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86-510: TransAfrica Forum is a research, education, and advocacy center dedicated to global justice for the African World. TransAfrica envisions a world where Africans and people of African descent are self-reliant, socially and economically prosperous, and have equal access to a more just international system that strengthens independence and democracy. TransAfrica is an educational and organizing center that encourages human interest viewpoints in

172-450: A Democrat from Missouri and the son of Representative Bill Clay , a co-founder of the caucus, said: "Mr. Cohen asked for admission, and he got his answer. He is white and the caucus is black. It is time to move on. We have racial policies to pursue and we are pursuing them, as Mr. Cohen has learned. It is an unwritten rule. It is understood." Clay also issued the following statement: Quite simply, Representative Cohen will have to accept what

258-545: A common creditor and was not a primary legal principle. Conservatism , following the French Revolution , introduced the concept of "solidarity", which was detached from the legal system , as a reaction against rapid social change and as a longing for a stable society. During the July Monarchy , Pierre Leroux , a utopian socialist who is also said to have coined the term socialism , also introduced

344-411: A completely different logic, rather than on a collective norm. According to Professor Heikki Ervast, however, three basic concepts can be associated with Nordic welfare states : macro-collectivism, universalism and solidarism. In simple terms, macro-collectivism means that recipients and payers of transfers do not need to know each other. Universalism means that the social protection and services of

430-564: A distinct definition of solidarity within healthcare system frameworks is important. The terms solidaire and solidairement already appeared in French legal language in the 16th century. They are related to the Roman legal concept in solidum, which was derived from the Latin word solidus, meaning "on behalf of the whole". In Napoleon's code, solidarity meant the joint liability of debtors towards

516-595: A family of freedom fighters. Our diversity makes us stronger, and the expertise of all of our members has helped us be effective beyond our numbers. Mark Anthony Neal , a professor of African-American studies and popular culture at Duke University , wrote a column in late 2008 that the Congressional Black Caucus and other African-American-centered organizations are still needed, and should take advantage of "the political will that Obama 's campaign has generated." The Congressional Black Caucus PAC

602-404: A horizontal network of voluntary associations with goods distributed in compliance with the physical needs of the individual, rather than according to labor. The political philosophy of the early twentieth century, condensed into the concept of solidarity, sought to offer both a scientific theory of social interdependence and a moral solution to social problems . According to some scholars,

688-792: A more just world, marked by greater solidarity The Church's teaching on solidarity is explained in the Compendium of the Social Doctrine of the Church , and briefly summarised in the Catechism of the Catholic Church : Congressional Black Caucus The Congressional Black Caucus ( CBC ) is made up of Black members of the United States Congress . Representative Steven Horsford from Nevada ,

774-473: A positive factor for all human growth . Solidarism thus combined the natural interdependence of human beings with solidarity as a moral goal. Although the idea of solidarity had different successors and interpretations, they had in common the emphasis on both the social responsibility of the state and the cooperation of citizens. Solidarity also played a central role in the thinking of the French economist Charles Gide (1847–1932). Gide set out to challenge

860-489: A series of legislative campaigns and strategic media outreach that increased public awareness of South African apartheid and contributed to the global anti-apartheid solidarity movement. The organization is credited for its activist role in the anti-apartheid struggle. Through the Free South Africa Movement , TransAfrica initiated letter-writing campaigns, hunger strikes, and protest marches to challenge

946-446: A three-tiered practice enacted at the interpersonal, communal, and contractual and legal levels. This approach is driven by the quest to differentiate between the diverse applications of the concept and to clarify its meaning, both historically and in terms of its potential as a fruitful concept for contemporary moral, social, and political issues. The modern practice of bioethics is significantly influenced by Immanuel Kant's concept of

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1032-533: A wealth tax on real estate starting in 2018. It was paid by all citizens and married couples whose property exceeded 1.3 million euros on January 1. The tax ranged from 0.5% to 1.5% of the value of property exceeding 800,000 euros. In 2013 the solidarity tax was also introduced in the Czech Republic in response to economic recession and was cancelled in 2021. In this country it was 7% for all residents earning more than CZK 100,000 per month. Solidarity

1118-421: A white man, over challenger Ayanna Pressley , a black woman who ultimately defeated him. Two years later, it backed Eliot Engel , a white incumbent, over Jamaal Bowman , a black challenger who went on to defeat him. HuffPost reporters questioned how endorsements were made, noting that the executive board included corporate lobbyists over CBC members. Representative Brenda Lawrence (D- MI-14 ) criticized

