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62-407: Leonora Blanche Alleyne (1851–1933) was an English author , editor , and translator . Known to her family and friends as Nora, she assumed editorial control of the series in the 1890s, while her husband, Andrew Lang (1844–1912), a Scots poet , novelist , and literary critic , edited the series and wrote prefaces for its entire run. According to Anita Silvey , "The irony of Lang's life and work

124-403: A sculptor , painter , or composer , is an author of their respective sculptures, paintings, or compositions, even though in common parlance, an author is often thought of as the writer of a book , article , play , or other written work . In the case of a work for hire , the employer or commissioning party is considered the author of the work, even if they did not write or otherwise create

186-644: A work for hire (e.g., hired to write a city tour guide by a municipal government that totally owns the copyright to the finished work), or when writing material using intellectual property owned by others (such as when writing a novel or screenplay that is a new installment in an already established media franchise). In the United States, the Copyright Clause of the Constitution of the United States ( Article I, Section 8, Clause 8 ) provides

248-431: A certain number of copies had sold. In Canada, this practice occurred during the 1890s, but was not commonplace until the 1920s. Established and successful authors may receive advance payments, set against future royalties, but this is no longer common practice. Most independent publishers pay royalties as a percentage of net receipts – how net receipts are calculated varies from publisher to publisher. Under this arrangement,

310-427: A different way: usually a set fee or a per word rate rather than on a percentage of sales. In the year 2016, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, nearly 130,000 people worked in the country as authors, making an average of $ 61,240 per year. Primula#Garden hybrids and cultivars 528; see text Primula ( / ˈ p r ɪ m j ʊ l ə / ) is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in

372-481: A first printing of 10,000 copies. Sources include French , Russian , Danish , and Romanian tales as well as Norse mythology . [REDACTED] Media related to The Red Fairy Book at Wikimedia Commons Contains 153 poems by great British and American poets. In his Preface to this volume, Lang expressed the view that it would be "probably the last" of the collection. Their continuing popularity, however, demanded subsequent collections. In The Green Fairy Book,

434-588: A government scheme such as the ELR (educational lending right) and PLR (public lending right) schemes in Australia. Under these schemes, authors are paid a fee for the number of copies of their books in educational and/or public libraries. These days, many authors supplement their income from book sales with public speaking engagements, school visits, residencies, grants, and teaching positions. Ghostwriters , technical writers, and textbooks writers are typically paid in

496-543: A preface to The Lilac Fairy Book (1910), "The fairy books have been almost wholly the work of Mrs. Lang, who has translated and adapted them from the French, German, Portuguese, Italian, Spanish, Catalan, and other languages." The 12 Coloured Fairy Books were illustrated by Henry Justice Ford , with credit for the first two volumes shared by G. P. Jacomb-Hood and Lancelot Speed , respectively. A. Wallis Mills also contributed some illustrations. The best-known volumes of

558-399: A range of habitats from alpine slopes to boggy meadows. Plants bloom mostly during the spring, with flowers often appearing in spherical umbels on stout stems arising from basal rosettes of leaves; their flowers can be purple, yellow, red, pink, blue, or white. Some species show a white mealy bloom (farina) on various parts of the plant. Many species are adapted to alpine climates . Primula

620-410: A variety of subjects, including ghost stories, Native American legends, true stories, and tales from Washington Irving . Author This is an accepted version of this page In legal discourse, an author is the creator of an original work that has been published, whether that work is in written, graphic, or recorded medium. The creation of such a work is an act of authorship . Thus,

682-473: A variety of subjects, including true stories, Greek myths , and stories from Alexandre Dumas , Walter Scott and Edgar Allan Poe . Published by Longmans as written by "Mrs. Lang"; illustrated by H. J. Ford ( LCCN   12-24314 ). Contains 23 stories about saints . Most of these are true stories, although a few legends are also included. Published after Andrew Lang's death, with an introduction by Leonora Blanche Lang. Contains thirty-four stories on

