , and Urdu ) to refer to a province of Pakistan. Initially, after the administrative reforms of Akbar , the Mughal empire was divided into 12 subahs: Kabul, Lahore, Multan, Delhi, Agra, Avadh, Illahabad, Bihar, Bangal, Malwa, Ajmer and Gujarat. After the conquest of Deccan , he created three more subahs there: Berar, Khandesh (initially renamed Dandesh in 1601) and Ahmadnagar (in 1636 renamed as Daulatabad and subsequently as Aurangabad). Jahangir increased
90-841: The Kalhora Nawabs . In 1783, the Talpur Mirs revolted and replaced the Kalhoras in the Battle of Halani . Sind gradually became a princely state to come under British paramountcy signing a subsidiary alliance agreement in 1809. After the Anglo–Sind War , Sind was annexed by the East India Company and was made a part of the Bombay Presidency . Subah In the modern context, subah ( صوبہ )
105-420: The central government and the component states. These entities – states, provinces, counties, cantons, Länder, etc. – are partially self-governing and are afforded a degree of constitutionally guaranteed autonomy that varies substantially from one federation to another. Depending on the form the decentralization of powers takes, a federated state's legislative powers may or may not be overruled or vetoed by
120-407: The federal government. Laws governing the relationship between federal and regional powers can be amended through the national or federal constitution, and, if they exist, state constitutions as well. In terms of internal politics, federated states can have republican or monarchical forms of government. Those of republican form (federated republics) are usually called states (like states of
135-499: The federal union (federation) as a single entity is the sovereign state for purposes of international law. Depending on the constitutional structure of a particular federation, a federated state can hold various degrees of legislative, judicial, and administrative jurisdiction over a defined geographic territory and is a form of regional government. A federated state may nonetheless establish offices internationally, for example, to promote trade or tourism, while still operating only within
150-503: The number of subahs to 17 during his reign; Orissa being carved out of Bangal in 1607. The number of subahs increased to 22 under Shah Jahan . In his 8th regnal year, Shah Jahan separated the sarkar of Telangana from Berar and made it into a separate subah. In 1657, it was merged with Zafarabad Bidar subah. Agra was renamed Akbarabad in 1629 and Delhi became Shahjahanbad in 1648. Kashmir was carved out of Kabul, Thatta (Sindh) out of Multan, and Bidar out of Ahmadnagar. For some time Qandahar
165-419: The other federated states and the federal government . Unlike international sovereign states , which have what is often referred to as Westphalian sovereignty (such as exercised by their federal government), federated states operate under their domestic or federal law with relation to the rest of the world. Importantly, federated states do not have automatic standing as entities of international law. Instead,
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#1732772298286180-446: The trade policy or other applicable law of their federation, and their host country. They also may enter into international regional agreements under the laws of their federation and state, such as to protect a cross-border resource like water or other shared matters. In some cases, a federation is created from the union of political entities that are either independent or dependent territories of another sovereign entity (most commonly
195-578: The word riyasat ( Urdu : ریاست , "princely state" in English) is used for (federated) state . The terminologies are based on the administrative structure of British India which was partially derived from the Mughal administrative structure. In modern times, the term subah is mainly used in Pakistan , where its four provinces are called "Subah" in the Urdu language. The twelve subahs created as
210-444: Was a separate subah under the Mughal Empire but it was lost to Persia in 1648. Aurangzeb added Bijapur (1686), Sira (1687) and Golkonda (1687) as new subahs. There were 22 subahs during his reign. These were Kabul, Kashmir, Lahore, Multan, Delhi, Agra, Avadh, Illahabad, Bihar, Bangalah, Orissa, Malwa, Ajmer, Gujarat, Berar, Khandesh, Aurangabad, Bidar, Thatta, Bijapur, Sira and Haidarabad (Golkonda). Aurangzeb made Arcot
225-951: Was bordered to the north by the Multan Subah , to the west by the Safavid Empire and later the Khanate of Kalat , to the east by the Ajmer Subah and to the south by the Gujarat Subah and the Arabian Sea . The area was ruled from 1593 to 1737 by the Subahdar , who was directly appointed by the Mughal Emperor from Delhi . Sind broke away from the Mughal Empire in 1737 and asserted autonomy under
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