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46-780: The city played an important role in Vietnam's struggles for independence during the French colonial era . The Thái Nguyên uprising in 1917 was the "largest and most destructive" anti-colonial rebellion in French Indochina between the Pacification of Tonkin in the 1880s and the Nghe-Tinh Revolt of 1930–31. In August 1917, Vietnamese prison guards mutinied at the Thai Nguyen Penitentiary ,

92-785: A Japanese puppet state. Following the surrender of Japan , ending World War II , the Việt Minh launched the August Revolution which led to the abolition of the Nguyễn dynasty and the Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam . Tonkin was briefly occupied by the Chinese National Army before being returned to France. After eliminating virtually all nationalist oppositions,

138-610: A tungsten mine in Dai Tu District . Samsung Electronics has their largest mobile phone factory in Thai Nguyen, employing over 60,000 people. The factory has operated since 2014 and has an area of 100 ha. Thai Nguyen’s export experienced a ten-fold increase to over US$ 23 billion in the 2013 – 2017 period. The province hosted nearly 7,200 businesses in 2020 with a combined capital value approaching US$ 5.4 billion. As per Thai Nguyen’s Department of Industry and Trade, for

184-460: A French resident similar to those in Annam, Laos, and Cambodia, but he had much greater authority because of the absence of any indigenous administration. A conseil du protectorat composed of important officials and representatives from the chambers of agriculture and commerce, assisted the resident in performing his duties. There was also an advisory council made up of Vietnamese. On 31 July 1898

230-404: A School of Foreign Languages, and an International School. Other components are a teaching hospital, a publishing house, three research institutes, and a center for national defense education, a center for international cooperation, a center for human resource development for foreign language studies, and the office of the president. TNU is also home to one of four national Learning Resource Centers,

276-557: A combined worth of over US$ 30 million. Over the past decade, Thai Nguyen attracted a considerable amount of foreign direct investment. Samsung’s establishment of a mobile phone manufacturing complex in the province has dramatically boosted Thai Nguyen’s FDI. The province achieved over 13 percent compound annual growth rate (CAGR) during the 2015–2020 period. As per the Foreign Investment Agency (FIA), in August 2020,

322-437: A keen interest in high technology industries and ancillaries. In December 2020, Hong Kong’s electronic firm, DBG Technology, was awarded an investment certificate by provincial authorities to set up a US$ 80 million manufacturing facility. This facility will manufacture laptops, cameras, phones, audio equipment, and home appliances. It is expected to generate a revenue of US$ 110 million annually, employing over 10,000 workers. In

368-575: A key to the Chinese market), was invaded by the French . After the Treaty of Tientsin , all of Vietnam was governed by the French. During the French colonial administration, Vietnam was administratively divided into three different territories: Tonkin (in the north), Annam (in the centre), and the colony of Cochinchina (in the south). These territories were fairly arbitrary in their geographic extent as

414-424: A one lump sum payment. Consequently, these efforts led to the collection of US$ 65 million to develop industrial parks. The Diem Thuy Industrial Park is one such example and features 77 projects with combined investment exceeding US$ 1.1 billion. This park’s projects are modern, eco-friendly, and employ over 20,000 locals. Thái Nguyên University (TNU) is one of the major regional university systems in Vietnam, serving

460-436: A pink-coloured building where an assortment of impressive exhibits of more than 10,000 documents and artefacts, which belong to the cultural heritage of 54 ethnic tribes of Vietnam, can be seen. It is surrounded by extensive gardens where locals often exercise in the early mornings and evenings. This is the central fountain which families and young people gravitate to on warm summer evenings. It has many coloured lights. Near

506-412: A score of 67.48. This was a slight improvement from 2022 in which the province received a score of 66.1. In 2023, the province received its highest scores on the ‘time costs’ and ‘law and order’ criteria and lowest on ‘transparency’ and ‘policy bias’. Industrial zones Thai Nguyen’s six industrial parks are spread over 1400 hectares of land area, five of which have already received funding. The province

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552-501: A second plant in Thai Nguyen. This funding should raise its regional production per month from 20 million to 35 million units. For enhancing its overall competitiveness, Thai Nguyen is actively encouraging the private and high-tech sectors to develop production clusters and connect value chains. On Vietnam's Provincial Competitiveness Index 2023, a key tool for evaluating the business environment in Vietnam’s provinces, Thai Nguyen received

