33-510: Theophrastaceae D.Don Theophrastoideae is a small subfamily of flowering plants in the family Primulaceae . It was formerly recognized as a separate family Theophrastaceae . As previously circumscribed, the family consisted of eight genera and 95 species of trees or shrubs , native to tropical regions of the Americas . The two subclades or tribes of Theophrastoideae, Theophrasteae (Theophrastaceae s.s. ) and Samoleae, share only
66-524: A basal group in the asterids , where the families of Primulales formed a monophyletic primuloid clade . Subsequent molecular phylogenetic analysis showed that the genus Samolus (brook weeds), with about 12–15 additional species and traditionally placed within Primulaceae, as tribe Samoleae, was more closely related to the Theophrastaceae and suggested its transfer. Briefly Samolus
99-432: A hierarchical system of ranks based on the relative value of a much wider range of characteristics. In his Genera plantarum (1789) he organised the primuloid genera into two Ordo ( families ), within a class (VIII) he called Dicotyledones Monopetalae Corolla Hypogyna , based on the cotyledons (two), form of the petals (fused), and position of the corolla with respect to the ovary (below). Jussieu's families were
132-1853: A molecular phylogeny of plants placed the flowering plants in their evolutionary context: Bryophytes [REDACTED] Lycophytes [REDACTED] Ferns [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] The main groups of living angiosperms are: Amborellales [REDACTED] 1 sp. New Caledonia shrub Nymphaeales [REDACTED] c. 80 spp. water lilies & allies Austrobaileyales [REDACTED] c. 100 spp. woody plants Magnoliids [REDACTED] c. 10,000 spp. 3-part flowers, 1-pore pollen, usu. branch-veined leaves Chloranthales [REDACTED] 77 spp. Woody, apetalous Monocots [REDACTED] c. 70,000 spp. 3-part flowers, 1 cotyledon , 1-pore pollen, usu. parallel-veined leaves Ceratophyllales [REDACTED] c. 6 spp. aquatic plants Eudicots [REDACTED] c. 175,000 spp. 4- or 5-part flowers, 3-pore pollen, usu. branch-veined leaves Amborellales Melikyan, Bobrov & Zaytzeva 1999 Nymphaeales Salisbury ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820 Austrobaileyales Takhtajan ex Reveal 1992 Chloranthales Mart. 1835 Canellales Cronquist 1957 Piperales von Berchtold & Presl 1820 Magnoliales de Jussieu ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820 Laurales de Jussieu ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820 Acorales Link 1835 Alismatales Brown ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820 Petrosaviales Takhtajan 1997 Dioscoreales Brown 1835 Pandanales Brown ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820 Liliales Perleb 1826 Asparagales Link 1829 Arecales Bromhead 1840 Poales Small 1903 Zingiberales Grisebach 1854 Commelinales de Mirbel ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820 Myrsinoideae Ardiseaceae Juss. Myrsinoideae
165-442: A woody stem ), grasses and grass-like plants, a vast majority of broad-leaved trees , shrubs and vines , and most aquatic plants . Angiosperms are distinguished from the other major seed plant clade, the gymnosperms , by having flowers , xylem consisting of vessel elements instead of tracheids , endosperm within their seeds, and fruits that completely envelop the seeds. The ancestors of flowering plants diverged from
198-439: A distinct calyx and corolla . The calyx is regular and polysepalous. The nonfleshy petals of the corolla are more or less united, closely overlapping. The four or five stamens are usually isomerous with the perianth. The carpel has one style and one stigma , with the ovary unilocular , superior or semi-inferior. The one-seeded, indehiscent fruit is a thin-fleshed berry or drupe . North American species are
231-400: A family, Theophrastaceae, based on the genus Theophrasta , in 1844, with six genera, Theophrasta , Clavija , Jacquinia , Oncinus , Monotheca and Reptonia . The latter three are no longer considered related. Theophrastaceae were included in the order Primulales by Cronquist (1988). The APG system (1998) submerged that order in an enlarged order Ericales (Ericales s.l. ),
264-503: A few are lianas or subherbaceous . Their leathery, evergreen leaves are simple and alternate , with smooth margins and without stipules . They are often dotted with glands and resinous cavities. The latter may take the form of secretory lines. The plants are mostly monoecious , but a few are dioecious . Their small flowers are arranged in racemose terminal clusters, or in the leaf axils . The flowers have four or five sepals and petals . The floral envelope ( perianth ) has
297-556: A suprageneric taxon for these genera. The Ardisiaceae were later included in the other primuloid family, Myrsinaceae (Myrsinoideae). The species of Theophrasteae are largely neotropical , confined to Mesoamerica , Central and South America and the Caribbean. In contrast Samolus species are mainly restricted to different continents in the Southern Hemisphere with about 4–6 species restricted to North America. However
330-610: A total of 64 angiosperm orders and 416 families. The diversity of flowering plants is not evenly distributed. Nearly all species belong to the eudicot (75%), monocot (23%), and magnoliid (2%) clades. The remaining five clades contain a little over 250 species in total; i.e. less than 0.1% of flowering plant diversity, divided among nine families. The 25 most species-rich of 443 families, containing over 166,000 species between them in their APG circumscriptions, are: The botanical term "angiosperm", from Greek words angeíon ( ἀγγεῖον 'bottle, vessel') and spérma ( σπέρμα 'seed'),