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744-568: A wide range of tales, with seven from the Brothers Grimm, five from Madame d'Aulnoy, three from the Arabian Nights , and four Norwegian fairytales , among other sources. The Blue Fairy Book was the first volume in the series, and so it contains some of the best known tales, taken from a variety of sources. [REDACTED] Media related to Blue Fairy Book at Wikimedia Commons The Red Fairy Book appeared at Christmas 1890 in

806-416: A work does not have to be sought in the one who produced it, "as if it were always in the end, through the more or less transparent allegory of the fiction, the voice of a single person, the author 'confiding' in us." The psyche, culture, fanaticism of an author can be disregarded when interpreting a text, because the words are rich enough themselves with all of the traditions of language. To expose meanings in

868-587: A work of 'authorship' a work must be created by a human being". More recently, questions have arisen as to whether images or text created by a generative artificial intelligence have an author. Holding the title of "author" over any "literary, dramatic, musical, artistic, [or] certain other intellectual works" gives rights to this person, the owner of the copyright, especially the exclusive right to engage in or authorize any production or distribution of their work. Any person or entity wishing to use intellectual property held under copyright must receive permission from

930-448: A written work and producing the interpretation or meaning in a written work that both Barthes and Foucault are interested in. Foucault warns of the risks of keeping the author's name in mind during interpretation, because it could affect the value and meaning with which one handles an interpretation. Literary critics Barthes and Foucault suggest that readers should not rely on or look for the notion of one overarching voice when interpreting

992-436: A written work without appealing to the celebrity of an author, their tastes, passions, vices, is, to Barthes, to allow language to speak, rather than author. Michel Foucault argues in his essay "What is an author?" (1969) that all authors are writers, but not all writers are authors. He states that "a private letter may have a signatory—it does not have an author." For a reader to assign the title of author upon any written work

1054-537: A written work, because of the complications inherent with a writer's title of "author." They warn of the dangers interpretations could suffer from when associating the subject of inherently meaningful words and language with the personality of one authorial voice. Instead, readers should allow a text to be interpreted in terms of the language as "author." Self-publishing is a model where the author takes full responsibility and control of arranging financing, editing, printing, and distribution of their own work. In other words,

1116-556: Is found in the humid and moderate climate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, predominantly in the forest belt, plain meadows, Alpine lawns, and nival and meadow tundras . Primulas are used as a food plant by the Duke of Burgundy butterfly . Primula species have been extensively cultivated and hybridised , mainly derived from P. elatior , P. juliae , P. veris and P. vulgaris . Polyanthus ( Primula × polyantha )

1178-659: Is listed only as "from the Russo-Karelian ". Lang repeatedly explained in the prefaces that the tales which he told were all old and not his, and that he found new fairy tales no match for them: But the three hundred and sixty-five authors who try to write new fairy tales are very tiresome. They always begin with a little boy or girl who goes out and meets the fairies of polyanthuses and gardenias and apple blossoms: "Flowers and fruits, and other winged things". These fairies try to be funny, and fail; or they try to preach, and succeed. Real fairies never preach or talk slang. At

1240-399: Is not one of harmony and neutrality. In particular for the writer, their authorship in their work makes their work part of their identity, and there is much at stake personally over the negotiation of authority over that identity. However, it is the editor who has "the power to impose the dominant definition of the writer and therefore to delimit the population of those entitled to take part in

1302-471: Is one such group of plants, which has produced a large variety of strains in all colours, usually grown as annuals or biennials and available as seeds or young plants. Another huge range of cultivars, known as auriculas, are derived from crosses between P. auricula and P. hirsuta (among others). Specialist nurseries and auricula societies support the growing and showing of these choice strains. The following hybrid varieties and cultivars have gained