1204-652: Is a political action committee founded as a political arm of the caucus, aiming "to increase the number of Black Members of the US Congress...support Non-Black Candidates who will champion the needs and interests of the Black Community" and increase the "participation of Black Americans in the political process". Gregory Meeks (D- NY-5 ) chairs the PAC. The CBCPAC is known for its moderate -lean. The PAC caused controversy when it backed incumbent Michael Capuano ,

1290-696: Is a significant concept in Catholic social teaching and in Christian democratic political ideology. Although closely related to the concept of charity , solidarity aspires to change whole systems, not merely to help individuals. Solidarity is also one of six principles of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union and December 20 of each year is International Human Solidarity Day recognized as an international observance . Solidarity

1376-425: Is an awareness of shared interests, objectives, standards, and sympathies creating a psychological sense of unity of groups or classes. Solidarity does not reject individuals and sees individuals as the basis of society . It refers to the ties in a society that bind people together as one. The term is generally employed in sociology and the other social sciences as well as in philosophy and bioethics . It

1462-592: Is an element of Catholic social teaching . According to Pope Francis : No one can remain insensitive to the inequalities that persist in the world... the Brazilian people, particularly the humblest among you, can offer the world a valuable lesson in solidarity, a word that is too often forgotten or silenced because it is uncomfortable... I would like to make an appeal to those in possession of greater resources, to public authorities and to all people of good will who are working for social justice: never tire of working for

1548-399: Is an institution of collective solidarity'. In other words, a welfare state is a democratic and prosperous state that collectively shows solidarity by taking responsibility for the social security and equality of its citizens and for helping the disadvantaged. The welfare state can be said to be the "invisible hand of solidarity", in the same way that the " invisible hand of the market "

1634-449: Is at work in a free market economy . A solidarity tax is a fee imposed by the government of some countries to finance projects that serve, in theory, to unify or solidarize the country. It is usually imposed for a short period of time in addition on income tax of individuals , private entrepreneurs and legal entities . In Germany , the solidarity tax was first introduced after German reunification . The tax amounted to 7.5% of

1720-402: Is discussed in philosophy within its various sub-fields of law, ethics , and political philosophy . Ancient philosophers such as Socrates and Aristotle discuss solidarity from within a virtue ethics framework, because in order to live a good life one must perform actions and behave in a way that is in solidarity with the community. An approach in bioethics is to identify solidarity as

1806-618: Is not mentioned in the European Convention on Human Rights nor in the United Nations' Universal Declaration of Human Rights and has hence lesser legal meaning when compared to basic rights. Concepts of solidarity are mentioned in the Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights, but not defined clearly. As biotechnology and biomedical enhancement research and production increase, the need for

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1892-480: Is officially non-partisan; but, in practice, the vast majority of Black politicians elected to Congress since the CBC's founding have been Democrats . Twelve Black Republicans have been elected to Congress since the caucus was founded in 1971: Of these twelve, only Evans, Franks, West, and Love joined the CBC. Edward Brooke was the only serving Black U.S. senator when the CBC was founded in 1971, but he never joined

1978-519: Is one of the world's most esteemed bodies, with a history of positive activism unparalleled in our nation's history. Whether the issue is popular or unpopular, simple or complex, the CBC has fought for thirty years to protect the fundamentals of democracy. Its impact is recognized throughout the world. The Congressional Black Caucus is probably the closest group of legislators on the Hill. We work together almost incessantly, we are friends and, more importantly,

2064-586: Is sometimes invited to the White House to meet with the president. It requests such a meeting at the beginning of each Congress. During the 2020 George Floyd protests , the CBC provided House members with stoles made from kente to be worn for an 8:46 -long moment of silence before introducing the Justice in Policing Act of 2020 . The caucus describes its goals as "positively influencing

2150-451: Is still the core value underlying cooperatives today, alongside self-reliance, ownership , equality and justice . Cooperative members have a duty to emphasise the common interest and to ensure that all members are treated as fairly as possible. In addition to solidarity with its own members, the cooperative now also emphasises social responsibility beyond the cooperative itself. Anarchist theorist Peter Kropotkin (1842–1921) connected

2236-475: Is usually based on kinship ties of familial networks. Organic solidarity comes from the interdependence that arises from specialization of work and the complementarities between people—a development which occurs in modern and industrial societies. Although individuals perform different tasks and often have different values and interests, the order and solidarity of society depends on their reliance on each other to perform their specified tasks. "Organic" refers to

