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29-868: [REDACTED] Look up treatment in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Treatment may refer to: "Treatment" (song) , a 2012 song by Labrinth Film treatment , a prose telling of a story intended to be turned into a screenplay Medical treatment also known as " therapy " Sewage treatment Surface treatment or surface finishing Water treatment See also [ edit ] [REDACTED] Search for "treatment" on Misplaced Pages. In Treatment , an American drama television series In Treatment (Italian TV series) , an Italian drama television series National treatment , an economic concept focused on grantings to foreigners of rights similar to those of domestic nationals Silent treatment ,

58-480: A form of social rejection The Treatment (disambiguation) Treatment group , the collection of items or individuals receiving the same treatment in an experiment Window treatment , any of various styling choices specific to the interiors of windows All pages with titles beginning with Treatment All pages with titles containing Treatment Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

87-480: A form of social rejection The Treatment (disambiguation) Treatment group , the collection of items or individuals receiving the same treatment in an experiment Window treatment , any of various styling choices specific to the interiors of windows All pages with titles beginning with Treatment All pages with titles containing Treatment Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

116-439: A high standard. In areas with high quality water sources which flow by gravity to the point of consumption, costs will be much lower. Much of the energy requirements are in pumping. Processes that avoid the need for pumping tend to have overall low energy demands. Those water treatment technologies that have very low energy requirements including trickling filters , slow sand filters , gravity aqueducts . A 2021 study found that

145-450: A wide variety of contaminants. The adsorptive removal of color, aroma, taste, and other harmful organics and inorganics from drinking water and wastewater is one of their industrial applications. Both a high surface area and a large pore size can improve the efficiency of activated carbon. Activated carbon was utilized by a number of studies to remove heavy metals and other types of contaminants from wastewater. The cost of activated carbon

174-471: Is phase separation , such as sedimentation. Biological and chemical processes such as oxidation are another example. Polishing is also an example. The main by-product from wastewater treatment plants is a type of sludge that is usually treated in the same or another wastewater treatment plant. Biogas can be another by-product if the process uses anaerobic treatment. Treated wastewater can be reused as reclaimed water . The main purpose of wastewater treatment

203-487: Is a mass transfer process in which a substance is transported from the liquid phase to the surface of a solid/liquid (adsorbent) and becomes physically and chemically bonded (adsorbate). Adsorption can be classified into two forms based on the type of attraction between the adsorbate and the adsorbent: physical and chemical adsorption, commonly known as physisorption and chemisorptions. Activated carbons (ACs) or biological-activated carbon (BAC) are effective adsorbents for

232-453: Is a process which removes and eliminates contaminants from wastewater . It thus converts it into an effluent that can be returned to the water cycle . Once back in the water cycle, the effluent creates an acceptable impact on the environment. It is also possible to reuse it. This process is called water reclamation . The treatment process takes place in a wastewater treatment plant. There are several kinds of wastewater which are treated at

261-551: Is essential, and commonly involves the use of reactive chemical agents such as suspended solids , to remove bacteria , algae , viruses , fungi , and minerals including iron and manganese . Research including Professor Linda Lawton 's group at Robert Gordon University , Aberdeen is working to improve detection of cyanobacteria . These substances continue to cause great harm to several less developed countries who do not have access to effective water purification systems. Measures taken to ensure water quality not only relate to

290-447: Is for the treated wastewater to be able to be disposed or reused safely. However, before it is treated, the options for disposal or reuse must be considered so the correct treatment process is used on the wastewater. Water treatment is used to optimize most water-based industrial processes, such as heating, cooling, processing, cleaning, and rinsing so that operating costs and risks are reduced. Poor water treatment lets water interact with

319-598: Is primarily caused by the discharge of untreated wastewater from enterprises. The effluent from various enterprises, which contains varying levels of contaminants, is dumped into rivers or other water resources. The wastewater may have a high proportion of organic and inorganic contaminants at the initial discharge. Industries generate wastewater as a result of fabrication processes, processes dealing with paper and pulp , textiles , chemicals , and from various streams such as cooling towers , boilers , and production lines. Treatment for drinking water production involves

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348-708: Is rising due to a shortage of commercial activated carbon (AC). Because of its high surface area, porosity, and flexibility, activated carbon has a lot of potential in wastewater treatment. This is the method by which dissolved and suspended organic chemical components are eliminated through biodegradation , in which an optimal amount of microorganism is given to re-enact the same natural self-purification process. Through two distinct biological process , such as biological oxidation and biosynthesis , microorganisms can degrade organic materials in wastewater. Microorganisms involved in wastewater treatment produce end products such as minerals , carbon dioxide , and ammonia during

377-1130: The European Drinking Water Directive and in the United States the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) establishes standards as required by the Safe Drinking Water Act . For countries without a legislative or administrative framework for such standards, the World Health Organization publishes guidelines on the standards that should be achieved. China adopted its own drinking water standard GB3838-2002 (Type II) enacted by Ministry of Environmental Protection in 2002. Where drinking water quality standards do exist, most are expressed as guidelines or targets rather than requirements, and very few water standards have any legal basis or, are subject to enforcement. Two exceptions are

406-443: The common-ion effect is often used to help reduce water hardness. Flotation uses bubble attachment to separate solids or dispersed liquids from a liquid phase. Membrane filtration can remove suspended solids and organic components, and inorganic pollutants such heavy metals. For heavy metal removal, several forms of membrane filtration , such as ultrafiltration , nanofiltration , and reverse osmosis , can be used depending on

