Misplaced Pages

#210789

99-534: The Cosby Show is an American television sitcom created by (along with Ed. Weinberger and Michael J. Leeson ) and starring Bill Cosby that originally aired on NBC from September 20, 1984, to April 30, 1992, with a total of 201 half-hour episodes spanning eight seasons, including an outtakes special. The show focuses on the Huxtables, an upper middle-class Black-American family living in Brooklyn , New York;

198-558: A limousine driver, who owned his own car, and the mother an electrician. With advice from his wife Camille Cosby , though, the concept was changed so that the family was well-off financially, with the mother a lawyer and the father a physician. Cosby wanted the program to be educational, reflecting his own background in education. He also insisted that the program be taped in New York City instead of Los Angeles , where most television programs were taped. The Huxtable home exterior

297-465: A spin-off series called A Different World that was built around the "Denise" character (portrayed by actress Lisa Bonet ), the second of the Huxtables' four daughters. Initially, the new program dealt with Denise's life at Hillman College, the fictional historically black college from which her father, mother, and paternal grandfather had graduated. Denise was written out of A Different World after its inaugural season, due to Bonet's pregnancy, and

396-540: A 30-minute time slot. Throughout their history, American sitcoms have often drawn inspiration from British counterparts. Popular shows like All in the Family , Three's Company , and Sanford and Son were adapted from successful British series. More recently, The Office achieved significant popularity in the United States , following the success of its British counterpart. Numerous television networks in

495-544: A core group of characters who interact in a recurring setting, such as a family, workplace, or institution. However, British sitcoms typically consist of shorter series, often six episodes, and are frequently developed by a smaller writing team. The majority of British sitcoms are half-hour comedies recorded in studio settings using a multiple-camera setup. While many adhere to traditional sitcom conventions, some have ventured into more unconventional territory. For example, Blackadder and Yes Minister/Yes Prime Minister shifted

594-539: A factor in encouraging both girls and boys to have sex. The increased sexual activity among adolescents is manifested in increased teenage pregnancies and an increase in sexually transmitted diseases . Inhibition-reducing drugs and alcohol may possibly encourage unintended sexual activity. If so, it is unknown if the drugs themselves directly influence teenagers to engage in riskier behavior, or whether teenagers who engage in drug use are more likely to engage in sex. Correlation does not imply causation . The drugs with

693-471: A lack of adequate prenatal care and dangerous outcomes for the babies. Factors that determine which mothers are more likely to have closely spaced repeat births, include marriage and education. The likelihood decreases with the level of education of the young woman – or her parents – and increases if she gets married. Early motherhood can affect the psychosocial development of the infant. The children of teen mothers are more likely to be born prematurely with

792-685: A low birth weight, predisposing them to many other lifelong conditions. Children of teen mothers are at higher risk of intellectual, language, and socio-emotional delays. Developmental disabilities and behavioral issues are increased in children born to teen mothers. One study suggested that adolescent mothers are less likely to stimulate their infant through affectionate behaviors such as touch , smiling , and verbal communication , or to be sensitive and accepting toward their needs. Another found that those who had more social support were less likely to show anger toward their children or to rely upon punishment . Poor academic performance in

891-689: A month is common, and in this age group the figure is likely to be higher. Restarting after the pill-free week, having to hide pills, drug interactions and difficulty getting repeat prescriptions can all lead to method failure. In the US, according to the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth , sexually active adolescent women wishing to avoid pregnancy were less likely than older women to use contraceptives (18% of 15–19-year-olds used no contraceptives, versus 10.7% for women aged 15–44). More than 80% of teen pregnancies are unintended. Over half of unintended pregnancies were to women not using contraceptives , most of

990-831: A postnatal contact as compared to 52 percent of newborns to all mothers". The lifetime opportunity cost caused by teenage pregnancy in different countries varies, from 1% to 30% of the annual GDP, with 30% being the figure in Uganda . In the United States, teenage pregnancy costs taxpayers between $ 9.4 and $ 28 billion in 2016, due to factors such as foster care and lost tax revenue. A 2014 study estimated that an increase in economic productivity from ending teenage pregnancy in Brazil and India would be worth $ 3.5 billion and $ 7.7 billion respectively. Less than one third of teenage mothers receive any form of child support, vastly increasing

1089-446: A ratings hit, featuring in the top 5 of the ratings for four of its six seasons. It launched the extended cast into stardom and Cosby, having already had a successful career on TV, films and stand-up, became the highest paid actor on television. It was also an international hit, garnering a following from across the world being a regular fixture in markets previously considered unattainable for African-American leads, such as Europe, where

SECTION 10

#1732772037211

1188-663: A result of the Bill Cosby sexual assault cases . The show focuses on the Huxtable family, an upper middle class African-American family, living in a brownstone in Brooklyn Heights , New York, at 10 Stigwood Avenue. The father is Cliff Huxtable , an obstetrician and son of a prominent jazz trombonist. The mother is his wife, lawyer Clair Huxtable . They have four daughters and one son: Sondra , Denise , Theo , Vanessa , and Rudy . Despite its comedic tone,