2322-637: The Categorical Imperative . Pastor and philosopher Fritz Jahr's article "Bio-Ethics: A Review of the Ethical Relationships of Humans to Animals and Plants" refines Kant's original Categorical Imperative discourse by including the notion of the Bioethical Imperative . Biomedical technology has also further introduced solidarity as the pivotal concept in bioethics. Scholars, such as Ori Levi, bring attention to

2408-880: The Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act of 1986 . In May 2012, the organisation received the Mandela Freedom Statuette for "exceptional contribution to the struggle for the attainment for non-racial, free and democratic South Africa" from the South Africa government. TransAfrica is run by a board of directors, administered by staff, and supported by members. Danny Glover served as chairman of the board. Past board members included activists Arthur Ashe , Chuck D and Harry Belafonte . The list of former Directors includes human rights lawyer Nicole Lee and labor activist Bill Fletcher Jr. Solidarity Solidarity or solidarism

2494-611: The House of Representatives , including Shirley Chisholm of New York, Louis Stokes of Ohio , and William L. Clay of Missouri . As a result of Congressional redistricting and the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s, more black representatives were elected to the House (increasing from nine to thirteen), encouraging them to establish a formal organization. The first chairman, Charles Diggs , served from 1969 to 1971. On

2580-412: The common property created by free cooperative associations is their own and the added value created by their activities is returned in the form of profit sharing . Solidarism preserved the foundations of the free market economic system and also accepted differences in people's economic status. However, large income disparities were not in line with the idea of solidarity, as Gide considered them to break

2666-462: The welfare state apply to all citizens. Solidarism means that the welfare state is not simply an instrument designed to guarantee social peace, but is based on solidarity, human dignity and equality. Pauli Forma, Associate Professor of Social Policy at the University of Turku , has summarised the central role of solidarity as the ethical basis of the welfare state in a nutshell: 'The welfare state

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2752-633: The African world. The current priority areas in Africa include Democratic Republic of Congo, Egypt, Somalia, South Africa, South Sudan, Sudan, South Africa and Uganda. In the Americas, this includes Cuba, Haiti, Venezuela and the United States. TransAfrica continues to sponsor public seminars, community awareness campaigns and training programs to sensitize the public and policy makers. This includes

2838-511: The CBC on on March 25, 1971. The Caucus presented the President with a 32-page document including "recommendations to eradicate racism, provide quality housing for black families, and promote the full engagement of blacks in government". All the members of the caucus were included on the master list of Nixon political opponents . On June 5, 1972, shortly before the 1972 Democratic National Convention nominated George McGovern for president,

2924-558: The CBC released two documents: the Black Declaration of Independence and the Black Bill of Rights . Louis Stokes read a preamble and both documents into the record of the House of Representatives. The Black Bill of Rights includes sections on jobs and the economy, foreign policy, education, housing, public health, minority enterprise, drugs, prison reform, black representation in government, civil rights, voting rights in

3010-464: The CBC when he entered Congress in 1995, and after Franks left Congress in 1997, no Republicans joined the CBC for fourteen years until Allen West joined the caucus in 2011, though fellow freshman congressman Tim Scott declined to join. After West was defeated for re-election, the CBC became a Democrat-only caucus once again in 2013. In 2014 , two black Republicans were elected to the House. Upon taking office, Will Hurd from Texas declined to join

3096-641: The Cabral/Truth Circles, film series, lecture series, book club and a writer's forum for authors to discuss their work. They co-sponsor the annual New African Film Festival in Washington, D.C. TransAfrica was a founding member of the Free South Africa Movement . It is a grassroots organization that was instrumental in taking the anti-apartheid movement in the U.S. to mainstream politics and lobbying for change. They were at

3182-610: The Democratic primary. Espaillat signaled that he wanted to join the CBC as well as the CHC, but it was reported that he was rebuffed, and it was insinuated that the cause was bad blood over the attempted primary challenges of Rangel. In the 2018 elections , Afro-Latino Democrat Antonio Delgado was elected and joined the CBC, making no public effort to join the CHC as well. In the 2020 elections , Afro-Puerto Rican Democratic candidate Ritchie Torres published an op-ed claiming that he

