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53-572: The journal was established by George Fife Angas with the aim of encouraging people to immigrate to South Australia. It was published every Tuesday afternoon, cost sixpence and was distributed in London, in the new Province of South Australia , other Australian settlements, as well as in British India and Europe. The proceedings of the Aborigines' Protection Society were published within

106-690: A non-conformist religious household, and as a religious person became a secretary of the Newcastle Sunday School Union , founded in 1815 to educate poor children in Newcastle and Gateshead . On two occasions after the repeal of the Test Act and the Corporation Act in 1828, which barred non-conformists from public office, Angas was asked to stand for Parliament, but declined partly due to reasons of poor health. He had

159-553: A British colony rather than a French colony, Angas was offered a knighthood and a then baronetcy , but he declined both. Angas was also a leading figure in attempting to establish and secure proper treatment of the Aboriginal people of South Australia . "Mr Angas set before himself the model of William Penn and his treaty with the North American Indians for establishing friendly and equitable relations with

212-621: A basis for study of the Kaurna language , was the wordlist created by Deputy Storekeeper and later brewer, William Williams , containing 377 words, including some local place names. This was published on 14 July 1840, after having been published in the Southern Australian in the previous year. After its demise, the journal was succeeded by the less costly and longer-running South Australian News in 1841. George Fife Angas George Fife Angas (1 May 1789 – 15 May 1879)

265-651: A difficult financial situation the next year. Angas had borrowed heavily and was forced to sell his interests in the Union Bank and other companies. News came that the British government had dishonoured drafts drawn by the Governor, George Gawler and that the colony was in danger of ruin. Angas appealed to the government, his efforts resulting in a loan to the colony and payment of the dishonoured drafts. In 1842 Angas lectured extensively on South Australia and wrote

318-694: A favorable report to Angas, who then sought to have the South Australian Company meet the cost of the transport for the whole congregation from Hamburg to South Australia. This request was declined, and so Angas made a loan to this group of emigrants, by meeting the cost of securing vessels himself. In 1838 Angas chartered four ships on their behalf; Prince George , Bengalee , Zebra , and Catharina . This loan, along with another Angas had made to his chief clerk Charles Flaxman, (who invested in land in South Australia), put Angas in

371-923: A high percentage of persons of African descent as was found in most of the rest of the Caribbean. From the 17th through the 19th century, the European colonial territories of the West Indies were the French West Indies , British West Indies , the Danish West Indies , the Netherlands Antilles (Dutch West Indies), and the Spanish West Indies . In 1916, Denmark sold the Danish West Indies to

424-632: A member of the Legislative Council for the Barossa district and turned his attention towards education and other public interests. Being kept busy improved his health, and he was able to pay off his debts in short order. Angas bought Merino sheep and cattle, employing out-of work migrants on his property. He returned to England from 1857 to September 1859 to settle matters in his father's estate . He continued parliamentary work and lobbied against South Australia being given responsibility for

477-503: A pamphlet, "Facts Illustrative of South Australia", which was widely distributed. Gawler, who had been recalled to England, suggested that Angas should settle in South Australia. In early 1843, his finances still troubled, he sent out his 19-year-old son John Howard Angas to supervise his land and recover the family fortunes. Angas was unable to sell his northern England properties until 1850 but some repayments had come in from

530-470: A serious illness at 87 and died on 15 May 1879 at 90 years of age. He was survived by three sons, notably John Howard Angas and George French Angas , and three daughters. Angas' financial contribution of some £40,000 was instrumental to the creation of South Australia. West Indies The West Indies is a subregion of North America , surrounded by the North Atlantic Ocean and

583-427: A single, independent nation. The Federation had limited powers, numerous practical problems, and a lack of popular support; consequently, it was dissolved by the British in 1963, with nine provinces eventually becoming independent sovereign states and four becoming current British Overseas Territories . "West Indies" or "West India" was a part of the names of several companies of the 17th and 18th centuries, including

