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32-489: The name was Latinized as Theodoricus or Theodericus , originally from a Common Germanic form * Þeudarīks ("people-ruler") from * þeudō ("people") and * rīks , which would have resulted in a Gothic *𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍃 (*þiudareiks). Anglicized spellings of the name during Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages include Theodoric , Theoderic , Theudoric , Theuderic . Gregory of Tours Latinized

64-765: A playful element of punning. Such names could be a cover for humble social origins. The title of the " Wilhelmus ", national anthem of the Netherlands , preserves a Latinised form of the name of William the Silent . In English, place names often appear in Latinised form. This is a result of many early text books mentioning the places being written in Latin. Because of this, the English language often uses Latinised forms of foreign place names instead of anglicised forms or

96-414: A supposed "Apollo Teutorix" in 19th-century literature. John Rhŷs (1892) opined that "the interest attached to the word Toutiorix is out of all proportion to its single occurrence". The existence of a genuinely Celtic name Teutorix or Tout(i)orix is uncertain, though Welsh Tudur , Old Welsh Tutir presupposes a precise cognate of Toutorix at least in ancient British Celtic . Rhŷs surmises that

128-504: Is Ida , who is said to have obtained the throne and the kingdom about 547. His sons spent many years fighting a united force from the surrounding Brythonic kingdoms until their alliance collapsed into civil war. Ida's grandson, Æthelfrith (Æðelfriþ), united Deira with his own kingdom by force around the year 604. He ruled the two kingdoms (united as Northumbria) until he was defeated and killed by Rædwald of East Anglia (who had given refuge to Edwin , son of Ælle, king of Deira ) around

160-643: Is referred to by Welsh scholars as Yr Hen Ogledd or, literally, "The Old North". The kingdom may have been ruled from the site that later became the English Bamburgh , which certainly features in Welsh sources as Din Guardi . Near this high-status residence lay the island of Lindisfarne (formerly known, in Welsh, as Ynys Medcaut ), which became the seat of the Bernician bishops . It is unknown when

192-673: Is the origin of the name of the English Tudor dynasty . The earliest record of the name is in a Roman-era (3rd century) inscription, discovered in 1784 in Wiesbaden (at the time known as Aquae Mattiacorum in Germania Superior ), edited in Codex inscriptionum romanarum Danubii et Rheni as no. 684: IN. H. D. D. APOLLINI. TOVTIORIGI , interpreted as In honorem domus divinae, Apolloni toutiorigi . This has given rise to

224-480: Is the practice of rendering a non - Latin name in a modern Latin style. It is commonly found with historical proper names , including personal names and toponyms , and in the standard binomial nomenclature of the life sciences. It goes further than romanisation , which is the transliteration of a word to the Latin alphabet from another script (e.g. Cyrillic ). For authors writing in Latin, this change allows

256-614: The Norwegian Tjodrik , Diderik and Didrik . Of the Romance languages, French has Thierry and Italian , Portuguese and Spanish has Teodorico . The English forms Derek , Derrick and Terry have been re-introduced from the continent, from Low German, Dutch and French sources. The derived Welsh form is Tewdrig ; however, there also exists the related Welsh name Tudur (from Proto-Celtic *Toutorīxs , exactly cognate with Proto-Germanic *Þeudarīks ) which

288-584: The Ostrogoths (454–526), who became a legendary figure of the Germanic Heroic Age as Dietrich von Bern . After the end of late antiquity , during the 6th to 8th centuries there were also several kings of the Franks called Theodoric (or Theuderic). Finally, there was an early Anglo-Saxon king of Bernicia called Theodric (also spelled Deoric , Old English Þēodrīc ). While

320-597: The "historical Teuton" (viz. Theoderic the Great ) bore a name of the Gaulish Apollo as adopted into early Germanic religion . The first known bearer of the name was Theodoric I , son of Alaric I , king of the Visigoths (d. 451). The Gothic form of the name would have been Þiudareiks , which was Latinized as Theodericus . The notability of the name is due to Theoderic the Great , son of Theodemir , king of