1287-573: A result of the Bill Cosby sexual assault cases . In November 2014, TV Land pulled the series from its lineup. "Episodes have been pulled immediately for the foreseeable future ... TV Land even removed references to The Cosby Show from its website on Wednesday afternoon as the scandal accelerated." In December 2014, the Magic Johnson –owned network Aspire removed the show from its lineup. BET 's Centric (another Viacom unit), along with Bounce TV , ceased airing reruns of The Cosby Show . At

1386-496: A sitcom to sell for their fledgling company, they needed a big name behind it. Bill Cosby had had performed stand-up comedy with award-winning albums and starred in several genres in TV and film in the 1960s and 70s, but his career had become more static by the early 1980s. According to a Chicago Tribune article from July 1985, despite Carsey and Werner's connection to the network, Lewis Erlicht, president of ABC Entertainment , passed on

1485-432: A time, are more effective in women who have trouble remembering to take pills or using barrier methods consistently. According to Encyclopedia of Women's Health , published in 2004, there has been an increased effort to provide contraception to adolescents via family planning services and school-based health, such as HIV prevention education. Studies from South Africa have found that 11–20% of pregnancies in teenagers are

1584-498: A younger age, which in turn puts them at greater risk of teenage pregnancy. Adolescents may lack knowledge of, or access to, conventional methods of preventing pregnancy, as they may be too embarrassed or frightened to seek such information. Contraception for teenagers presents a huge challenge for the clinician. In 1998, the government of the UK set a target to halve the under-18 pregnancy rate by 2010. The Teenage Pregnancy Strategy (TPS)

1683-788: Is an even more marked problem among teenagers in developing countries . Complications of pregnancy result in the deaths of an estimated 70,000 teen girls in developing countries each year. Young mothers and their babies are also at greater risk of contracting HIV . The World Health Organization estimates that the risk of death following pregnancy is twice as high for girls aged 15–19 than for women aged 20–24. The maternal mortality rate can be up to five times higher for girls aged 10–14 than for women aged 20–24. Illegal abortion also holds many risks for teenage girls in areas such as sub-Saharan Africa . Risks for medical complications are greater for girls aged under 15, as an underdeveloped pelvis can lead to difficulties in childbirth . Obstructed labour

1782-488: Is higher than for women in their twenties. Teenage pregnancy also affects girls' education and income potential as many are forced to drop out of school which ultimately threatens future opportunities and economic prospects. Studies have examined the socioeconomic , medical , and psychological impact of pregnancy and parenthood in teens. Life outcomes for teenage mothers and their children vary. Other factors, such as poverty or social support , may be more important than

1881-412: Is more common in rural than urban areas. In 2021, 13.3 million babies, or about 10 percent of the total worldwide, were born to mothers under 20 years old. The World Health Organization defines adolescence as the period between the ages of 10 and 19 years. The mother's age is determined by the easily verified date when the pregnancy ends , not by the estimated date of conception. Consequently,

1980-1003: Is normally dealt with by caesarean section in industrialized nations . In developing regions where medical services might be unavailable, it can lead to eclampsia , obstetric fistula , infant mortality , or maternal death . For mothers who are older than fifteen, age is not a risk factor, and poor outcomes are associated more with socioeconomic factors rather than with biology. In 2022, UNICEF noted that: 84 percent of pregnant adolescents aged 15-19 attended at least one antenatal care visit as compared to 88 percent of all women and girls aged 15-49. Fewer adolescent girls received skilled delivery care as compared to all women and girls (77 to 84 percent). Additionally, fewer adolescent girls received postnatal care for themselves as compared to all women and girls (66 percent vs 69 percent). The agency noted regional disparities, noting that in West and Central Africa, "48 percent of newborns to adolescent mothers had

2079-550: Is of particular concern among teens who are pregnant or parenting. The worldwide incidence of premature birth and low birth weight is higher among adolescent mothers. In a rural hospital in West Bengal, teenage mothers between 15 and 19 years old were more likely to have anemia, preterm delivery, and a baby with a lower birth weight than mothers between 20 and 24 years old. Research indicates that pregnant teens are less likely to receive prenatal care , often seeking it in

SECTION 20

#1732772037211

2178-552: Is often seen as a blessing because it is proof of the young woman's fertility . Countries where teenage marriages are common experience higher levels of teenage pregnancies. In the Indian subcontinent , early marriage and pregnancy is more common in traditional rural communities than in cities. Many teenagers are not taught about methods of birth control and how to deal with peers who pressure them into having sex before they are ready. Many pregnant teenagers do not have any cognition of

2277-564: Is one of the leading channels in India, dedicated entirely to Sitcoms. Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah is the longest-running sitcom of Indian television and is also known as the flagship show of SAB TV . On Tiptoes and Shabhaye Barareh were among the first and most important sitcoms that led to the growth of this type of comedy in Iran, both receiving wide critical and audience acclaim. El Chavo del Ocho , which ran from 1971 to 1980,

2376-537: Is used, but proves to be inadequate. Inexperienced adolescents may use condoms incorrectly, forget to take oral contraceptives , or fail to use the contraceptives they had previously chosen. Contraceptive failure rates are higher for teenagers, particularly poor ones, than for older users. Long-acting contraceptives such as intrauterine devices , subcutaneous contraceptive implants , and contraceptive injections (such as Depo-Provera and combined injectable contraceptive ), which prevent pregnancy for months or years at