3268-758: The District of Columbia, and the military. These documents were inspired by the National Black Political Convention and its own manifesto, The Gary Declaration: Black Politics at the Crossroads (also called the Black Agenda). In 1977, the organization was involved in the founding of TransAfrica , an education and advocacy affiliate that was formed to act as a resource on information on the African continent and its Diaspora. They worked closely with this organization to start

3354-481: The House , the House passed House Resolution 6 on January 4, 1995, which prohibited “the establishment or continuation of any legislative service organization..." This decision was aimed at 28 organizations, which received taxpayer funding and occupied offices at the Capitol, including the CBC. Then-chairman Kweisi Mfume protested the decision. The CBC reconstituted as a Congressional Member Organization. The caucus

3440-567: The PAC's endorsement policies in 2020 and called for it to be reevaluated. Color of Change , a civil rights advocacy nonprofit group, released a letter in 2016 calling on the CBCPAC to cut ties with lobbyists from industries that are "notorious for the mistreatment and exploitation of Black people" including private prisons , pharmaceutical companies , student loan creditors , and big tobacco . The caucus has grown steadily as more black members have been elected. At its formal founding in 1971,

3526-487: The U.S. foreign policy arena, and that advocates for justice for the people of Africa and the African Diaspora. TransAfrica creates solidarity between Americans and communities most affected by U.S. policies throughout the world. TransAfrica supports human rights , gender equity , democracy , and sustainable economic and environmental development. TransAfrica advocates for a more just foreign policy through

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3612-564: The amount of income tax payable (for individuals) and income tax payable (for legal entities). It was later abolished and reintroduced from 1995 to December 31, 1997, after which it was reduced to 5.5% on January 1, 1998. The legality of the tax was repeatedly challenged, but it was recognized by the German Federal Financial Court as not contrary to the German Constitution . The long-term assessment of

3698-524: The apartheid system and compel the U.S. government to take action against apartheid. Named after former board member Arthur Ashe , the Arthur R. Ashe Foreign Policy Library is the only library in the U.S. dedicated to sensitizing Americans about African, Caribbean, and Latin-American issues. It is an important resource for policy analysts, scholars and the public. TransAfrica continues to work on similar social, political, and economic justice issues throughout

3784-422: The biological and the social in his formulation of solidarity. In his most famous book, Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution (1902), written partly in response to Huxleyan Social Darwinism, Kropotkin studied the use of cooperation as a survival mechanism in human societies at their various stages, as well as with animals. According to him, mutual aid , or cooperation, within a species has been an important factor in

3870-812: The caucus had thirteen members. As of 2023, it had 55 members, including two who are non-voting members of the House, representing the District of Columbia and the U.S. Virgin Islands . As of 2023, there have been ten black senators since the caucus's founding. The eight black U.S. senators, all Democrats, who are or have been members of the Congressional Black Caucus are Senator Laphonza Butler of California, appointed in 2023 (currently serving), Senator Cory Booker of New Jersey, elected in 2013 (currently serving), Senator Raphael Warnock of Georgia, elected in 2021 (currently serving), and Senator Kamala Harris of California, elected in 2016, who resigned in 2021 to take on

3956-473: The caucus, while Mia Love from Utah, the first black Republican congresswoman, joined. In 2021, newly elected black Republican Byron Donalds was blocked from joining the CBC. All past and present members of the caucus have been Black. In 2006, while running for Congress in a Tennessee district which is 60% black, Steve Cohen , who is white, pledged to apply for membership in order to represent his constituents. However, after his election, his application

4042-416: The concept of non-legal solidarity. Auguste Comte , the so-called founder of sociology , adopted the concept in the sense of social interdependence between people. Comte linked solidarity to the concept of altruism as the opposite of egoism . Instead of emphasising the individual , altruism emphasises common responsibility and solidarity. The interpretations of Pierre Leroux and Auguste Comte gave rise to

4128-430: The costs are covered by tax revenues and statutory contributions. Solidarity, or solidarism, is widely seen as the central foundation of the welfare state . Among other things, the advent of statutory social insurance and social law in the 20th century changed social thinking and enabled the breakthrough of the solidarity paradigm. The emergence of solidarity in social law can be thought of as being based on

4214-684: The course of events pertinent to African Americans and others of similar experience and situation", and "achieving greater equity for persons of African descent in the design and content of domestic and international programs and services." The CBC encapsulates these goals in the following priorities: closing the achievement and opportunity gaps in education, assuring quality health care for every American, focusing on employment and economic security, ensuring justice for all, retirement security for all Americans, increasing welfare funds, and increasing equity in foreign policy. Representative Eddie Bernice Johnson (D–TX), has said: The Congressional Black Caucus

