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29-413: The Thermodesulfobacteriota are a phylum of thermophilic sulfate-reducing bacteria . They are a gram-negitive bacteria [1] A pathogenic intracellular thermodesulfobacteriote has recently been identified.   Thermodesulfobacteriota are a phylum of bacteria that thrive in extreme environments characterized by high temperatures and pressures. As sulfate-reducing bacteria, they play a critical role in

58-508: A group of organisms allows the identification of events in gene evolution such as gene duplication or gene deletion . Often, such events are evolutionarily relevant. For example, multiple duplications of genes encoding degradative enzymes of certain families is a common adaptation in microbes to new nutrient sources. On the contrary, loss of genes is important in reductive evolution , such as in intracellular parasites or symbionts. Whole genome duplication events, which potentially duplicate all

87-401: A number of habitats, with most of them belonging to the fungal order Sordariales . Thermophilic fungi have great biotechnological potential due to their ability to produce industrial-relevant thermostable enzymes, in particular for the degradation of plant biomass. Sulfolobus solfataricus and Sulfolobus acidocaldarius are hyperthermophilic archaea. When these organisms are exposed to

116-435: A related classification, thermophiles are sorted as follows: Many of the hyperthermophilic Archaea require elemental sulfur for growth. Some are anaerobes that use the sulfur instead of oxygen as an electron acceptor during cellular respiration (anaerobic) . Some are lithotrophs that oxidize sulphur to create sulfuric acid as an energy source, thus requiring the microorganism to be adapted to very low pH (i.e., it

145-649: A significant role in sulfur cycling and are crucial for energy flow in extreme ecosystems, contributing to the overall functioning of microbial communities. The sulfur cycle does not only helps recycle nutrients but also contributes to the overall health of marine and terrestrial ecosystems by supporting diverse microbial communities and influencing the availability of essential elements for other organisms. Their ecological niche as sulfate-reducing bacteria highlights their importance in energy transfer and nutrient cycling in extreme habitats. II. Classification and Characteristics   - Taxonomy and phylogenetic placement within

174-570: A terminal electron acceptor, deriving energy from the oxidation of organic compounds or hydrogen gas.   - Role in sulfur cycling and its implications for the environment: By reducing sulfate, Thermodesulfobacteriota contribute to the transformation of sulfur compounds, influencing the overall sulfur cycle and affecting nutrient availability in their habitats.   - Interactions with other microorganisms in their habitats: These bacteria often engage in syntrophic relationships with other microorganisms, facilitating nutrient exchange and enhancing

203-585: Is an acidophile as well as thermophile). These organisms are inhabitants of hot, sulfur-rich environments usually associated with volcanism , such as hot springs , geysers , and fumaroles . In these places, especially in Yellowstone National Park, zonation of microorganisms according to their temperature optima occurs. These organisms are often colored, due to the presence of photosynthetic pigments. Thermophiles can be discriminated from mesophiles from genomic features. For example,

232-480: Is based on phylogenomic analysis: Waite et al. 2020 Deferrisomatales " Dadaibacteria " Geobacterales Desulfuromonadales Desulfomonilales Syntrophales Syntrophorhabdales Dissulfuribacterales Thermodesulfobacteriales Desulfobulbales "Desulfofervidales" Desulfovibrionales Syntrophobacterales Desulfobaccales "Adiutricales" Desulfarculales Thermophile Thermophiles are found in various geothermally heated regions of

261-412: Is the intersection of the fields of evolution and genomics . The term has been used in multiple ways to refer to analysis that involves genome data and evolutionary reconstructions. It is a group of techniques within the larger fields of phylogenetics and genomics. Phylogenomics draws information by comparing entire genomes, or at least large portions of genomes. Phylogenetics compares and analyzes

290-562: The Taq polymerase used in PCR . "Thermophile" is derived from the Greek : θερμότητα ( thermotita ), meaning heat , and Greek : φίλια ( philia ), love . Comparative surveys suggest that thermophile diversity is principally driven by pH, not temperature. Thermophiles can be classified in various ways. One classification sorts these organisms according to their optimal growth temperatures: In