2475-510: Is usually outside of marriage and is often associated with a social stigma . Teenage pregnancy in developing countries often occurs within marriage and approximately half are planned. However, in these societies, early pregnancy may combine with malnutrition and poor health care to cause medical problems. When used in combination, educational interventions and access to birth control can reduce unintended teenage pregnancies. In 2023, globally, about 41 females per 1,000 gave birth between

2574-430: The 1992 Los Angeles riots , with Cosby quoted in media at the time pleading for peace. During the third season, Rashad was pregnant with her daughter Condola . Rather than write this pregnancy in, the producers simply greatly reduced Rashad's scenes or filmed in such a way that her pregnancy was not noticeable. Another main cast member pregnancy, that of Bonet, almost caused the actress to be fired, especially coming in

2673-725: The Canadian Screen Award for Best Comedy Series . In 2020, the sixth and final season of Schitt's Creek was nominated for 15 Primetime Emmy Awards . This broke the record for the most Emmy nominations given to a comedy series in its final season. During the 72nd Primetime Emmy Awards , the show became the first ever comedy or drama series to sweep the four acting categories ( Outstanding Lead Actor , Outstanding Lead Actress , Outstanding Supporting Actor , Outstanding Supporting Actress for Eugene Levy , Catherine O'Hara , Dan Levy , and Annie Murphy respectively) and one of only four live action shows, along with All in

2772-753: The RTR channel. The "boom" of Russian sitcoms began only in the 2000s, when in 2004, the STS started the highly successful sitcom " My Fair Nanny " (an adaptation of the American sitcom " The Nanny "). Since that time, sitcoms in Russia have been produced by the two largest entertainment channels in the country — STS and TNT . In 2007, the STS released the first original domestic sitcom — " Daddy's Daughters " (there were only adaptations before), and in 2010, TNT released " Interns " —

2871-499: The UK found that only 11% received a salary , while the remaining 89% were unemployed . Most British teenage mothers live in poverty , with nearly half in the bottom fifth of the income distribution. Rates of teenage pregnancies are higher in societies where it is traditional for girls to marry young and where they are encouraged to bear children as soon as they are able. For example, in some sub-Saharan African countries, early pregnancy

2970-572: The United States feature sitcoms in their programming. CBS , TBS, Nickelodeon , and Disney Channel are just a few examples of networks that air sitcoms. Teenage pregnancy Teenage pregnancy , also known as adolescent pregnancy , is pregnancy in a female under the age of 20. Worldwide, pregnancy complications are the leading cause of death for women and girls 15 to 19 years old. The definition of teenage pregnancy includes those who are legally considered adults in their country. The World Health Organization defines adolescence as

3069-664: The comedy-dramas of the 1980s and 1990s. Although there have been few long-running Australian-made sitcoms, many American and British sitcoms have been successful in Australia, since sitcoms are considered a staple of the government broadcaster Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC). In the 1970s and 1980s many British sitcoms also screened on the Seven Network . By 1986, UK comedies Bless This House and Are You Being Served? had been re-screened several times by ABC Television ; they were then acquired and screened by

The Cosby Show - Misplaced Pages Continue

3168-459: The sitcom genre and NBC's ratings fortunes", while also ranking it 28th on their list of 50 Greatest Shows; with this list, Cliff Huxtable was named as the "Greatest Television Dad" in 2014. In May 1992, Entertainment Weekly stated that The Cosby Show helped to make possible a larger variety of shows with a predominantly black cast, from In Living Color to The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air . The Cosby Show spent five consecutive seasons as

3267-410: The third trimester , if at all. The Guttmacher Institute reports that one-third of pregnant teens receive insufficient prenatal care and that their children are more likely to have health issues in childhood or be hospitalized than those born to older women. In the United States, teenage Latinas who become pregnant face barriers to receiving healthcare because they are the least insured group in

3366-431: The 1990s these included: Dekh Bhai Dekh (1993), Zabaan Sambhalke (1993), Shrimaan Shrimati (1995), Office Office (2001), Ramani Vs Ramani (Tamil 2001), Amrutham (Telugu 2001–2007), Khichdi (2002), Sarabhai vs Sarabhai (2005) F.I.R. (2006–2015), Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah (2008–present), Uppum Mulakum (Malayalam 2015–present), and Bhabiji Ghar Par Hain (2015–present). SAB TV

3465-482: The 1990s, sitcoms have since expanded to animated sitcoms , with successful shows of the genre including The Simpsons , King of the Hill , and Family Guy . Critics have debated the exact definition of a sitcom, mostly regarding productions created at the turn of the 21st century. Many contemporary American sitcoms use a single-camera setup and do not feature a laugh track, instead more resembling documentaries or

3564-482: The 2010s, resulting in a decline in sitcom popularity. Nevertheless, there have been recent efforts to revive the sitcom genre. For instance, Netflix released So Not Worth It in 2021, featuring many creators from popular South Korean sitcoms. Popular South Korean sitcoms include the High Kick series, which has spawned several spin-offs. British sitcoms , like their American counterparts, often revolve around