435-617: The European Drinking Water Directive and the Safe Drinking Water Act in the United States, which require legal compliance with specific standards. Appropriate technology options in water treatment include both community-scale and household-scale point-of-use (POU) or self-supply designs. Such designs may employ solar water disinfection methods, using solar irradiation to inactivate harmful waterborne microorganisms directly, mainly by

464-811: The UV-A component of the solar spectrum, or indirectly through the presence of an oxide photocatalyst , typically supported TiO 2 in its anatase or rutile phases. Despite progress in SODIS technology, military surplus water treatment units like the ERDLator are still frequently used in developing countries. Newer military style Reverse Osmosis Water Purification Units (ROWPU) are portable, self-contained water treatment plants are becoming more available for public use. For waterborne disease reduction to last, water treatment programs that research and development groups start in developing countries must be sustainable by

493-553: The appropriate type of wastewater treatment plant. For domestic wastewater the treatment plant is called a Sewage Treatment . Municipal wastewater or sewage are other names for domestic wastewater . For industrial wastewater, treatment takes place in a separate Industrial wastewater treatment , or in a sewage treatment plant. In the latter case it usually follows pre-treatment. Further types of wastewater treatment plants include Agricultural wastewater treatment and leachate treatment plants. One common process in wastewater treatment

522-411: The biological oxidation process. The minerals (products) remained in the wastewater and were discharged with the effluent . Microorganisms use organic materials in wastewater to generate new microbial cells with dense biomass that is eliminated by sedimentation throughout the biosynthesis process. Many developed countries specify standards to be applied in their own country. In Europe, this includes

551-439: The citizens of those countries. This can ensure the efficiency of such programs after the departure of the research team, as monitoring is difficult because of the remoteness of many locations. Energy Consumption: Water treatment plants can be significant consumers of energy. In California, more than 4% of the state's electricity consumption goes towards transporting moderate quality water over long distances, treating that water to

580-404: The following processes (depending on the season and contaminants and chemicals present in the raw water) is used for municipal drinking water treatment worldwide. Different chemical procedures for the conversion into final products or the removal of pollutants are used for the safe disposal of contaminants. Physical techniques of water/waste water treatment rely on physical phenomena to complete

609-793: The 💕 [REDACTED] Look up treatment in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Treatment may refer to: "Treatment" (song) , a 2012 song by Labrinth Film treatment , a prose telling of a story intended to be turned into a screenplay Medical treatment also known as " therapy " Sewage treatment Surface treatment or surface finishing Water treatment See also [ edit ] [REDACTED] Search for "treatment" on Misplaced Pages. In Treatment , an American drama television series In Treatment (Italian TV series) , an Italian drama television series National treatment , an economic concept focused on grantings to foreigners of rights similar to those of domestic nationals Silent treatment ,

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638-402: The particle size that can be maintained. Aminophosphonates can be added for antiscalant properties to maintain filtration. Ion exchange is a reversible ion exchange process in which an insoluble substance ( resin ) takes ions from an electrolytic solution and releases additional ions of the same charge in a chemically comparable amount without changing the resin's structure. Adsorption

667-600: The quality of water contacting the manufactured product (e.g., semiconductors) and/or can be part of the product (e.g., beverages, pharmaceuticals). In these instances, poor water treatment can cause defective products. For the elimination of hazardous chemicals from the water, many treatment procedures have been applied. The processes involved in removing the contaminants include physical processes such as settling and filtration , chemical processes such as disinfection and coagulation , and biological processes such as slow sand filtration . A combination selected from

696-514: The removal of contaminants and/or inactivation of any potentially harmful microbes from raw water to produce water that is pure enough for human consumption without any short term or long term risk of any adverse health effect. In general terms, the greatest microbial risks are associated with ingestion of water that is contaminated with human or animal (including bird) faeces. Faeces can be a source of pathogenic bacteria, viruses, protozoa and helminths. The removal or destruction of microbial pathogens

725-507: The removal process, rather than biological or chemical changes. Most common physical techniques are: Also referred to as "Conventional" Treatment Chemical precipitation is a common process used to reduce heavy metals concentrations in wastewater. The dissolved metal ions are transformed to an insoluble phase by a chemical interaction with a precipitant agent such as lime. In industrial applications stronger alkalis may be used to effect complete precipitation. In drinking water treatment,

754-413: The surfaces of pipes and vessels which contain it. Steam boilers can scale up or corrode, and these deposits will mean more fuel is needed to heat the same amount of water. Cooling towers can also scale up and corrode, but left untreated, the warm, dirty water they can contain will encourage bacteria to grow, and Legionnaires' disease can be the fatal consequence. Water treatment is also used to improve

783-461: The title Treatment . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treatment&oldid=1167415412 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages treatment From Misplaced Pages,

812-471: The title Treatment . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treatment&oldid=1167415412 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Water treatment Water contamination

841-500: The treatment of the water, but to its conveyance and distribution after treatment. It is therefore common practice to keep residual disinfectants in the treated water to kill bacteriological contamination during distribution and to keep the pipes clean. Water supplied to domestic properties such as for tap water or other uses, may be further treated before use, often using an in-line treatment process. Such treatments can include water softening or ion exchange. Wastewater treatment

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