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636-720: A talent for banking, and played a large part in the founding of the National Provincial Bank of England in 1833, (which exists today after several mergers as NatWest ), sitting as a director on its first board, the Union Bank of Australia (in 1836) and the South Australian Banking Company (in 1840). In 1835, he held shares in the British American Land Company . Angas had become relatively wealthy and

689-869: Is a volcanic island arc rising along the leading edge of the Caribbean Plate due to the subduction of the Atlantic seafloor of the North American and South American plates . Major islands of the Lesser Antilles likely emerged less than 20 Ma, during the Miocene . The volcanic activity that formed these islands began in the Paleogene, after a period of volcanism in the Greater Antilles ended, and continues today. The main arc of

742-716: Is estimated that nearly 70% of Cuba consists of karst limestone . The Blue Mountains of Jamaica are a granite outcrop rising over 2,000 meters (6000'), while the rest of the island to the west consists mainly of karst limestone. Much of Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands were formed by the collision of the Caribbean Plate with the North American Plate and consist of 12 island arc terranes . These terranes consist of oceanic crust , volcanic and plutonic rock . The Lesser Antilles

795-637: Is geologically the oldest of the three archipelagos and includes both the largest islands ( Cuba , Jamaica , Hispaniola , and Puerto Rico ) and the tallest mountains ( Pico Duarte , Blue Mountain , Pic la Selle , Pico Turquino ) in the Caribbean. The islands of the Greater Antilles are composed of strata of different geological ages including Precambrian fragmented remains of the North American Plate (older than 539 million years), Jurassic aged limestone (201.3-145 million years ago), as well as island arc deposits and oceanic crust from

848-687: The Adelaide Observer , and later bought and edited the South Australian Register . The South Australian Colonist was published from Volume 1, No. 1 (Tuesday, 10 March 1840) to Volume 1, No. 29 (Tuesday, 22 September 1840). Originally published by William Cecil Huttmann, the whole run has been digitised as PDF files under the Australian Cooperative Digitisation Project. A notable article, subsequently used by linguists as

901-674: The Benevolent Society of Coachbuilders in Newcastle in 1807 "to provide for sick members and others requiring relief, and promote habits of economy and temperance". In 1808, he went to London to gain further experience and returned to Newcastle in 1809 where he worked as a supervisor for his father's business. On 8 April 1812, in Hutton, Essex , he married Rosetta French (1793–1867), daughter of John French (1761–1829), "Gentleman of Hutton, Essex", and Rosetta French née Rayner (1756–1836). They had three sons and four daughters. Over

954-791: The Caribbean Sea , which comprises 13 independent island countries and 19 dependencies in three archipelagos : the Greater Antilles , the Lesser Antilles , and the Lucayan Archipelago . The subregion includes all the islands in the Antilles , in addition to The Bahamas and the Turks and Caicos Islands , which are in the North Atlantic Ocean . The term is often interchangeable with "Caribbean", although

1007-800: The Classical Latin India , a reference to the territories in South Asia adjacent and east to the Indus River . India itself derived successively from Hellenistic Greek India ( Ἰνδία ), ancient Greek Indos ( Ἰνδός ), Old Persian Hindush (an eastern province of the Achaemenid Empire ), and ultimately its cognate , the Sanskrit Sindhu , or "river", specifically the Indus River and its well-settled southern basin. The ancient Greeks referred to

1060-741: The Cretaceous (145-66 million years ago). The Greater Antilles originated near the Isthmian region of present-day Central America in the Late Cretaceous (commonly referred to as the Proto-Antilles), then drifted eastward arriving in their current location when colliding with the Bahama Platform of the North American Plate ca. 56 million years ago in the late Paleocene . This collision caused subduction and volcanism in

1113-952: The Danish West India Company , the Dutch West India Company , the French West India Company , and the Swedish West India Company . West Indian is the official term used by the U.S. government to refer to people of the West Indies. The term survives today mainly through the West Indies cricket team , representing all of the nations in the West Indian islands. The West Indies are a geologically complex island system consisting of 7,000 islands and islets stretching over 3,000 km (2000 miles) from