3663-562: The 20th century. Among Norwegian women born in the early 1950s, nearly a quarter became teenage mothers by the early 1970s. The rates have steadily declined throughout the developed world since that 20th-century peak. Among those born in Norway in the late 1970s, less than 10% became teenage mothers, and rates have fallen since then. In the United States, the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act of 1996 included

3762-417: The Family , The Golden Girls , and Will & Grace where all the principal actors have won at least one Emmy Award. Sitcoms started appearing on Indian television in the 1980s, with serials like Yeh Jo Hai Zindagi (1984), Nukkad (1986), and Wagle Ki Duniya (1988) on the state-run Doordarshan channel. Gradually, as private channels were permitted to operate, many more sitcoms followed. In

3861-566: The Huxtables' home features an entirely different living room from subsequent episodes, and different color schemes in the dining room and the master bedroom. Throughout the remainder of the series, the dining room is reserved for more formal occasions. In the early 1980s, Marcy Carsey and Tom Werner , two former executives at ABC , left the network to start their own production company: Carsey-Werner . At ABC, they had overseen sitcoms such as Mork & Mindy , Three's Company , and Welcome Back, Kotter . The two partners decided that to get

3960-472: The NBC contract, as she intended to become a full-time music recording artist. Most of the story in the pilot presentation is taken from Bill Cosby's 1983 comedy film Bill Cosby: Himself . Cosby's character is called "Clifford" in the early episodes of the first season, but his name was later switched to "Heathcliff". Additionally, Vanessa refers to Theo as "Teddy" twice in the dining room scene. The interior of

4059-550: The National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy, nearly 1 in 4 teen mothers will experience another pregnancy within two years of having their first. Pregnancy and giving birth significantly increases the chance that these mothers will become high school dropouts and as many as half have to go on welfare. Many teen parents do not have the intellectual or emotional maturity that is needed to provide for another life. Often, these pregnancies are hidden for months, resulting in

The Cosby Show - Misplaced Pages Continue

4158-601: The North American copies, although season two is red rather than blue. Each Australian cover also features the tagline "In a house full of love, there is always room for more". Universal Studios Home Entertainment has released Seasons 1 to 4 in Region 2 (United Kingdom). Sitcom The structure and concept of a sitcom have roots in earlier forms of comedic theater, such as farces and comedy of manners . These forms relied on running gags to generate humor, but

4257-728: The Seven Network. In 1981, Daily at Dawn was the first Australian comedy series to feature a regular gay character (Terry Bader as journalist Leslie). In 1987, Mother and Son won the Television Drama Award for portraying a woman suffering from senile dementia and her interaction with her family, presented by the Australian Human Rights Commission . In 2007, Kath & Kim ' s first episode of series 4 attracted an Australian audience of 2.521 million nationally. This

4356-472: The US in grades 7–12 to compare the use of contraceptives among Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics . 36.2% of Hispanics said they never used contraception during intercourse, compared to 23.3% of Black teens and 17.0% of White teens who did not use contraceptives during intercourse. In a 2012 US study, over 1,000 females were surveyed to find out factors contributing to not using contraception. Of those surveyed, almost half had been involved in unprotected sex within

4455-481: The US], the high U.S. rates arise primarily because of less, and possibly less-effective, contraceptive use by sexually active teenagers." Thus, the cause for the discrepancy between rich nations can be traced largely to contraceptive-based issues. Among teens in the UK seeking an abortion, a 2007 study found that the rate of contraceptive use was roughly the same for teens as for older women. In other cases, contraception

4554-525: The United States in 1926 with the radio show Sam 'n' Henry . The subsequent success of Amos 'n' Andy , also created by Freeman Gosden and Charles Correll , solidified the sitcom's place in American radio programming. The transition to television brought about significant changes in the sitcom format. Mary Kay and Johnny , which premiered in 1947, became the first American television sitcom. Today, American sitcoms typically run for 22 minutes, allowing for approximately eight minutes of advertising within

4653-841: The United States one third of high school students reported being sexually active. In 2011–2013, 79% of females reported using birth control. Teenage pregnancy puts young women at risk for health issues, economic, social and financial issues. Being a young mother in a first world country can affect one's education . Teen mothers are more likely to drop out of high school . A 2001 study found that women who gave birth during their teens completed secondary-level schooling 10–12% as often and pursued post-secondary education 14–29% as often as women who waited until age 30. Young motherhood in an industrialized country can affect employment and social class . A 2009 study found that teenage girls who are pregnant or are mothers are seven times more likely to commit suicide than other teenagers. According to

4752-665: The age of 15 as they are less likely to be physically developed to sustain a healthy pregnancy or to give birth. For girls aged 15–19, risks are associated more with socioeconomic factors than with the biological effects of age. Risks of low birth weight , premature labor , anemia , and pre-eclampsia are not connected to biological age by the time a girl is 16, as they are not observed in births to older teens after controlling for other risk factors, such as access to high-quality prenatal care . Teenage pregnancies are related to social issues , including lower educational levels and poverty . Teenage pregnancy in developed countries