319-670: The DNA damaging agents UV irradiation , bleomycin or mitomycin C , species-specific cellular aggregation is induced. In S. acidocaldarius , UV-induced cellular aggregation mediates chromosomal marker exchange with high frequency. Recombination rates exceed those of uninduced cultures by up to three orders of magnitude. Frols et al. and Ajon et al. (2011) hypothesized that cellular aggregation enhances species-specific DNA transfer between Sulfolobus cells in order to provide increased repair of damaged DNA by means of homologous recombination . Van Wolferen et al., in discussing DNA exchange in

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348-609: The Earth , such as hot springs like those in Yellowstone National Park (see image) and deep sea hydrothermal vents , as well as decaying plant matter, such as peat bogs and compost . Thermophiles can survive at high temperatures, whereas other bacteria or archaea would be damaged and sometimes killed if exposed to the same temperatures. The enzymes in thermophiles function at high temperatures. Some of these enzymes are used in molecular biology , for example

377-597: The GC-content levels in the coding regions of some signature genes were consistently identified as correlated with the temperature range condition when the association analysis was applied to mesophilic and thermophilic organisms regardless of their phylogeny, oxygen requirement, salinity, or habitat conditions. Fungi are the only group of organisms in the Eukaryota domain that can survive at temperature ranges of 50–60 °C. Thermophilic fungi have been reported from

406-656: The Evolution of Thermophilic Bacteria." Nature Microbiology, 5, 138-147. - Jørgensen, B. B. (2017). "Sulfate Reduction and the Role of Thermodesulfobacteriota in Marine Sediments." Environmental Microbiology Reports, 9(2), 149-157. - Kuever, J. (2014). "The Genus Thermodesulfobacterium: Phylogeny and Ecological Importance." Current Microbiology, 68(1), 1-15. - Reeburgh, W. S. (2007). "Oceanic Methane Biogeochemistry." Marine Chemistry, 107(3-4), 147-156. The phylogeny

435-675: The MutS family revealed that the gene found in H. pylori was not in the same subfamily as those known to be involved in mismatch repair. Furthermore, he suggested that this "phylogenomic" approach could be used as a general method for prediction functions of genes. This approach was formally described in 1998. For reviews of this aspect of phylogenomics see Brown D, Sjölander K. Functional classification using phylogenomic inference. Traditional phylogenetic techniques have difficulty establishing differences between genes that are similar because of lateral gene transfer and those that are similar because

464-471: The anomalies created from these factors are overwhelmed by the pattern of evolution indicated by the majority of the data. Through phylogenomics , it has been discovered that most of the photosynthetic eukaryotes are linked and possibly share a single ancestor. Researchers compared 135 genes from 65 different species of photosynthetic organisms. These included plants , alveolates , rhizarians , haptophytes and cryptomonads . This has been referred to as

493-650: The cycling of sulfur and energy in extreme environments, playing a crucial role in microbial ecology and biogeochemical processes.   - Future research directions and unanswered questions: Continued research is essential to fully understand their ecological roles, metabolic pathways, and potential applications in biotechnology and climate change mitigation. References - Auchtung, T. A., et al. (2018). "The Role of Microbial Communities in Biogeochemical Cycles." Microbial Ecology, 75(2), 123-134. - Baker, B. J., et al. (2020). "Phylogenomic Insights into

522-661: The cycling of sulfur and energy in their ecosystems. Understanding their biology, ecology, and potential applications can provide insight into their importance in environmental processes and biotechnological innovations. - Definition and overview of Thermodesulfobacteriota: Thermodesulfobacteriota are a group of thermophilic, sulfate-reducing bacteria known for their ability to survive and thrive in extreme thermal environments. They are commonly located in marine environments, such as deep-sea hydrothermal vents and sediments, as well as in geothermal hot springs. - Importance in microbial ecology and biogeochemical cycles: These bacteria play

551-949: The domain Bacteria: Thermodesulfobacteriota belong to the phylum of bacteria classified within the domain Bacteria; they are closely related to other sulfate-reducing groups.   - Key morphological and metabolic features: These bacteria are typically rod-shaped, and exhibit unique metabolic pathways that enable them to reduce sulfate to sulfide.   - Adaptations to extreme environments (e.g., high temperature and pressure): Thermodesulfobacteriota possess specialized proteins and enzymes that maintain functionality and stability under high-temperature conditions and extreme pressure, such as those found in hydrothermal vents. Thermodesulfobacteriota III. Metabolism and Ecological Role   - Sulfate-reducing capabilities and energy sources: They utilize sulfate as