4300-612: The current chairperson, succeeded Joyce Beatty from Ohio in 2023. Although most members belong to the Democratic Party , the CBC founders envisioned it as a non-partisan organization, and there have been several instances of bipartisan collaboration with Republicans . The predecessor to the caucus was founded in January 1969 as the Democratic Select Committee by a group of black members of

4386-551: The dominance of the liberal school of economics in France. His thinking was influenced by both biology and sociology . He was particularly influenced by Charles Fourier , who had criticised the social ills created by free market competition . Solidarity became a fundamental concept in Gide's thinking. He found manifestations of solidarity in nature, in the economy and in the social interdependencies of society, but for him solidarity

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4472-541: The earliest clan-period of mankind and still more during the next village-community period, and the immense influence which these early institutions have exercised upon the subsequent development of mankind, down to the present times, induced me to extend my researches to the later, historical periods as well; especially, to study that most interesting period—the free medieval city republics, whose universality and influence upon our modern civilization have not yet been duly appreciated. And finally, I have tried to indicate in brief

4558-447: The emergence of this new rationality was made possible by the concept of social risk and the idea and technology of insurance developed to manage it. Social risk is defined as the risk to a group of people, statistically speaking, which is caused in one way or another by their living together and which can be mitigated by a technique of joint and several liability such as insurance . It has been said that insurance can be seen as one of

4644-415: The engagement of African Americans and policymakers. By connecting people and policymakers to those most affected by U.S. foreign policy , and by encouraging Afro-descendants to be civically active, TransAfrica works to create a more just foreign policy that reflects the values of African Americans, especially respect for human rights . The Black Forum on Foreign Affairs was formed in 1975, and served as

4730-414: The evolution of social institutions. Solidarity is essential for mutual aid; supportive activity towards other people does not result from the expectation of reward, but rather from instinctive feelings of solidarity. In his introduction to the book, Kropotkin wrote: The number and importance of mutual-aid institutions which were developed by the creative genius of the savage and half-savage masses, during

4816-549: The forefront of the sensitizing U.S. policy makers, students and the public about the anti-apartheid efforts in a strategic move. On November 21, 1984, a day before the U.S. Thanksgiving holiday, Randall Robinson , Congressman Walter Fauntroy and Mary Frances Berry were arrested for a sit-in staged at the South African embassy. This brought the Anti-South African movements to the national stage. It sparked

4902-604: The formation of the Free South Africa Movement in the U.S. which TransAfrica was a founding member of. Within a few days, more sit-ins and demonstrations against South Africa were held nationally. Over 3,000 people were arrested by 1985. TransAfrica exposed the secret strategy meetings between the South African government and the Ronald Reagan administration. TransAfrica worked with the Congressional Black Caucus in formulating legislative strategy for

4988-508: The goal of a colorblind society, Congress should lead by example and end these divisive, race-based caucuses." Prior to 2017, no one had attempted to be in both the CBC and the Congressional Hispanic Caucus (CHC). In the 2016 House elections , Afro-Dominican State Senator Adriano Espaillat was elected to an open seat after twice trying to unseat CBC founder Charlie Rangel (who also has Puerto Rican ancestry) in

5074-465: The group and sometimes clashed with its leaders. In 1979 Melvin H. Evans , a non-voting delegate from the Virgin Islands, became the first Republican member in the group's history. Gary Franks was the first Republican voting congressman to join in 1991, though he was at times excluded from CBC strategy sessions, skipped meetings, and threatened to quit the caucus. J. C. Watts did not join

5160-504: The group as "unbought and unbossed". Five founding members of the CBC were also members of Prince Hall Freemasonry , an African-American branch of Freemasonry that became involved in civil rights: Stokes, Conyers, Rangel, Hawkins and Metcalfe. President Richard Nixon refused to meet with the newly formed group, leading the CBC to boycott the 1971 State of the Union address. After their first joint press conference, Nixon finally met with

5246-414: The idea of a specific social solidarity as the basis of the social order . After the French Revolution , new scientific and ideological interpretations of solidarity emerged in France in the second half of the 19th century. The concept took on sociological ( Émile Durkheim ), economic ( Charles Gide ), legal ( Léon Duguit ) and political ( Léon Bourgeois ) variants. Thinkers with different emphases shaped