4851-433: The age of the mother at the birth. Many solutions to counteract the more negative findings have been proposed. Teenage parents who can rely on family and community support, social services and child-care support are more likely to continue their education and get higher paying jobs as they progress with their education. A holistic approach is required in order to address teenage pregnancy. This means not focusing on changing

4950-471: The ages of 15 and 19, compared with roughly 65 births per 1,000 in 2000. From 2015 to 2021, an estimated 14 percent of adolescent girls and young women globally reported giving birth before age 18. The adolescent birth rate is higher in lower- and middle-income countries (LMIC), compared to higher- income countries. In the developing world, approximately 2.5 million females aged 15 to 19 years old have children each year. Another 3.9 million have abortions . It

5049-539: The beginning of season eight. The show's portrayal of a successful, stable black family was praised by some for breaking racial stereotypes and showing another part of the African-American experience. However, it was criticized by others, including Henry Louis Gates Jr. , for allowing white audiences to think that racism and poverty were problems of the past. Phylicia Rashad claimed that when she met Nelson Mandela , he told her that he "is eternally grateful for

SECTION 50

#1732772037211

5148-589: The behaviour of girls but addressing the underlying reasons of adolescent pregnancy such as poverty, gender inequality, social pressures and coercion. This approach should include "providing age-appropriate comprehensive sexuality education for all young people, investing in girls' education, preventing child marriage , sexual violence and coercion, building gender-equitable societies by empowering girls and engaging men and boys and ensuring adolescents' access to sexual and reproductive health information as well as services that welcome them and facilitate their choices". In

5247-831: The cast and characters were predominantly African-American, the program was unusual in that issues of race were rarely mentioned when compared to other situation comedies of the time with predominantly African-American casts, such as The Jeffersons . However, The Cosby Show had African-American themes, such as the Civil rights movement , and it frequently promoted African-American culture and culture of Africa represented by artists and musicians such as Jacob Lawrence , Miles Davis , James Brown , B. B. King , Stevie Wonder , Sammy Davis Jr. , Lena Horne , Duke Ellington , Dizzy Gillespie and Miriam Makeba . The spin-off, A Different World , dealt with racial issues more often. The Cosby Show' s series finale, taped March 6, 1992, aired during

5346-429: The central facts of sexuality. Economic incentives also influence the decision to have children. In societies where children are set to work at an early age, it is economically attractive to have many children. In societies where adolescent marriage is less common, such as many developed countries, young age at first intercourse and lack of use of contraceptive methods (or their inconsistent and/or incorrect use;

5445-409: The children of teenage mothers has also been noted, with many of the children being held back a grade level, scoring lower on standardized tests, and/or failing to graduate from secondary school. Daughters born to adolescent parents are more likely to become teen mothers themselves. Sons born to teenage mothers are three times more likely to serve time in prison . Maternal and prenatal health

5544-402: The children, they have an increased probability of getting pregnant themselves. Once an older daughter has a child, parents often become more accepting as time goes by. A 2011 study in Norway found that the probability of a younger sister having a teenage pregnancy went from 1:5 to 2:5 if the elder sister had a baby as a teenager. In most countries, most males experience sexual intercourse for

5643-540: The country. Young mothers who are given high-quality maternity care have significantly healthier babies than those who do not. Many of the health-issues associated with teenage mothers appear to result from lack of access to adequate medical care. Many pregnant teens are at risk of nutritional deficiencies from poor eating habits common in adolescence, including attempts to lose weight through dieting , skipping meals , food faddism , snacking , and consumption of fast food . Inadequate nutrition during pregnancy

5742-693: The exterior façade was actually of a brownstone townhouse located in Manhattan's Greenwich Village at 10 Leroy Street/ 10 St. Luke's Place. The pilot was filmed in May 1984, with season one's production commencing that July, and the first taping on August 1 ( Goodbye Mr. Goldfish ). During its original NBC run, it was one of five successful sitcoms on the network that featured predominantly African-American casts. The others were 227 (1985–90), Amen (1986–91), Cosby Show spin-off A Different World (1987–93) and The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air (1990–96). Although

5841-531: The few series that were shown on both Nick at Nite and TV Land at the same time. The series was also available to stream on Hulu . The French version just called Cosby Show aired on M6 in 1988. In the Italian version of the show, the family name is not Huxtable but Robinson. The whole show is named I Robinson ( The Robinsons ) airing on Canale 5 & K2 from 1986 until 1993. Reruns of The Cosby Show have been pulled from several networks and venues as

5940-647: The first sitcom, filmed as a comedy (unlike dominated "conveyor" sitcoms). Sitcoms, or "시트콤" in Korean, gained significant popularity in South Korea during the 1990s. This popularity was fueled by the success of shows like Dr. Oh's People , LA Arirang , and Men and Women . The use of computer graphics (CG) in sitcoms began to increase in the late 1990s as more broadcasters adopted CG technology. This led to more visually dynamic and creative sitcoms. However, viewer preferences shifted towards dramas and thrillers in