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1364-634: Is that although he wrote for a profession—literary criticism; fiction; poems; books and articles on anthropology , mythology , history, and travel ... he is best recognized for the works he did not write." The authorship and translation of the Coloured Fairy Books is often and incorrectly attributed to Andrew Lang alone. Nora is not named on the front cover or spines of any of the Coloured Fairy Books, which all tout Andrew as their editor. However, as Andrew acknowledges in

1426-418: Is to attribute certain standards upon the text which, for Foucault, are working in conjunction with the idea of "the author function." Foucault's author function is the idea that an author exists only as a function of a written work, a part of its structure, but not necessarily part of the interpretive process. The author's name "indicates the status of the discourse within a society and culture," and at one time

1488-592: The Arabian Nights , adapted for children. The story of Aladdin is in this volume as well as in the Blue Fairy Book . Contains 46 stories about real and mythical animals. Some of them are simple accounts of how animals live in the wild. Others are stories about pets, or remarkable wild animals, or about hunting expeditions. Thirty-five stories, many from oral traditions, and others from French, German and Italian collections. Romania, Japan, Serbia , Lithuania , Africa, Portugal, and Russia are among

1550-769: The Baltic , and elsewhere. The Brown Fairy Book contains stories from the American Indians , Australian Bushmen and African Sothos , and from Persia , Lapland , Brazil , and India . [REDACTED] Media related to Brown Fairy Book at Wikimedia Commons Contains 29 stories from various medieval and Renaissance romances of chivalry, adapted for children. Includes stories about Don Quixote , Charlemagne, Bevis of Hampton and Guy of Warwick . Includes 33 tales from Jutland, Rhodesia, Uganda, and various other European traditions. The Olive Fairy Book includes unusual stories from Turkey , India, Denmark, Armenia ,

1612-591: The United States (title 17, U.S. Code) to authors of 'original works of authorship. ' " Some works are considered to be authorless. For example, the monkey selfie copyright dispute in the 2010s involved photographs taken by Celebes crested macaques using equipment belonging to a nature photographer. The photographer asserted authorship of the photographs, which the United States Copyright Office denied, stating: "To qualify as

1674-435: The family Primulaceae . They include the primrose ( P. vulgaris ), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are P. auricula (auricula), P. veris (cowslip), and P. elatior (oxlip). These species and many others are valued for their ornamental flowers . They have been extensively cultivated and hybridised (in the case of the primrose, for many hundreds of years). Primula are native to

1736-468: The taxonomic classification of Primula. Primula is a member of the Primulaceae family . The most complete treatment of the family, with nearly 1000 species arranged into 22 genera, was by Pax and Knuth in 1905. Primula is the largest genus in the family Primulaceae , within which it is placed in the subfamily Primuloideae , being the nominative genus. The position of Primula within

1798-515: The temperate Northern Hemisphere , south into tropical mountains in Ethiopia , Indonesia , and New Guinea , and in temperate southern South America . Almost half of the known species are from the Himalayas . Primula has over 500 species in traditional treatments, and more if certain related genera are included within its circumscription . Primula is a complex and varied genus, with

1860-517: The Congress with the power of "securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries". The language regarding authors was derived from proposals by Charles Pinckney , "to secure to authors exclusive rights for a limited time", and by James Madison , "to secure to literary authors their copyrights for a limited time", or, in the alternative, "to encourage, by proper premiums & Provisions,

1922-941: The Sudan, and the pen of Anatole France . [REDACTED] Media related to The Olive Fairy Book (Andrew Lang) at Wikimedia Commons Published by Longmans as written by "Mrs. Lang"; illustrated by H. J. Ford ( LCCN   08-28404 ). Contains 14 stories about the childhoods of European monarchs, including Napoleon , Elizabeth I , and Frederick the Great . Published by Longmans as written by "Mrs. Lang"; illustrated by H. J. Ford ( LCCN   09-17962 ). Contains 12 true stories about role models for children, including Hannibal , Florence Nightingale , and Saint Thomas More . The Lilac Fairy Book contains stories from Portugal, Ireland , Wales , and points East and West. Published by Longmans as written by "Mrs. Lang"; illustrated by H. J. Ford.( LCCN   11-27934 ). Contains 30 stories on