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5332-428: The idea of social debt. According to Bourgeois, man owes society the technical and intellectual capital that social development has produced for him. Bourgeois also introduced the term solidarism to describe a political ideology based on solidarity. Solidarism was a precise and clear structure of ideas which radicalism was also able to assimilate, and it came to regard it as its own ideological expression. After

5418-462: The immense importance which the mutual-support instincts, inherited by mankind from its extremely long evolution, play even now in our modern society, which is supposed to rest upon the principle "every one for himself, and the State for all," but which it never has succeeded, nor will succeed in realizing". Kropotkin advocated an alternative economic and social system, which would be coordinated through

5504-476: The institutions of the social contract . The way insurance works requires individuals to take a collective responsibility or the events they feel the need to prepare for. Society can be said to have become 'modern' when insurance becomes social insurance and when, thanks to the techniques and institutions of insurance, the insurance model becomes both a symbolic and a functional basis for the social contract. Solidarity and justice are key principles underpinning

5590-417: The insurance system, according to Risto Pelkonen and Timo Somer. In the context of voluntary personal insurance, solidarity means that the insured share the benefits and costs between themselves, while justice means that each insured contributes to the costs according to the actuarial probability. Social insurance, on the other hand, is available to all citizens, regardless of their choice and health status, as

5676-401: The interdependence of the component parts, and thus social solidarity is maintained in more complex societies through the interdependence of its component parts (e.g., farmers produce the food to feed the factory workers who produce the tractors that allow the farmer to produce the food). Although the concept of solidarity had already been used in the labor movement in the mid-19th century, it

5762-447: The meaning of the concept of solidarity to suit their own purposes. The Paris Communards , for example, exchanged the revolutionary slogan of " fraternity " for "solidarity". Some French liberal economists also began to use the term "solidarity", but they changed its meaning in an individualistic direction. Liberalists argued that interdependence between people meant that people also had to take responsibility for their actions without

5848-532: The motion of Charles B. Rangel of New York, the organization changed its name to the Congressional Black Caucus in February 1971. The thirteen founding members of the caucus were Shirley Chisholm , Bill Clay , George W. Collins , John Conyers , Ron Dellums , Charles Diggs , Augustus F. Hawkins , Ralph Metcalfe , Parren Mitchell , Robert N.C. Nix Sr. , Charles Rangel , Louis Stokes , and Washington, D.C., delegate Walter E. Fauntroy . Chisholm referred to

5934-455: The national anti- apartheid movement in the US, Free South Africa Movement (characterized by sit-ins, student protests, it became the longest-lasting civil disobedience movement in U.S history) and to devise the legislative strategy for the Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act of 1986 that was subsequently passed over Ronald Reagan 's veto. In late 1994, after Republicans attained a majority in

6020-417: The negative implications of biomedical enhancements. Another scholar, Meulen ter Ruud, discusses the application of solidarity within healthcare systems. Fritz Jahr describes bioethics as ultimately made up of "academic discipline, principle, and virtue". This echoes back to the influence Socrates has on the norms of bioethics and its practices. Jahr utilizes Kant's Categorical Imperative to demonstrate

6106-485: The norm of collective provisioning as the foundation of social justice . On the other hand, it can be argued that the justification for social regulation and solidarity is not necessarily a positive normative logic , but rather general civil rights . Human rights are intended to apply equally to all people and are more akin to a legal 'law' than to a normative logic. The formation of welfare policy can therefore be thought of as being based on human and civil rights with

6192-716: The obligatory, yet innately human practice of the Bioethical Imperative: [T]he guiding principle for our actions is the Bioethical Imperative : Respect every living being in general as an end in itself, and treat it if possible, as such as it arises in the relationships not only between people, but also with plants and other animal species. Jahr believes that in order to practice bioethics, one must be in solidarity with all forms of life. If one only decides to be in solidarity in humans, then one should not behave virtuously in any manner. Solidarity

6278-499: The precursor to TransAfrica. TransAfrica Forum was founded on July 1, 1977, after being conceived a year earlier at a Black Leadership Conference convened by the Congressional Black Caucus in September, 1976. A committee consisting of Randall Robinson , Herschelle Challenor , and Willard Johnson are credited with formulating an organizational design and launch. Robinson became the organization's first Director. TransAfrica launched