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1166-453: The Florida peninsula of North America south-southeast to the northern coast of Venezuela . These islands include active volcanoes , low-lying atolls , raised limestone islands, and large fragments of continental crust containing tall mountains and insular rivers. Each of the three archipelagos of the West Indies has a unique origin and geologic composition. The Greater Antilles

1219-871: The Indias (Indies) . Thinking he had landed on the easternmost part of the Indies in the Eastern world when he came upon the New World , Columbus used the term Indias to refer to the Americas , calling its native people Indios (Indians) . To avoid confusion between the known Indies of the Eastern Hemisphere and the newly discovered Indies of the Western Hemisphere , the Spanish named

1272-625: The Orinoco , and the Atlantic Coast of Central America. In the Lesser Antilles, they managed to establish a foothold following the colonisation of Saint Kitts in 1624 and Barbados in 1626, and when the Sugar Revolution took off in the mid-17th century, they brought in thousands of enslaved Africans to work the fields and mills as labourers. These enslaved Africans wrought a demographic revolution, replacing or joining with either

1325-571: The Colonization Commissioners, and the South Australian Company would determine the success or failure of the colony, and it was still unclear which was the controlling body. There was initial friction between the company and the commissioners. The establishment of a banking business in 1837, and its separation as the South Australian Banking Company in 1840, at the behest of Angas, played an important part in

1378-733: The Europeans." (Hodder) Using his position as Commissioner, he attempted to secure Aboriginal rights in both legislature and through financing missionary actions. In 1836, Angas met with Pastor August Kavel , who was Pastor in Klępsk (Klemzig) in Prussia . Kavel and his Lutheran congregation at Klemzig faced oppression due to decrees made by King Frederick William III . They sought to regain their religious freedom by emigrating to another country. Angas sent his chief clerk, Charles Flaxman to Prussia to meet with Kavel's group. Flaxman on returning, gave

1431-774: The German settlers. The stress had affected his health and he decided to migrate to Australia, arriving in Adelaide with his wife and youngest son in January 1851. According to Humphrey McQueen and Catherine Hall , the Angas family business supply chain included dealings with businesses in the Caribbean that used slaves. Angas is not recorded by the Legacies of British Slave-ownership database as having held slaves himself, nor of having obtained any meaningful benefit from them. As

1484-658: The Indians as Indoi ( Ἰνδοί ), which translates as "The people of the Indus". In 1492, Christopher Columbus and his Spanish fleet left Spain seeking a western sea passage to the Eastern world , hoping to profit from the lucrative spice trade emanating from Hindustan , Indochina , and Insulindia , the regions currently found within the Indian Subcontinent and Southeast Asia , which were first simply referred to by Spanish and Portuguese explorers as

1537-476: The Lesser Antilles runs north from the coast of Venezuela to the Anegada Passage , a strait separating them from the Greater Antilles, and includes 19 active volcanoes. The Lucayan Archipelago includes The Bahamas and the Turks and Caicos Islands , a chain of barrier reefs and low islands atop the Bahama Platform. The Bahama Platform is a carbonate block formed of marine sediments and fixed to

1590-557: The North American Plate. The emergent islands of the Bahamas and Turks and Caicos likely formed from accumulated deposits of wind-blown sediments during Pleistocene glacial periods of lower sea level. N.B.: Territories in italics are parts of transregional sovereign states or non-sovereign dependencies. These three Dutch Caribbean territories form the BES islands . Physiographically , these are continental islands not part of

1643-785: The Orinoco valley, which fell to the Spanish. The Dutch, allied with the Caribs of the Orinoco, would eventually carry the struggles deep into South America, first along the Orinoco and then along the northern reaches of the Amazon . Since no European country had occupied much of Central America, gradually, the English of Jamaica established alliances with the Miskito Kingdom of modern-day Nicaragua and Honduras and then began logging on