598-482: A small township including four residential quarters, two towns, and six communes with a combined population of approximately 140,000, Thái Nguyên became a city on 19 October 1962. Before that date, the area was a part of Đồng Mô commune, Đồng Hỷ district. Thái Nguyên City includes 21 wards and 11 communes. Thái Nguyên City is located on the Cầu River . Its area is approximately 189.705 km (73.246 sq mi) and

644-447: Is promoting infrastructure investment in its 105-hectare Quyet Thang Hi-Tech Industrial Park that is situated eight kilometers away from Thai Nguyen city center. The province’s plans include 35 industrial clusters with an area of nearly 1,260 hectares. The province has called for investment in 11 of these clusters, which have a planned area of over 280 hectares. The province aims to attract investment in secondary industries that complement

690-435: The president of France , Félix Faure , issued a decree that established a central bank for the entirety of French Indochina and that this bank would set the federal French Indochinese budget, on the same day the French president issued a decree that established a budget for the government of Tonkin. Furthermore, the French president also decreed that the budget of Tonkin would be financed through direct tax revenue collected in

736-623: The French resident-superior of Tonkin both the representative of the French colonial administration and the Nguyễn dynasty court in Huế, giving him the power to appoint local mandarins . In 1887, Tonkin became a part of the Union of Indochina . In 1945, the emperor Bảo Đại rescinded the Patenôtre Treaty , ending the French protectorates over Annam and Tonkin, creating the Empire of Vietnam ,

782-459: The House of People's Representatives was not democratically elected but was composed of appointed Vietnamese elites and it only discussed issues related to taxation rather than legislation. Tonkin was made up of 23 provinces, subdivided into phu or huyen, cantons, and communes. Local administration was in the hands of Vietnamese mandarins, although they were appointed by the resident rather than

828-801: The Nguyen dynasty , the French Navy began its heavy presence in the Mekong Delta and later colonised the southern third of Vietnam including Saigon in 1867. Central Vietnam later became the French protectorate of Annam and French influence in the Indochina Peninsula strengthened. During the Sino-French War (1884–85), the northernmost part of Vietnam, Tonkin (then considered a crucial foothold in Southeast Asia and

874-548: The Résidence supérieure of Annam-Tonkin was abolished, with Annam and Tonkin being separated in two Résidences supérieures, each subordinated to the governor-general of French Indochina . On July 26, 1897, Governor-General Paul Doumer had Emperor Thành Thái abolish the post of Kinh lược sứ . Also, the Nguyễn dynasty still nominally reigned over Tonkin; it was now de facto under direct French rule. During French rule, Hanoi

920-641: The Samsung group and increase its localization degree. Specifically, industries in electronics, electric, software, high precision mechanical, and textile are favored. The investment locations promoted by Thai Nguyen include the industrial zones in Yen Binh, Diem Thuy, and Song Cong. These, along with the province-wide industrial clusters, are equipped with appropriate technical infrastructure to establish enterprises. To raise funds, Thai Nguyen provincial authorities encouraged investors to lease land for 50 years for

966-770: The Viet Minh. However, after the Japanese withdrew from Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh proclaimed the establishment of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam in Ba Đình Square . Hanoi was later reoccupied by the French and conflict between the Viet Minh and France broke out into the First Indochina War . As the French sought to establish a coherent government in Vietnam as an alternative to Ho Chi Minh , Tonkin

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1012-478: The central fountain is the Heroes Monument, set on a small hillside. You can walk up the many steps to the top and enjoy views over the city. Just off the main street, adjacent to Dong A 1 Hotel, is Coffee Street. There are over 20 cafes in this short street, where you can sample Vietnamese coffee at its best. Tonkin (French protectorate) Tonkin ( chữ Hán : 東京 ), or Bắc Kỳ ( 北圻 ),

1058-517: The city for five days, French forces were not able to pacify the surrounding countryside until six months later, leaving heavy casualties on both sides. During the First Indochina War , the province played an important role as a safe area (abbreviated ATK in Vietnamese for An Toan Khu, 安全区) for the Viet Minh . In 1956 the town became the headquarters of the northernmost military region, called Viet Bắc , until reunification in 1975. Originally