352-630: The 15th century. Similarly, the Scandinavian Tjodrik is attested for the 12th century, but it is replaced by the Low German forms Ditrik, Dirk in the late medieval period. The spread of the Low German form to Middle Norwegian, Middle Danish and late Middle English or Early Modern English are part of a larger linguistic trend due to the influence of the Hanseatic League during this period. The German form Dietrich

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384-625: The Angles finally conquered the whole region, but around 604 is likely. There are several Old Welsh pedigrees of princely " Men of the North " ( Gwŷr y Gogledd ) that may represent the kings of the British kingdom in the area, which may have been called Bryneich . John Morris surmised that the line of a certain Morcant Bulc referred to these monarchs, chiefly because he identified this man as

416-565: The Anglian settlers who rendered it in Old English as Bernice (Northumbrian dialect) or Beornice (West Saxon dialect). The counter hypothesis suggesting these names represent a Brythonic adaption of an earlier English form is considered less probable. Local linguistic evidence suggests continued political activity in the area from the time of the Roman retreat from Britain and before

448-608: The Anglo-Saxon name Theodric ( Deoric , old form: th = d) became extinct in the Middle English period, it was adopted in Welsh as Tewdrig . The name remains popular in medieval German as Dietrich , and is adopted into French as Thierry . It is rendered in Medieval Latin as Theodoricus or as Theodericus . The Middle High German legend of Dietrich von Bern is based on the historical Theodoric, king of

480-761: The Ostrogoths. The German Dietrich von Bern is reflected as Þiðrekr af Bern in the Old Norse Þiðreks saga . The medieval German legend gives rise to the Dietrich of the Renaissance era Heldenbücher . The Old Norse form of the name was Þjóðríkr (spelled þiaurikʀ on the 9th-century Rök runestone ). This became Tjodrik in Middle Norwegian . The Dutch form Derek was used in England from

512-598: The arrival of the Angles. Important Anglian centres in Bernicia bear names of British origin, or are known by British names elsewhere: Bamburgh is called Din Guaire in the Historia Brittonum ; Dunbar (where Saint Wilfrid was once imprisoned) represents Dinbaer ; and the name of Coldingham is given by Bede as Coludi urbs ("town of Colud"), where Colud seems to represent the British form, possibly for

544-474: The conflation of a probable primary form * Bernech with the native form * Brïγent for the old civitas Brigantum as a result of Anglian expansion in that territory during the 7th century. The Brythonic kingdom of the area was formed from what had once been the southern lands of the Votadini , possibly as part of the division of a supposed 'great northern realm' of Coel Hen in c. AD 420. This northern realm

576-735: The decisive defeat of Northumbrian forces by the Viking Great Heathen Army , at the Battle of York in 867 , the united Kingdom of Northumbria disintegrated. The lands north of the Tyne remained a de facto independent kingdom called Bamburgh after the stronghold of its high-reeves. The lands between Tyne and Tees were granted to the Community of St. Cuthbert, forming an ecclesiastical buffer zone between Jórvík and Bamburgh. In 927 Ealdred accepted West Saxon overlordship; however,

608-662: The early 19th century, Europe had largely abandoned Latin as a scholarly language (most scientific studies and scholarly publications are printed in English), but a variety of fields still use Latin terminology as the norm. By tradition, it is still common in some fields to name new discoveries in Latin. And because Western science became dominant during the 18th and 19th centuries, the use of Latin names in many scholarly fields has gained worldwide acceptance, at least when European languages are being used for communication. Bernicia Bernicia ( Old English : Bernice, Beornice )

640-470: The early 7th century, it merged with its southern neighbour, Deira , to form the kingdom of Northumbria , and its borders subsequently expanded considerably. Bernicia occurs in Old Welsh poetry as Bryneich or Byrneich and in the 9th-century Historia Brittonum , (§ 61) as Berneich , Birneich , Bernech and Birnech . Academics agree the name was originally Celtic . This name was then adopted by

672-571: The hill-fort of St Abb's Head . Analysis of a potential derivation has not produced a consensus. The most commonly cited etymology gives the meaning as "Land of the Mountain Passes" or "Land of the Gaps" (tentatively proposed by Kenneth H. Jackson ). An earlier derivation from the tribal name of the Brigantes has been dismissed as linguistically unsound. In 1997 John T. Koch suggested