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1696-556: The Proto-Antillean area and likely resulted in continental uplift of the Bahama Platform and changes in sea level. The Greater Antilles have continuously been exposed since the start of the Paleocene or at least since the Middle Eocene (66-40 million years ago), but which areas were above sea level throughout the history of the islands remains unresolved. The oldest rocks in the Greater Antilles are located in Cuba. They consist of metamorphosed graywacke , argillite , tuff , mafic igneous extrusive flows, and carbonate rock . It

1749-433: The United States for US$ 25 million in gold, per the Treaty of the Danish West Indies . The Danish West Indies became an insular area of the U.S., called the United States Virgin Islands . Between 1958 and 1962, the United Kingdom re-organised all their West Indies island territories (except the British Virgin Islands and the Bahamas ) into the West Indies Federation . They hoped that the Federation would coalesce into

1802-475: The West Indies, the Spanish West Indies , the Dutch West Indies , the French West Indies , the British West Indies , and the Danish West Indies . The term was used to name the Spanish Council of the Indies , the British East India Company , the Dutch East India and West India companies, the French East India Company , and the Danish East India Company . Many cultures were indigenous to these islands, with evidence dating some of them back to

1855-480: The administration of the Northern Territory . He resigned in 1866, feeling that he could not fully fulfil his role, and continued to contribute to schools, churches and charities. His wife of 55 years died in 1867. In 1869 he published The History of the Newcastle-on-Tyne Sunday School Union , which was compiled by secretary William Ramage Lawson . Although retired from parliamentary duties, managing his property at Angaston gave him plenty to do. He recovered from

1908-454: The coast of modern-day Belize . These interconnected commercial and diplomatic relations comprised the Western Caribbean Zone in place in the early-18th century. In the Miskito Kingdom, the rise to power of the Miskito-Zambos , who originated in the survivors of a rebellion aboard a slave ship in the 1640s and the introduction of enslaved Africans by British settlers within the Miskito area and in Belize, also transformed this area into one with

1961-447: The early growth of the colony. Angas worked on behalf of the bank in England, giving lectures, writing pamphlets and supplying information to newspapers. He also helped to establish the South Australian School Society, and sent out missionaries and German colonists . He set up the Union Bank of Australia in England and also found the time to be active in the colonisation of New Zealand. In recognition of his efforts in making New Zealand

2014-414: The emigration of young couples of good character, free trade , free government , and freedom of religion . As such, South Australia became the first Australian colony to provide residents with religious freedom and to grant land rights to indigenous people. Angas was discouraged by the company's failure to get government support, but continued his involvement with the South Australian Association which

2067-401: The indigenous Caribs or the European settlers who were there as indentured servants . The struggle between the northern Europeans and the Spanish spread southward in the mid to late seventeenth century, as English, Dutch, French and Spanish colonists, and in many cases, enslaved Africans first entered and then occupied the coast of The Guianas (which fell to the French, English and Dutch) and

2120-445: The journal, and it contained English and foreign news as well as carrying advertising. It sought to represent the views and experiences of the new colonists, as well as extolling the virtues of the governance of the new colony, which included the "civilisation of the natives". It published letters by prominent colonists, including Charles Sturt , Pastor August Kavel , the Lutheran missionary Clamor Schurmann , and Charles Flaxman . Much

2173-412: The latter may also include coastal regions of Central and South American mainland nations, including Mexico , Belize , Honduras , Panama , Colombia , Venezuela , French Guiana , Guyana , and Suriname , as well as the Atlantic island nation of Bermuda , all of which are geographically distinct from the three main island groups, but culturally related. The English term Indie is derived from

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2226-406: The mid-6th millennium BCE. In the late 16th century, French, English and Dutch merchants and privateers began operations in the Caribbean Sea , attacking Spanish and Portuguese shipping and coastal areas. They often took refuge and refitted their ships in the areas the Spanish could not conquer, including the islands of the Lesser Antilles, the northern coast of South America, including the mouth of