1104-595: The communist-led Việt Minh clashed with the French over control of the territory. In 1948, Tonkin and Annam were officially merged under the Provisional Central Government of Vietnam . The French legally maintained the protectorate until they formally signed over sovereignty to the Bảo Đại and the State of Vietnam in 1950 after signing the Élysée Accords in 1949. After helping to unify Vietnam under

1150-454: The economy. In the same period, the province’s GDP per capita reached US$ 4,260, while industrial production rose by over 16 percent, and local exports grew by over 13 percent. Thai Nguyen has also experienced significant development in infrastructure and labor productivity. Recently, the province experienced an influx of sustainable ventures. In 2020, over ten investment certificates were granted to eco-friendly and energy-efficient ventures, with

1196-433: The electronics and high-tech domains delivered the best results. Their production increased by over 16 percent year-on-year for laptops, while earphone manufacturing grew by five percent. The socioeconomics of Thai Nguyen has seen remarkable development. In the first three quarters of 2020, industry and construction covered nearly 60 percent of the province’s economy while the services sector accounted for roughly one-third of

1242-406: The emperor as in Annam. The smallest unit of administration, the commune, was overseen by two councils: the toc bieu, and the mandarin-dominated ky muc with the authority to veto decisions of the toc bieu. Hanoi and Haiphong had municipal councils appointed by the governor-general of Indochina. Each province was headed by "Công sứ" ( 公使 ), a French resident-minister, who was also assisted by

1288-412: The entire northern mountain region with more campuses than any city except Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City. In 1994, these many centers of learning were united under one general administration. Its components include seven Colleges (Education, Engineering and Technology, Agriculture and Forestry, Economics and Techniques, Economics and Business Administration, Medicine and Pharmacy, Communication and Technology),

1334-475: The first five months of 2012, it exported 49,000 tonnes, an increase of over 15% from the prior year, with Pakistan its biggest customer. In 1959, the city also became the center of a nascent metallurgical industry, with the creation of Thái Nguyên Iron and Steel Company (TISCO), thanks to its ample local resources of iron ore and coal . The new mill produced its first cast iron in November 1963. In 2009, it

1380-399: The first three quarters of 2020, the province’s total industrial gross output exceeded US$ 27 billion, while the domestic economic sector achieved US$ 1.8 billion. Both of these were over 70 percent of the province’s annual target. In the same period, foreign-invested enterprises generated close to US$ 23 billion, an increase of 2.3 percent over the previous year. Among the province’s industries,

1426-425: The largest one in the region. With the aid of the freed inmates – common criminals as well as political prisoners – and weapons captured from the provincial arsenal , the rebels were able to take control of local government offices. They then established a fortified perimeter, executed French colonial officials and local collaborators , and called for a general uprising. Although they were only able to hold

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1472-529: The opening of factories producing textiles and ceramics for export throughout the French Empire. French cultural influence on Tonkin was also significant as French became the primary language of education, government, trade and media and heavy Catholic missionary activity resulted in almost 10% of the population identifying as Catholic by the 1940s. Prominent buildings in Hanoi were also constructed during

1518-523: The others being in Hanoi , Huế , Ho Chi Minh City , and Can Tho . TNU offers undergraduate, postgraduate, and vocational education, as well as research and extension services. Museum of Cultures of Vietnam's Ethnic Groups is located in Thai Nguyen City. It is the largest museum of Vietnam's ethnic minorities, spread over an area of 39,000 m in Vietnam and was established in 1960. It is housed in

1564-585: The period of French rule, such as the Hanoi Opera House and the Hanoi University of Technology . French colonial administration lasted until March 9, 1945, during Japanese occupation (1941–1945). Although French administration was allowed during Japanese occupation as a puppet government, Japan briefly took full control of Vietnam in March 1945 under the Empire of Vietnam and Tonkin became

1610-509: The population was 420,000 in 2018. Thái Nguyên City has long been famous throughout Vietnam for the quality of its green tea, with Tân Cương Commune producing the most widely recognized brand. Since 2007 it has shipped an average of about 22,000 tonnes of tea domestically and 7,500 tonnes overseas, to Algeria, France, Iran, Iraq, Japan, Pakistan, and Taiwan. In an effort to boost exports, the city hosted its First International Tea Festival in November 2011. The effort seems to have paid off. During