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1984-614: The advancement of useful knowledge and discoveries". Both proposals were referred to the Committee of Detail , which reported back a proposal containing the final language, which was incorporated into the Constitution by unanimous agreement of the convention. In literary theory, critics find complications in the term author beyond what constitutes authorship in a legal setting. In the wake of postmodern literature , critics such as Roland Barthes and Michel Foucault have examined

2046-407: The author also acts as the publisher of their work. With commissioned publishing, the publisher makes all the publication arrangements and the author covers all expenses. The author of a work may receive a percentage calculated on a wholesale or a specific price or a fixed amount on each book sold. Publishers, at times, reduced the risk of this type of arrangement, by agreeing only to pay this after

2108-410: The author does not pay anything towards the expense of publication. The costs and financial risk are all carried by the publisher, who will then take the greatest percentage of the receipts. See Compensation for more. Vanity publishers normally charge a flat fee for arranging publication, offer a platform for selling, and then take a percentage of the sale of every copy of a book. The author receives

2170-421: The book sales are not the publishers' main source of income, but instead the fees that the authors are charged to initially produce the book are. Because of this, the vanity publishers need not invest in making books marketable as much as other publishers need to. This leads to low quality books being introduced to the market. The relationship between the author and the editor , often the author's only liaison to

2232-413: The collections of Kate Douglas Wiggin and Nora Archibald Smith . Some of Lang's collected stories were included without any attribution at all (e.g., " The Blue Mountains "), and the rest are listed with brief notes. The sources can be tracked down when given as " Grimm " or " Madame d'Aulnoy " or attributed to a specific collection, but other notes are less helpful. For instance, " The Wonderful Birch "

2294-480: The copyright holder to use this work, and often will be asked to pay for the use of copyrighted material. The copyrights on intellectual work expire after a certain time. It enters the public domain , where it can be used without limit. Copyright laws in many jurisdictions – mostly following the lead of the United States, in which the entertainment and publishing industries have very strong lobbying power – have been amended repeatedly since their inception, to extend

2356-873: The eastern Himalayan mountain chain and western China ( Yunnan Province ), constituting a centre of diversity . Other centres of diversity are a western Asian centre ( Caucasus , European mountain ranges from the Pyrenees , through the Alps to the Carpathian Mountains ), mountains of East Asia and those of western North America. Primula is found in mountainous or higher latitude zones of North America, Europe, and Asia, with extension into South America, Africa (mountains of Ethiopia) and tropical Asia (islands of Java and Sumatra). About 25 species occur in North America (represented in five sections). Primula

2418-408: The end, the little boy or girl wakes up and finds that he has been dreaming. Such are the new fairy stories. May we be preserved from all the sort of them! The collections were specifically intended for children and were bowdlerised , as Lang explained in his prefaces. J. R. R. Tolkien stated in his essay " On Fairy-Stories " (1939) that he appreciated the collections but objected to his editing

2480-511: The family and its relationship to other genera is shown in this cladogram : Maesa Clavija Samolus Primula Lysimachia Myrsine The genus Dodecatheon originated from within Primula , its species are now included in Primula . The classification of the genus Primula has been investigated by botanists for over a century. As the genus is both large and diverse (with about 430–500 species), botanists have organized

2542-437: The focus from the reader-audience and putting a strain on the relationship between authors and editors and on writing as a social act. Even the book review by the editors has more significance than the readership's reception. Authors rely on advance fees, royalty payments, adaptation of work to a screenplay, and fees collected from giving speeches. A standard contract for an author will usually include provision for payment in

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2604-488: The form of an advance and royalties. Usually, an author's book must earn the advance before any further royalties are paid. For example, if an author is paid a modest advance of $ 2000, and their royalty rate is 10% of a book priced at $ 20 – that is, $ 2 per book – the book will need to sell 1000 copies before any further payment will be made. Publishers typically withhold payment of a percentage of royalties earned against returns. In some countries, authors also earn income from