2279-436: The next 20 years Angas took a large role in the family business in Newcastle, which also had branches in British ports, the West Indies and Spanish America , and steadily developed his own shipping business in London. By 1831, his business owned three ships, commercial business in British Honduras , Buenos Aires and London, coach factories in Durham and Newcastle, with mahogany trade and copperas works. Angas came from

2332-399: The poorer classes from oppression and endeavoured to help slaves who, he argued, were held in illegal bondage. In 1824, over 200 Indians were set free as a result of his efforts. Angas, by then almost 62, was met by his two sons and eldest daughter. His work on behalf of the colony was widely known and a few days later a public dinner was held in his honour. He found work, becoming elected as

2385-431: The remaining land, which was transferred in January 1836 to the newly formed South Australian Company . In February 1836, the first of three ships set sail for South Australia with emigrants, livestock and provisions on board. The company supervisors were provided with minutely detailed instructions covering almost any problem which might have arisen. All three ships arrived by the middle of August. The colonial office ,

2438-417: The territories in the East Indias Orientales (East Indies) and the territories in the West Indias Occidentales (West Indies) . Originally, the term West Indies applied to all of the Americas . The Indies from both regions were further distinguished depending on the European world power to which they belong. In the East Indies , there were the Spanish East Indies and the Dutch East Indies . In

2491-457: The volcanic Windward Islands arc. Based on proximity, these islands are sometimes grouped with the Windward Islands culturally and politically. Disputed territories administered by Colombia . The United Nations geoscheme includes Mexico in Central America . These three form the SSS islands that with the ABC islands comprise the Dutch Caribbean , of which the BES islands are not direct Kingdom constituents but subsumed with

2544-435: Was an English businessman and banker who, while residing in England, played a significant part in the formation and establishment of the Province of South Australia . He established the South Australian Company and was its founding chairman of the board of directors. In later life he migrated to the colony and served as a member of the first South Australian Legislative Council . His financial contribution of some £40,000

2597-414: Was concerned with putting his money to the best use. He became interested in a proposed settlement in South Australia and in 1832 joined the committee of the South Australian Land Company and took up enough shares to become a director. His own views on systematic colonisation dealt with the exclusion of convicts, concentration of settlers, sending out (preferably religious) intelligent people with capital ,

2650-405: Was formed in 1834, with Robert Gouger as secretary. During debates on the price of land Angas, who held the opposite view to Edward Gibbon Wakefield , wanted the price of land to be low. However, the South Australian Colonization Commission set a high price for land, which brought sales of land, and hence establishment of the colony, to a standstill. Angas formed a joint-stock company to buy

2703-414: Was instrumental to the creation of South Australia. Angas was born at Newcastle upon Tyne , England, fifth son of coachbuilder and ship owner Caleb Angas of Newcastle (1743–1831) and his second wife Sarah Angas née Lindsay (1749–1802). After his mother's death, Angas continued his education at a boarding school and at age 15, became an apprentice coachbuilder under his father's direction. He started

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2756-536: Was typical for the period, his business associates in British Honduras included people who owned slaves. He collected compensatory claims on behalf of four former slave owners, totalling £6,942 after abolition, with a total of 121 slaves. The claims he collected were: On 12 June 1840, he was delegate number 196, one of eight representing Newcastle upon Tyne, at the World Anti-Slavery Convention . A commemorative newspaper article in The Advertiser (an Adelaide daily) in 1909 described how Angas sought to protect

2809-433: Was written about the local Aboriginal people , the Kaurna , describing their customs and work done among them, including that of Schurmann and Deputy Colonial Storekeeper, publican and brewer William Williams . The editor of the newspaper was John Stephens , who had earlier been editor of the London newspaper, Christian Advocate , prominent in the anti-slavery movement . Upon arrival in South Australia in 1843, founded

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