1656-467: The protectorates were all under the close control of the French senior residents. As the governor-general of French Indochina Pierre Pasquier stated: "The King reigns but the Resident superior rules." The effective power in the protectorate was in the hands of the resident-superior with both the monarch and the local high officials playing a subordinate role to his office. Tonkin was administered by

1702-506: The province hosted over 172 foreign-invested projects. Together these enterprises added over US$ 8 billion in registered capital. This made Thai Nguyen among the country’s top 10 localities in terms of international investment inflow. In a bid to attract investors with industrial expertise, the province is concentrating on improving the local investment climate. Thai Nguyen has prioritized timely issuance of government policies, guidance, and support for financiers. Local authorities have also shown

1748-406: The same month, China’s Trina Solar received Thai Nguyen’s approval to produce photovoltaic cells and solar power. With investment exceeding US$ 200 million, this facility has a planned capacity of over 250 million products a year. The plant is expected to begin operations from June 2021 and add over 1,800 jobs. In November 2020, South Korean touchscreen manufacturer Samju Vina, injected capital to add

1794-662: The site of the Vietnamese Famine of 1945 during this period. At the end of the war, the north of Vietnam (including Tonkin) saw a sphere of influence by China while the south was briefly occupied by the British for French forces to regroup and regain control. Harry Truman at the Potsdam Conference , stated an intention to hand the region back to French rule, a sharp contrast to Franklin D. Roosevelt 's strong opposition to colonialism and commitment to support

1840-613: The territory as opposed to only indirect taxes . This decree also meant that the treasury of the Nguyễn dynasty was abolished and all finances to be directly managed by the French. The resident-superior was assisted by various agencies such as the Tokin Protectorate Council, the Tokin Chamber of Commerce, the Tonkin Chamber of Agriculture, and the House of People's Representatives. Despite its name

1886-634: The vast majority of the Vietnamese regarded their country as a single land and minor resistance to French rule continued over the next 70 years to achieve an independent state. Annam and Tonkin were originally a single entity, the Résidence supérieure of Annam-Tonkin. On June 3, 1886, the Nguyễn emperor Đồng Khánh delegated all of his powers in Tonkin to a Kinh lược sứ ( 經略使 , equivalent of Viceroy ), who acted under French supervision. On May 9, 1889,

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1932-494: Was a de facto French colony despite being a protectorate on paper. The British Naval Intelligence Division wrote during World War II that "at first the native political organization was maintained, but in 1897 the office of the viceroy, representing the king of Annam in Tonkin, was abolished, and since then other changes have further weakened the influence of the native government." Formally the four protectorates of French Indochina were ruled by their respective monarchs, but in fact

1978-449: Was a French protectorate encompassing modern Northern Vietnam . Like the French protectorate of Annam , Tonkin was still nominally ruled by the Nguyễn dynasty , but in 1886, the French separated Tonkin from the Nguyễn imperial court in Huế by establishing the office of "Viceroy" ( 經略衙 , Kinh lược nha ). However, on 26 July 1897, the position of Viceroy was abolished, officially making

2024-546: Was converted from a wholly government-owned enterprise to a partially privatized joint-stock company . By 2011, its output reached 230,000 tonnes of pig iron and 400,000 tonnes of steel ingots . Although its primary production mills are located just south of Thai Nguyen City, it now has 17 branches and 6,000 employees, with another 8 partially owned subsidiaries in 9 northern provinces. It has won many national awards and now exports steel to Cambodia, Canada, Indonesia, Laos, and other countries overseas. Masan Group also operates

2070-616: Was made capital of Tonkin and, in 1901, of the whole French Indochina . Cities in Tonkin saw significant infrastructure and economic development under the French, such as the development of the port of Haiphong and construction of the Trans-Indochinois Railway linking Hanoi to Saigon. Under French economic plans, mines yielding gold, silver, and tin as well as the farming of rice, corn, and tea powered Tonkin's economy. The imports included rice, iron goods, flour, wine, opium and cotton goods. Industrialization later led to

2116-576: Was merged in 1948 into the Provisional Central Government of Vietnam , which was replaced the next year by the State of Vietnam , following the reunification with Cochinchina. After the French defeat at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu in Western Tonkin in 1954, the Communist state of North Vietnam was formed, consisting of Tonkin and northern Annam. Tonkin was a component of French Indochina. It

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