6039-622: The first time before their 20th birthday. Males in Western developed countries have sex for the first time sooner than in undeveloped and culturally conservative countries such as sub-Saharan Africa and much of Asia. In a 2005 Kaiser Family Foundation study of US teenagers, 29% of teens reported feeling pressure to have sex, 33% of sexually active teens reported "being in a relationship where they felt things were moving too fast sexually", and 24% had "done something sexual they didn't really want to do". Several polls have indicated peer pressure as

SECTION 60

#1732772037211

6138-496: The focus from domestic or workplace settings to the world of politics. A more recent development in British comedy is the mockumentary , a style that blends documentary and comedic elements. Shows like The Office , Come Fly with Me , W1A , People Just Do Nothing , and This Country have successfully employed this format to explore a variety of topics and characters. Sitcoms, or situation comedies, made their debut in

6237-506: The following season was revamped, with the addition of director Debbie Allen (Phylicia Rashad's sister) and new characters. Denise later became a recurring character on The Cosby Show for seasons four and five, and a regular again in seasons six and seven. Emmy Award Golden Globe Awards NAACP Image Awards Peabody Award (1986) People's Choice Awards Emmy Awards Golden Globe Awards Two albums were produced that included various theme and background music from

6336-480: The likelihood of turning to the government for assistance. The correlation between earlier childbearing and failure to complete high school reduces career opportunities for many young women. One study found that, in 1988, 60% of teenage mothers were impoverished at the time of giving birth. A 2002 study found that nearly 50% of all adolescent mothers sought social assistance within the first five years of their child's life. A 1999 study of 100 teenaged mothers in

6435-522: The number-one rated show on television and, along with All in the Family , is the only sitcom in the history of the Nielsen ratings as the number-one show for five seasons, having spent the series in the top 20 ratings. It also remains the only scripted TV show with a predominantly African-American cast to top the Nielsen ratings, and to do so more than once. Its spinoff, A Different World , also became

6534-510: The objective of reducing the number of young Black and Latina single mothers on welfare, which became the foundation for teenage pregnancy prevention in the United States and the founding of the National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy, now known as Power to Decide. According to the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), "Pregnancies among girls less than 18 years of age have irreparable consequences. It violates

6633-475: The part of Sondra due to her college education and background in theater arts. However, Williams had recently been crowned the first Black Miss America and pageant officials would not permit her to play the role while she was representing the Miss America pageant. Whitney Houston was also considered for the role of Denise Huxtable, but was unable to commit to the full-time television production schedule in

6732-542: The period between the ages of 10 and 19 years. Pregnancy can occur with sexual intercourse after the start of ovulation , which can happen before the first menstrual period ( menarche ). In healthy, well-nourished girls, the first period usually takes place between the ages of 12 and 13. Pregnant teenagers face many of the same pregnancy-related issues as older women. Teenagers are more likely to experience pregnancy complications or maternal death than women aged 20 or older. There are additional concerns for those under

6831-624: The previous three months. These women gave three main reasons for not using contraceptives: trouble obtaining birth control (the most frequent reason), lack of intention to have sex, and the misconception that they "could not get pregnant". In a 2011 study for the Guttmacher Institute , researchers found that from a comparative perspective, however, teenage pregnancy rates in the US are less nuanced than one might initially assume. "Since timing and levels of sexual activity are quite similar across [Sweden, France, Canada, Great Britain, and

6930-487: The remainder of the series. In the pilot, the Huxtables have only four children. Following the pilot, the Huxtables have five children, with the addition of their eldest daughter, Sondra ( Sabrina Le Beauf ), who is mentioned in episode four and appears first in episode 11. The character was created when Bill Cosby wanted the show to express the accomplishment of successfully raising a child who had graduated from college. Bill Cosby originally wanted Vanessa Williams to play

7029-512: The rest are due to inconsistent or incorrect use. 23% of sexually active young women in a 1996 Seventeen magazine poll admitted to having had unprotected sex with a partner who did not use a condom, while 70% of girls in a 1997 PARADE poll claimed it was embarrassing to buy birth control or request information from a doctor. In 1995, the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health surveyed 1,027 students in

7128-491: The rights of girls, with life-threatening consequences in terms of sexual and reproductive health, and poses high development costs for communities, particularly in perpetuating the cycle of poverty." Health consequences include not yet being physically ready for pregnancy and childbirth leading to complications and malnutrition as the majority of adolescents tend to come from lower-income households. The risk of maternal death for girls under age 15 in low and middle income countries

7227-418: The run of the series. For season four, the theme song music was performed by musician Bobby McFerrin . Due to legal complications regarding the background mural, the opening for season seven was filmed on August 17, 1990, at Kaufman Astoria Studios in New York City , New York was replaced with the one from the previous season. The original season seven opening, with slight modifications, returned to use in

7326-494: The same time, barter syndicator The Program Exchange ceased distributing the show. Bounce TV resumed airing the series in December 2016 but pulled the show on April 26, 2018 — the day Cosby was convicted of sexual assault. TV One began airing reruns of the show in May 2017. It is the only American network to offer the series. The series is available on Amazon Prime Video and Philo . The Cosby Show ' s producers created