2666-529: The length of this fixed period where the work is exclusively controlled by the copyright holder. Technically, someone owns their work from the time it's created. A notable aspect of authorship emerges with copyright in that, in many jurisdictions, it can be passed down to another, upon one's death. The person who inherits the copyright is not the author, but has access to the same legal benefits. Intellectual property laws are complex. Works of fiction involve trademark law , likeness rights , fair use rights held by

2728-479: The process of its production. Every line of written text is a mere reflection of references from any of a multitude of traditions, or, as Barthes puts it, "the text is a tissue of quotations drawn from the innumerable centers of culture"; it is never original. With this, the perspective of the author is removed from the text, and the limits formerly imposed by the idea of one authorial voice, one ultimate and universal meaning, are destroyed. The explanation and meaning of

2790-590: The public (including the right to parody or satirize ), and many other interacting complications. Authors may portion out the different rights that they hold to different parties at different times, and for different purposes or uses, such as the right to adapt a plot into a film, television series, or video game. If another party chooses to adapt the work, they may have to alter plot elements or character names in order to avoid infringing previous adaptations. An author may also not have rights when working under contract that they would otherwise have, such as when creating

2852-498: The publishing company, is typically characterized as the site of tension. For the author to reach their audience, often through publication, the work usually must attract the attention of the editor. The idea of the author as the sole meaning-maker of necessity changes to include the influences of the editor and the publisher to engage the audience in writing as a social act. There are three principal kinds of editing: Pierre Bourdieu 's essay "The Field of Cultural Production" depicts

2914-405: The publishing industry as a "space of literary or artistic position-takings," also called the "field of struggles," which is defined by the tension and movement inherent among the various positions in the field. Bourdieu claims that the "field of position-takings [...] is not the product of coherence-seeking intention or objective consensus," meaning that an industry characterized by position-takings

2976-415: The rest of the money made. Most materials published this way are for niche groups and not for large audiences. Vanity publishing, or subsidy publishing, is stigmatized in the professional world. In 1983, Bill Henderson defined vanity publishers as people who would "publish anything for which an author will pay, usually at a loss for the author and a nice profit for the publisher." In subsidy publishing,

3038-465: The role and relevance of authorship to the meaning or interpretation of a literary text. Barthes challenges the idea that a text can be attributed to any single author. He writes, in his essay "Death of the Author" (1968), that "it is language which speaks, not the author." The words and language of a text itself determine and expose meaning for Barthes, and not someone possessing legal responsibility for

3100-507: The series are the 12 Fairy Books , each of which is distinguished by its own color. The Langs did not collect any fairy tales from oral primary sources , yet only they and Madame d'Aulnoy (1651–1705) have collected tales from such a large variety of sources. These collections have been immensely influential; the Langs gave many of the tales their first appearance in English. Andrew selected

3162-689: The sources of these 35 stories that tell of a haunted forest, chests of gold coins, a magical dog, and a man who outwits a dragon. [REDACTED] Media related to The Violet Fairy Book at Wikimedia Commons Contains nineteen stories from various medieval and Renaissance romances of chivalry , adapted for children. Includes stories about King Arthur , Charlemagne , William of Orange , and Robin Hood . [REDACTED] Media related to The book of romance (1902) at Wikimedia Commons These 36 stories originated in Hungary, Russia, Finland , Iceland, Tunisia,

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3224-511: The species in various sub-generic groups. The most common is division into a series of thirty sections. Some of these sections (e.g. Vernales , Auricula ) contain many species; others contain only one. Species include: The word primula is the Latin feminine diminutive of primus , meaning first (prime), applied to flowers that are among the first to open in spring. Although there are over 400 species of Primula , about 75% are found in