363-858: Is starting to impact plants and is likely to cause many species to become extinct by 2100. Angiosperms are terrestrial vascular plants; like the gymnosperms, they have roots , stems , leaves , and seeds . They differ from other seed plants in several ways. The largest angiosperms are Eucalyptus gum trees of Australia, and Shorea faguetiana , dipterocarp rainforest trees of Southeast Asia, both of which can reach almost 100 metres (330 ft) in height. The smallest are Wolffia duckweeds which float on freshwater, each plant less than 2 millimetres (0.08 in) across. Considering their method of obtaining energy, some 99% of flowering plants are photosynthetic autotrophs , deriving their energy from sunlight and using it to create molecules such as sugars . The remainder are parasitic , whether on fungi like
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#1732780627097396-446: Is a subfamily of the family Primulaceae in the order Ericales . It was formerly recognized as the family Myrsinaceae , or the myrsine family , consisting of 35 genera and about 1000 species. It is widespread in temperate to tropical climates extending north to Europe , Siberia , Japan , Mexico , and Florida , and south to New Zealand , South America , and South Africa . Plants are mostly mesophytic trees and shrubs ;
429-482: Is derived from the Greek words ἀγγεῖον / angeion ('container, vessel') and σπέρμα / sperma ('seed'), meaning that the seeds are enclosed within a fruit. The group was formerly called Magnoliophyta . Angiosperms are by far the most diverse group of land plants with 64 orders , 416 families , approximately 13,000 known genera and 300,000 known species . They include all forbs (flowering plants without
462-469: Is found in either flooded areas around rivers and lakes, or in salt marshes . [REDACTED] Media related to Theophrastoideae at Wikimedia Commons [REDACTED] Data related to Theophrastoideae at Wikispecies Flowering plant Basal angiosperms Core angiosperms Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits , and form the clade Angiospermae ( / ˌ æ n dʒ i ə ˈ s p ər m iː / ). The term 'angiosperm'
495-491: The Alismatales grow in marine environments, spreading with rhizomes that grow through the mud in sheltered coastal waters. Some specialised angiosperms are able to flourish in extremely acid or alkaline habitats. The sundews , many of which live in nutrient-poor acid bogs , are carnivorous plants , able to derive nutrients such as nitrate from the bodies of trapped insects. Other flowers such as Gentiana verna ,
528-429: The generic type , Samolus valerandi is near cosmopolitan in its distribution. Theophrastaceae s.s. are mainly found in lowland regions which have a seasonal, dry climate, and prefer coastal thickets, dry shrub vegetation, or dry deciduous or semideciduous forests. However a number of species of Clavija are found in low montane and lowland rain forests. Unlike much of the traditional Theophrastoideae, Samolus
561-460: The orchids for part or all of their life-cycle, or on other plants , either wholly like the broomrapes, Orobanche , or partially like the witchweeds, Striga . In terms of their environment, flowering plants are cosmopolitan, occupying a wide range of habitats on land, in fresh water and in the sea. On land, they are the dominant plant group in every habitat except for frigid moss-lichen tundra and coniferous forest . The seagrasses in
594-892: The "Big Five" extinction events in Earth's history, only the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event had occurred while angiosperms dominated plant life on the planet. Today, the Holocene extinction affects all kingdoms of complex life on Earth, and conservation measures are necessary to protect plants in their habitats in the wild ( in situ ), or failing that, ex situ in seed banks or artificial habitats like botanic gardens . Otherwise, around 40% of plant species may become extinct due to human actions such as habitat destruction , introduction of invasive species , unsustainable logging , land clearing and overharvesting of medicinal or ornamental plants . Further, climate change
627-643: The Lysimachiae, including Primula and Theophrasta and the Sapotae , including Myrsine , these being the three main lineages in modern understanding of the Primulaceae . Don described a family of Theophrasteaceae in 1836, with four genera, Theophrasta , Clavija , Jacquinia and Leonia , of which the latter was determined unrelated, and placed this family as closely related to Myrsineae and Sapoteae. Later, De Candolle more formally described
660-560: The common ancestor of all living gymnosperms before the end of the Carboniferous , over 300 million years ago. In the Cretaceous , angiosperms diversified explosively , becoming the dominant group of plants across the planet. Agriculture is almost entirely dependent on angiosperms, and a small number of flowering plant families supply nearly all plant-based food and livestock feed. Rice , maize and wheat provide half of
693-399: The family in 1835. The subsequently submerged subfamily bears the authority of Alphonse de Candolle (A.DC.) for his formal conspectus of Theophrastaceae in 1844. The authority for the tribe Theophrasteae is that of Bartling who used the term Theophrastea to describe a grouping of genera, including Theophrasta within the family Ardisiaceae in 1830. This represents the earliest creation of