7425-556: The series until 1995, when it ceased operating as a regional cable superstation and became an affiliate of CBS . TBS , then a national cable superstation, carried the series for nearly a decade beginning in 1999. Fellow superstation WGN America began carrying the series shortly thereafter, and continued to until September 2010. Viacom 's Nick at Nite began airing reruns of the series in March 2002, and its sister network TV Land began airing reruns in 2004, making The Cosby Show one of

7524-461: The series was based on comedy routines in Cosby's stand-up comedy act, which in turn were based on his family life. The series was followed by a spin-off , titled A Different World , which ran from September 24, 1987 to July 9, 1993, with a total of six seasons consisting of 144 episodes . TV Guide listed the series as "TV's biggest hit in the 1980s", adding it "almost single-handedly revived

7623-566: The series, and has done so since 1997. In the United States, The Cosby Show began its television syndication run in September 1988 in broadcast syndication, shortly before the show's fifth-season premiere, and was at the time distributed by Viacom; many stations that carried the series were Big Three television networks affiliates. As time went on, this moved to lower-profile timeslots, independent station and minor network affiliates. Fort Worth, Texas –based independent station KTVT carried

7722-507: The show and its influence on Apartheid and us Black people. [The inmates in prison] watched the show while in prison." As a result of the Bill Cosby sexual assault cases , Malcolm-Jamal Warner has stated that the show's legacy is "tarnished". The Cosby Show had generated $ 2.5 billion in television revenue, including $ 1 billion from television advertisement , and $ 1.5 billion from syndication . The Cosby Show aired on Thursdays at 8:00 pm for all eight seasons. In its first season,

7821-427: The show became a ratings and commercial hit and cemented itself as an international icon of 1980s pop culture. Its effects on Black American portrayal and gender politics on television were a major part of its success. The portrayal of Clair Huxtable , the matriarch of the Huxtable family, by Phylicia Rashad sparked an international wave of working mothers on television dubbed the "Clair Huxtable effect", and Bill Cosby

7920-532: The show has earned an estimated $ 1 billion in syndication fees alone for Televisa . Gliding On , a popular sitcom in New Zealand in the early 1980s, won multiple awards during its run including Best Comedy, Best Drama and Best Direction at the Feltex Awards . The first Russian sitcom series was "Strawberry", which resembled "Duty Pharmacy" in a Spanish format. It was aired from 1996 to 1997 on

8019-413: The show sometimes involves serious subjects, like Theo's experiences dealing with dyslexia , inspired by Cosby's dyslexic son, Ennis. and teenage pregnancy when Denise's friend Veronica ( Lela Rochon ) becomes pregnant. The Cosby Show pilot episode uses the same title sequence as the rest of the first season, and is widely regarded as the first episode. However, it contains a number of differences from

8118-491: The show was the beginning of a Thursday NBC schedule that was followed by Family Ties , Cheers , Night Court , and Hill Street Blues . The Cosby Show is one of three television programs ( All in the Family and American Idol being the others) that were number one in the Nielsen ratings for five consecutive seasons. The Carsey-Werner Company handles domestic distribution, while Paramount Global's unit CBS Media Ventures handles international distribution of

8217-458: The show, prompting a pitch to rival network, NBC . Outside of his work on his cartoon series Fat Albert and the Cosby Kids , Cosby was doing little in film or television, but Carsey and Werner were fans of Cosby's stand-up comedy and thought it would be the perfect material for a family sitcom. Cosby originally proposed that the couple should both have blue-collar jobs, with the father

8316-604: The show. The albums were presented by longtime Cosby collaborator Stu Gardner . They were: In the Philippines, the show aired on GMA Network from 1985 to 1991, PTV-4 in from 1992 to 1996, and ABC-5 from 1997 to 2001 (Tagalized). In the United Kingdom it was broadcast on Channel 4 . All eight seasons of The Cosby Show have been released on DVD in Region 1 . Seasons one and two were released by UrbanWorks which

8415-440: The statistics do not include pregnancies that began at age 19, but that ended on or after the woman's 20th birthday. Similarly, statistics on the mother's marital status are determined by whether she is married at the end of the pregnancy, not at the time of conception. Teenage pregnancy, with conceptions normally involving girls between ages 16 and 19, was far more normal in previous centuries, and common in developed countries in

8514-650: The strongest evidence linking them to teenage pregnancy are alcohol , cannabis , "ecstasy" and other substituted amphetamines . The drugs with the least evidence to support a link to early pregnancy are opioids , such as heroin , morphine , and oxycodone , of which a well-known effect is the significant reduction of libido – it appears that teenage opioid users have significantly reduced rates of conception compared to their peers who do not use opioids, and peers who do use alcohol , "ecstasy" , cannabis, and amphetamine . Girls who mature early (precocious puberty) are more likely to engage in sexual intercourse at

8613-434: The term "sitcom" emerged as radio and TV adapted these principles into a new medium. The word was not commonly used until the 1950s. Early television sitcoms were often filmed in front of a live studio audience using a multiple-camera setup , the latter of which continues in some modern productions such as The Big Bang Theory and Fuller House . Other formats make use of a laugh track or "canned laughter". Since