6364-423: The rest of the country will have to accept—there has been an unofficial Congressional White Caucus for over 200 years, and now it is our turn to say who can join 'the club.' He does not, and cannot, meet the membership criteria unless he can change his skin color. Primarily, we are concerned with the needs and concerns of the black population, and we will not allow white America to infringe on those objectives. Later

6450-641: The same week, Representative Tom Tancredo , a Republican from Colorado, objected to the continued existence of the CBC as well as the Democratic Congressional Hispanic Caucus and the Republican Congressional Hispanic Conference arguing that "It is utterly hypocritical for Congress to extol the virtues of a color-blind society while officially sanctioning caucuses that are based solely on race. If we are serious about achieving

6536-470: The solidarity tax was considered unconstitutional in Germany. In Italy , the solidarity tax was first introduced in 2012. All individuals whose annual gross income exceeds €300,000 are required to pay a 3% tax on the amount exceeding this amount. In France , the solidarity tax on wealth was introduced in 1981; in September 2017, the French government abolished the solidarity tax and replaced it with

6622-411: The state intervening. Charles Gide, an economist who opposed liberalism, developed his own interpretation of the concept and even proposed solidarity as the name of a new school of economics. Through these stages, by the turn of the 20th century, solidarity had become a generic term that could be associated with almost everything that was considered good and progressive . The Paris World Fair in 1900

6708-591: The terms mechanical and organic solidarity as part of his theory of the development of societies in The Division of Labour in Society (1893). In a society exhibiting mechanical solidarity, its cohesion and integration comes from the homogeneity of individuals—people feel connected through similar work, educational and religious training, and lifestyle. Mechanical solidarity normally operates in traditional small-scale societies. In tribal society, solidarity

6794-474: The ties that bind the individual to society . Gide is considered a major representative of the French historical school , and his ideas were quite different from the mainstream liberal economics of the time. Gide's social philosophy was close to that of Léon Walras , the developer of neoclassical general equilibrium theory , and he was one of the few supporters of Walras during his lifetime. Solidarity

6880-505: The turn of the century, Bourgeois solidarism came to be regarded almost as an official idea of the Third Republic . His solidarism combined elements of Durkheim 's theory of solidarity with the theories of Louis Pasteur and Charles Darwin , and constituted an alternative to the confrontation between classical liberalism and workers collectivism . Bourgeois emphasised the solidarity generated by interdependence between people as

6966-473: The vice presidency; former senators Carol Moseley Braun (1993–1999), Barack Obama (2005–2008), and Roland Burris (2008–2010), all of Illinois; and former senator Mo Cowan (2013) of Massachusetts. Burris was appointed by Illinois governor Rod Blagojevich in December 2008 to fill Obama's seat for the remaining two years of his Senate term after Obama was elected president of the United States . Cowan

7052-524: Was accompanied by a congress on "social education and the new solidarity". The Catholic Church also began to use the popular concept of solidarity. According to sociologist Steven Lukes , solidarity played a role in France at the time that was almost as strong and influential as individualism did in the United States at the same time. According to Émile Durkheim , the types of social solidarity correlate with types of society . Durkheim introduced

7138-422: Was appointed to temporarily serve until a special election after John Kerry vacated his Senate seat to become U.S. secretary of state. Senator Edward Brooke , a Republican who represented Massachusetts in the 1960s and 1970s, was not a member of the CBC. In 2013, Senator Tim Scott , Republican of South Carolina, also chose not to join the CBC after being appointed to fill Jim DeMint 's Senate seat. The caucus

7224-457: Was only ethically valuable when it was consciously voluntary. He created his own national economic doctrine, called Solidarism, according to which society could gradually move towards a cooperative economy in which workers themselves controlled the means of production . In Gide's thinking, the values and goals of solidarity could be pursued through cooperative associations, 'the voluntary association of well-meaning people'. In Gide's solidarity,

7310-414: Was only the liberal republicans who brought solidarity into the mainstream of French political debate. In 1896, Léon Bourgeois published his book Solidarité , which introduced the concept of solidarity into political language. Bourgeois's solidarity was based primarily on the interdependence between people, a double-edged sword that produced both security and threats. On the other hand, it was also based on

7396-428: Was refused. Although the bylaws of the caucus do not make race a prerequisite for membership, former and current members of the caucus agreed that the group should remain "exclusively black". In response to the decision, Cohen referred to his campaign promise as "a social faux pas " because "It's their caucus and they do things their way. You don't force your way in. You need to be invited." Representative Lacy Clay ,

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