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#1732780627097726-659: The flowering plants as an unranked clade without a formal Latin name (angiosperms). A formal classification was published alongside the 2009 revision in which the flowering plants rank as the subclass Magnoliidae. From 1998, the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) has reclassified the angiosperms, with updates in the APG II system in 2003, the APG III system in 2009, and the APG IV system in 2016. In 2019,
759-518: The manner of vines or lianas . The number of species of flowering plants is estimated to be in the range of 250,000 to 400,000. This compares to around 12,000 species of moss and 11,000 species of pteridophytes . The APG system seeks to determine the number of families , mostly by molecular phylogenetics . In the 2009 APG III there were 415 families. The 2016 APG IV added five new orders (Boraginales, Dilleniales, Icacinales, Metteniusales and Vahliales), along with some new families, for
792-504: The marlberry ( Ardisia escalloniodes ) and the Florida rapanea ( Myrsine cubana ). Plants in the subfamily have few economic uses . A few genera, such as Ardisia , Cyclamen , Lysimachia , and Myrsine , are grown as ornamental plants , especially Ardisia crispa and Myrsine africana . One species, Ardisia japonica (Chinese: 紫金牛; pinyin: zǐjīn niú ), is one of the 50 fundamental herbs in traditional Chinese medicine . In
825-504: The presence of staminodes . The species of Samolus are herbaceous perennials and characterised by perigynous flowers . The remaining genera (Theophrastaceae s.s. ) are generally evergreen shrubs or small trees, with hypogynous flowers. Linnaeus , in formally describing the genera, placed Theophrasta and related genera in a group he named Pentandria Monogynia (i.e 5 stamens , one pistil ), his system being based on sexual characteristics. Jussieu arranged Linnaeus' genera in
858-453: The remaining genera forming two subclades. Alternatively these two subclasses have been designated as two tribes, Samoleae and Theophrasteae: Samolus L. Theophrasta L. Neomezia Votsch Clavija Ruiz & Pav. Jacquinia L. Deherainia Decne. Votschia B.Ståhl Bonellia Bertero ex Colla The Theophrasteae consist of seven genera and about 100 species, while Samoleae has only
891-427: The single genus Samolus , with about 12–15 dozen species. In 1903, Theophrastaceae consisted of four genera, Clavija , Jacquinia , Deherainia , and Theophrasta . In 1904, a species of Deherainia was segregated to form the novel genus Neomezia , to create five genera and in 1993 a species of Jacquinia was segregated to form a sixth genus, Votschia . Molecular phylogenetic analyses revealed that Jacquinia
924-568: The spring gentian, are adapted to the alkaline conditions found on calcium -rich chalk and limestone , which give rise to often dry topographies such as limestone pavement . As for their growth habit , the flowering plants range from small, soft herbaceous plants , often living as annuals or biennials that set seed and die after one growing season, to large perennial woody trees that may live for many centuries and grow to many metres in height. Some species grow tall without being self-supporting like trees by climbing on other plants in
957-400: The subfamilial crown ages . Maesoideae forms the basal group, while Primuloideae and Myrsinoideae are in a sister group relationship. Maesoideae Theophrastoideae Primuloideae Myrsinoideae The phylogenetic relationships of the 8 accepted genera are shown in the cladogram, in which Samolus forms the basal group and is sister to all other Theophrastoideae (Theophrastaceae s.s. ),
990-559: The world's staple calorie intake, and all three plants are cereals from the Poaceae family (colloquially known as grasses). Other families provide important industrial plant products such as wood , paper and cotton , and supply numerous ingredients for beverages , sugar production , traditional medicine and modern pharmaceuticals . Flowering plants are also commonly grown for decorative purposes , with certain flowers playing significant cultural roles in many societies. Out of
1023-483: Was coined in the form "Angiospermae" by Paul Hermann in 1690, including only flowering plants whose seeds were enclosed in capsules. The term angiosperm fundamentally changed in meaning in 1827 with Robert Brown , when angiosperm came to mean a seed plant with enclosed ovules. In 1851, with Wilhelm Hofmeister 's work on embryo-sacs, Angiosperm came to have its modern meaning of all the flowering plants including Dicotyledons and Monocotyledons. The APG system treats
Theophrastoideae - Misplaced Pages Continue
1056-504: Was considered a separate family, Samolaceae. The third revision of the APG, APG III (2009) realigned all the primuloid families within a greatly enlarged Primulaceae (Primulaceae s.l. ), in which each of the existing families became a subfamily. The newly described Theophrastoideae included Samolus , vastly increasing the area of distribution. The cladogram below shows the infrafamilial phylogenetic relationships of Primulaceae, together with
1089-537: Was still paraphyletic consisting of two separate and distinct clades, necessitating splitting off another new genus, Bonellia , to make seven genera in total in this tribe. Theophrastoideae takes its name from the nominative and type genus, Theophrasta, named by Linnaeus after the Ancient Greek philosopher and biologist Theophrastus . The botanical authority for the previous family, Theophrastaceae, belongs to David Don (D.Don) for his first description of
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