8712-647: The use of a method with a high failure rate is also a problem) may be factors in teen pregnancy. Most teenage pregnancies in the developed world appear to be unplanned. Many Western countries have instituted sex education programs, the main objective of which is to reduce unplanned pregnancies and STIs . Countries with low levels of teenagers giving birth accept sexual relationships among teenagers and provide comprehensive and balanced information about sexuality. Teenage pregnancies are common among Romani people because they marry earlier. Teen pregnancy and motherhood can influence younger siblings. One study found that

8811-503: The wake of appearing in the film Angel Heart , which contained explicit sexual scenes with actor Mickey Rourke . Cosby strongly disapproved of Bonet's role, but allowed her to continue on World until returning to Cosby after her pregnancy. Tensions remained, however, and Bonet was eventually fired in April 1991. The show's theme music, "Kiss Me", was composed by Stu Gardner and Bill Cosby. Seven versions of this theme were used during

8910-412: The younger sisters of teen mothers were less likely to emphasize the importance of education and employment and more likely to accept human sexual behavior , parenting , and marriage at younger ages. Younger brothers, too, were found to be more tolerant of non-marital and early births, in addition to being more susceptible to high-risk behaviors . If the younger sisters of teenage parents babysit

9009-474: Was announced that Mill Creek Entertainment had acquired the rights to the series. They have subsequently re released all eight seasons on DVD. On September 1, 2015, Mill Creek released a sixteen disc complete series set entitled The Cosby Show – The Complete Series . In Region 4, Magna Pacific has released all eight seasons on DVD in Australia and New Zealand . The first two seasons have similar artwork to

9108-927: Was criticized by several social commentators as inappropriately disrespectful to the office of the Prime Minister. The show nevertheless proved very popular with both television audiences and critics, becoming the most-watched Australian scripted comedy series of 2011. It was nominated at the 2012 Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts Awards for Best Television Comedy Series. Although there have been several notable exceptions, relatively few Canadian sitcoms attained notable success in Canada or internationally. Canadian television has had much greater success with sketch comedy and dramedy series. The popular show King of Kensington aired from 1975 to 1980, at its peak garnering an average of 1.5 to 1.8 million viewers weekly. The 1999 movie Trailer Park Boys

9207-549: Was established to achieve this. The pregnancy rate in this group, although falling, rose slightly in 2007, to 41.7 per 1,000 women. Young women often think of contraception either as 'the pill' or condoms and have little knowledge about other methods. They are heavily influenced by negative, second-hand stories about methods of contraception from their friends and the media. Prejudices are extremely difficult to overcome. Over concern about side-effects, for example weight gain and acne , often affect choice. Missing up to three pills

9306-654: Was filmed at 10 St. Luke's Place near 7th Avenue in Manhattan 's Greenwich Village (although in the show, the residence was the fictional "10 Stigwood Avenue"). Early episodes were videotaped at NBC's Brooklyn studios (subsequently JC Studios ). The network later sold that building, and production moved to the Kaufman Astoria Studios in Queens . Even though the show was set to take place in Brooklyn,

9405-530: Was followed up by a television series of the same name that ran from 2001 to 2018, airing in Canada, the U.S., and the U.K. Corner Gas , which ran for six seasons from 2004 to 2009, became an instant hit, averaging one million viewers per episode. It has been the recipient of six Gemini Awards and has been nominated almost 70 times for various awards. Other noteworthy recent sitcoms have included: Call Me Fitz , Schitt's Creek , Letterkenny , and Kim's Convenience , all of which have been winners of

9504-462: Was nicknamed "America's Dad" for his highly celebrated portrayal of Cliff Huxtable. The colourful sweaters he wore as Cliff became a fashion trend for a time which was temporarily revived in the early 2010s. Another sitcom starring Cosby and Rashad, Cosby , aired on CBS from 1996 to 2000, notable for its differences to The Cosby Show , garnering positive reviews. Since 2014, reruns of The Cosby Show have been pulled from several networks and venues as

9603-659: Was subsequently acquired by First Look Studios , who then released the remaining six seasons. Seasons One and Two contain special features, including the ninety minute retrospective documentary entitled The Cosby Show: A Look Back , which aired on NBC in May 2002. It contains interviews with cast members, bloopers, deleted scenes and audition footage. In December 2010, First Look Studios filed bankruptcy, and all its assets were subsequently acquired by Millennium Entertainment , who also took over distribution of The Cosby Show DVD releases. As of 2013, these releases have been discontinued, and are now out of print. On November 5, 2013, it

9702-559: Was the highest rating for a first episode in the history of Australian television, until the series premiere of Underbelly: A Tale of Two Cities in 2009, which garnered 2.58 million viewers. In 2013, Please Like Me received an invitation to screen at the Series Mania Television Festival in Paris, was praised by critics, and earned numerous awards and nominations. Also in 2013, At Home with Julia

9801-546: Was the most-watched show on Mexican television and had a Latin-American audience of 350 million viewers per episode at its popularity peak during the mid-1970s. The show continues to be popular in Central America as well as in Colombia, Venezuela, Brazil, Spain, the United States, and other countries. Syndicated episodes average 91 million daily viewers in all its American markets. Since it ceased production in 1992,

#210789