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704-442: The kingdom of Northumbria; which drew him into direct conflict with Wales proper. Following the disastrous Battle of Hatfield Chase on 12 October 633, in which Edwin was defeated and killed by Cadwallon ap Cadfan of Gwynedd and Penda of Mercia , Northumbria was divided back into Bernicia and Deira. Bernicia was then briefly ruled by Eanfrith , son of Æthelfrith, but after about a year he went to Cadwallon to sue for peace and

736-612: The lands north of the Tees remained outside of the West Saxon administrative system of shires and hundreds until after the Norman invasion . In 973, Scots sovereignty over northern Bernicia, now known as Lothian , was acknowledged by Edgar of England . (see also List of monarchs of Northumbria ) Under Deiran rule 616–633) Under Oswald son of Æthelfrith, Bernicia was united with Deira to form Northumbria from 634 onward until

768-416: The murderer of Urien Rheged who was, at the time, besieging Lindisfarne . Some of the Angles of Bernicia ( Old English : Beornice ) may have been employed as mercenaries along Hadrian's Wall during the late Roman period. Others are thought to have migrated north (by sea) from Deira ( Old English : Derenrice or Dere ) in the early 6th century. The first Anglian king in the historical record

800-538: The name as Theodorus , in origin the unrelated Greek name Theodore (Θεόδωρος, meaning "God's gift"). As the name survived throughout the Middle Ages, it transformed into a multitude of forms in the languages of Western Europe. These include the High German form Dietrich , abbreviated Dieter , the Low German and Dutch form Diederik , or Dierik , abbreviated Dirck , Dirk , Dik or Diede ,

832-501: The name to function grammatically in a sentence through declension . In a scientific context, the main purpose of Latinisation may be to produce a name which is internationally consistent. Latinisation may be carried out by: Humanist names, assumed by Renaissance humanists , were largely Latinised names, though in some cases (e.g. Melanchthon ) they invoked Ancient Greek . Latinisation in humanist names may consist of translation from vernacular European languages, sometimes involving

864-691: The original names. Examples of Latinised names for countries or regions are: Latinisation is a common practice for scientific names . For example, Livistona , the name of a genus of palm trees, is a Latinisation of Livingstone . During the age of the Roman Empire , translation of names into Latin (in the West) or Greek (in the East) was common. Additionally, Latinised versions of Greek substantives , particularly proper nouns , could easily be declined by Latin speakers with minimal modification of

896-651: The original word. During the medieval period , after the Empire collapsed in Western Europe , the main bastion of scholarship was the Roman Catholic Church , for which Latin was the primary written language. In the early medieval period, most European scholars were priests and most educated people spoke Latin, and as a result, Latin became firmly established as the scholarly language for the West. By

928-463: The year 616. Edwin then became king. The early part of Edwin's reign was possibly spent fighting enemies from the Brythonic exiles of the old British kingdom, operating out of Gododdin . After this, it is said that on Easter Day 627 Edwin converted to Christianity in return for Elmet (a Cumbric -speaking kingdom that once existed in the modern-day West Riding of Yorkshire , near Leeds ), joining

960-436: Was abbreviated to Dieter . The Low German and Dutch languages abbreviated Diederik as Dirk or Diede . French retains Thierry . The Scandinavian languages have borrowed Dirk and Diderik , replacing the native Tjodrik , while English borrowed Derek from Dutch and Terry from French. Latinisation of names Latinisation (or Latinization ) of names , also known as onomastic Latinisation ,

992-568: Was an Anglo-Saxon kingdom established by Anglian settlers of the 6th century in what is now southeastern Scotland and North East England . The Anglian territory of Bernicia was approximately equivalent to the modern English counties of Northumberland , Tyne and Wear , and Durham , as well as the Scottish counties of Berwickshire and East Lothian , stretching from the Forth to the Tees . In

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1024-485: Was killed. Eanfrith's brother Oswald then raised an army and finally defeated Cadwallon at the Battle of Heavenfield in 634. After this victory, Oswald appears to have been recognised by both Bernicians and Deirans as king of a properly united Northumbria. The kings of Bernicia were thereafter supreme in that kingdom, although Deira had its own sub-kings at times during the reigns of Oswiu and his son Ecgfrith . After

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