580-533: The genes in a genome at once, are drastic evolutionary events with great relevance in the evolution of many clades, and whose signal can be traced with phylogenomic methods. Traditional single-gene studies are effective in establishing phylogenetic trees among closely related organisms, but have drawbacks when comparing more distantly related organisms or microorganisms. This is because of lateral gene transfer , convergence , and varying rates of evolution for different genes. By using entire genomes in these comparisons,

609-642: The hyperthermophiles under extreme conditions, noted that DNA exchange likely plays a role in repair of DNA via homologous recombination. They suggested that this process is crucial under DNA damaging conditions such as high temperature. Also it has been suggested that DNA transfer in Sulfolobus may be a primitive form of sexual interaction similar to the more well-studied bacterial transformation systems that are associated with species-specific DNA transfer between cells leading to homologous recombinational repair of DNA damage . Phylogenomic Phylogenomics

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638-408: The implications of their metabolic activities for climate change mitigation strategies: Understanding their role in carbon and sulfur cycling can inform strategies aimed at mitigating climate change, particularly in designing interventions that leverage their metabolic pathways. VIII. Conclusion   - Summary of the significance of Thermodesulfobacteriota: Thermodesulfobacteriota are pivotal in

667-451: The organisms shared an ancestor. By comparing large numbers of genes or entire genomes among many species, it is possible to identify transferred genes, since these sequences behave differently from what is expected given the taxonomy of the organism. Using these methods, researchers were able to identify over 2,000 metabolic enzymes obtained by various eukaryotic parasites from lateral gene transfer. The comparison of complete gene sets for

696-518: The overall metabolic efficiency of microbial communities. IV. Habitat and Distribution   - Typical environments where Thermodesulfobacteriota are found (e.g., hydrothermal vents, deep-sea sediments): They are predominantly found in extreme environments such as hydrothermal vents, hot springs, and deep-sea sediments, where conditions are suitable for their growth.   - Contribution to bioenergy production and biogeochemical processes in these ecosystems: Their metabolic activities contribute to

725-457: The production of biofuels through microbial processes. VI. Impact on Climate Change   - Examine how Thermodesulfobacteriota might affect carbon and sulfur cycles in the context of global climate change, including their potential role in methane production or consumption: Their metabolic processes can influence the balance of greenhouse gases, including methane, by participating in both production and consumption pathways.   - Discuss

754-596: The production of biogas and the cycling of organic matter, which are vital for energy production and nutrient cycling in these ecosystems. V. Research and Applications   - Current research trends and findings on Thermodesulfobacteriota: Recent studies have focused on their genetic diversity, metabolic pathways, and ecological roles, revealing their importance in biogeochemical cycles.   - Potential biotechnological applications (e.g., bioremediation, bioenergy): Their sulfate-reducing capabilities may be harnessed for bioremediation of contaminated environments and for

783-563: The sequences of single genes, or a small number of genes, as well as many other types of data. Four major areas fall under phylogenomics: The ultimate goal of phylogenomics is to reconstruct the evolutionary history of species through their genomes. This history is usually inferred from a series of genomes by using a genome evolution model and standard statistical inference methods (e.g. Bayesian inference or maximum likelihood estimation ). When Jonathan Eisen originally coined phylogenomics , it applied to prediction of gene function. Before

812-537: The use of phylogenomic techniques, predicting gene function was done primarily by comparing the gene sequence with the sequences of genes with known functions. When several genes with similar sequences but differing functions are involved, this method alone is ineffective in determining function. A specific example is presented in the paper "Gastronomic Delights: A movable feast". Gene predictions based on sequence similarity alone had been used to predict that Helicobacter pylori can repair mismatched DNA . This prediction

841-489: Was based on the fact that this organism has a gene for which the sequence is highly similar to genes from other species in the "MutS" gene family which included many known to be involved in mismatch repair. However, Eisen noted that H. pylori lacks other genes thought to be essential for this function (specifically, members of the MutL family). Eisen suggested a solution to this apparent discrepancy – phylogenetic trees of genes in

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