3286-638: The stories for children. He also criticized Lang for including stories without magical elements in them, with " The Heart of a Monkey " given as an example, where the monkey merely claims (falsely) that his heart is outside his body, unlike " The Giant Who Had No Heart in His Body " or other similar stories, where the villain really does keep his heart in some safer location than his chest. However, many fairy tale collectors include tales with no strictly marvelous elements. The first edition consisted of 5,000 copies, which sold for 6 shillings each. The book assembled

3348-459: The struggle to define the writer". As "cultural investors," publishers rely on the editor position to identify a good investment in "cultural capital" which may grow to yield economic capital across all positions. According to the studies of James Curran, the system of shared values among editors in Britain has generated a pressure among authors to write to fit the editors' expectations, removing

3410-506: The tales for the first four books, while Nora took over the series thereafter. She and other translators did a large portion of the translating and retelling of the actual stories. Lang's urge to gather and publish fairy tales was rooted in his own experience with the folk and fairy tales of his home territory along the Anglo-Scottish border . British fairy tale collections were rare at the time; Dinah Craik 's The Fairy Book (1869)

3472-423: The third in the series, Lang has assembled stories from Spanish and Chinese traditions. [REDACTED] Media related to Green Fairy Book at Wikimedia Commons Contains 24 true stories, mainly drawn from European history. [REDACTED] Media related to The true story book (1893) at Wikimedia Commons Its initial printing was 15,000 copies. The Yellow Fairy Book is a collection of tales from all over

3534-409: The work, but merely instructed another individual to do so. Typically, the first owner of a copyright is the person who created the work, i.e. the author. If more than one person created the work, then a case of joint authorship takes place. Copyright laws differ around the world. The United States Copyright Office , for example, defines copyright as "a form of protection provided by the laws of

3596-754: The world. It features many tales from Hans Christian Andersen . [REDACTED] Media related to The yellow fairy book (1906) at Wikimedia Commons Contains 30 true stories, mainly drawn from European history. Includes the life of Joan of Arc and the Jacobite uprising of 1745 . Contains 65 stories about animals. Some of them are simple accounts of how animals live in the wild. Others are stories about pets, or remarkable wild animals, or about hunting expeditions. Many are taken from Alexandre Dumas . Forty-one Japanese , Scandinavian , and Sicilian tales. [REDACTED] Media related to The pink fairy book (1897) at Wikimedia Commons Contains 34 stories from

3658-418: Was a lonely precedent. According to Roger Lancelyn Green, Lang "was fighting against the critics and educationists of the day" who judged the traditional tales' "unreality, brutality, and escapism to be harmful for young readers, while holding that such stories were beneath the serious consideration of those of mature age". Over a generation, Lang's books worked a revolution in this public perception. The series

3720-644: Was immensely popular, helped by Lang's reputation as a folklorist and by the packaging device of the uniform books. The series proved of great influence in children's literature, increasing the popularity of fairy tales over tales of real life. It inspired such imitators as English Fairy Tales (1890) and More English Fairy Tales (1894) by Joseph Jacobs . Other followers included the American The Oak-Tree Fairy Book (1905), The Elm-Tree Fairy Book (1909), and The Fir-Tree Fairy Book (1912) series edited by Clifton Johnson (author) , and

3782-470: Was known at least as early as the mediaeval herbalists , although first formally described as a genus by Linnaeus in 1753, and later in 1754 in his Flora Anglica . Linnaeus described seven species of Primula . One of its earliest scientific treatments was that of Charles Darwin study of heterostyly in 1877 ( The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species ). Since then, heterostyly (and homostyly) have remained important considerations in

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3844-403: Was used as an anchor for interpreting a text, a practice which Barthes would argue is not a particularly relevant or valid endeavor. Expanding upon Foucault's position, Alexander Nehamas writes that Foucault suggests "an author [...] is whoever can be understood to have produced a particular text as we interpret it," not necessarily who penned the text. It is this distinction between producing

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