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54-442: Trinity Leeds is a shopping and leisure centre in the city centre of Leeds , England , named after the adjacent 18th-century Holy Trinity Church . Developed by Land Securities and designed by Chapman Taylor , it opened on 21 March 2013, with over 130,000 recorded visitors on opening day. The development is in two parts: Trinity East, a new build development on the site of the former Trinity and Burton Arcades, and Trinity West,

108-593: A 10 metres (33 ft) steel column. The two statues were installed in March 2013, having taken 10 months to create. Perched near the roof (above Carluccio's) is a gilded bronze statue of an owl by Antonia Stowe. Trinity plans to have a programme of permanent and public art in the centre. Projects undertaken, include the 2.8 Days Later film project in November 2011 run in conjunction with local production companies and Everyman Cinemas. The former NCP Boar Lane car park

162-419: A concept food area in named Trinity Kitchen , hosting both permanent tenants and rotating "pop-up" vendors. Everyman Cinemas opened a 3,700 m (40,000 sq ft) four screen art-house cinema in the centre, its first premises in the north of England. Since around 2000 plans were made to redevelop the adjacent Trinity and Burton Arcades , a largely run down shopping precinct which opened in 1973, into

216-577: A cost of £42.5 million over two years. The museum has since become one of the city's major tourist attractions. The Financial Quarter is bounded by Park Row to the East, Leeds Inner Ring Road to the west, The Headrow to the north and Wellington Street to the south. It is centred on the Georgian Park Square , one of the green spaces in Leeds city centre. The City Centre Loop passes through

270-476: A few decades of the 19th Century, enormous pack trains carried goods on the Old Spanish Trail from Santa Fe, New Mexico , west to California . On current United States Geological Survey maps, many such trails continue to be labeled pack trail . Packhorses are used worldwide to convey many products. In feudal Japan riding in a saddle (kura) was reserved for the samurai class until the end of

324-442: A mixed-use area. Many of the area's old industrial buildings have now been converted into modern flats and commercial buildings. Mediaeval Leeds ended at The Headrow , multiple entertainment venues and municipal buildings were built directly north of the narrower shopping areas of the city. The area's entertainment venues are Leeds Arena , are Leeds Academy , Leeds Grand Theatre and Opera House . Millennium Square anchored by

378-563: A modern shopping centre using designs by the late Enric Miralles under the name Trinity Quarter . However this had been long delayed because of arguments regarding planning between the then owners of both centres Universities Superannuation Scheme (USS), owner of the Trinity and Burton arcades, and Topps Estates, owner of the Leeds Shopping Plaza. However, following the sale of Topps Estates to Land Securities in 2003, and

432-523: A pay-grade up and a step above a breaker boy in the society of the times. As the nation expanded west, packhorses, singly or in a pack train of several animals, were used by early surveyors and explorers, most notably by fur trappers , " mountain men ", and gold prospectors who covered great distances by themselves or in small groups. Packhorses were used by Native American people when traveling from place to place, and were also used by traders to carry goods to both Indian and White settlements. During

486-673: A road or way) and the Rapes Highway (after Rapes Hill). The medieval paths were marked by wayside crosses along their routes. Mount Cross, above the hamlet of Shore in the Cliviger Gorge , shows signs of Viking influence. As the Vikings moved eastwards from the Irish Sea in about 950 AD, it is likely that the pack horse routes were established from that time. Most packhorses were Galloways , small, stocky horses named after

540-532: A second FreeCityBus to serve emerging business, leisure and residential districts in the southern part of central Leeds. Leeds city centre has its main bus station in the east of the city. However, as a rule only buses heading out of the City of Leeds and National Express services use it. Local First Leeds buses use stops on the city streets, or a number of smaller bus stations, referred to as bus points, at Bond Street, Infirmary Street, Leeds railway station and

594-797: A small stream would have steep banks in normal terrains. By the 1790s the Lehigh Coal & Navigation Company was shipping anthracite coal from Summit Hill, Pennsylvania , to cargo boats on the Lehigh River using pack trains in what may be the earliest commercial mining company in North America. Afterwards in 1818−1827 its new management built first the Lehigh Canal , then the Mauch Chunk & Summit Hill Railroad , North America's second oldest which used mule trains to return

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648-628: Is a common public house name throughout England. During the 19th century, horses that transported officers' baggage during military campaigns were referred to as "bathorses" from the French bat , meaning packsaddle. The packhorse, mule or donkey was a critical tool in the development of the Americas . In colonial America, Spanish, French, Dutch and English traders made use of pack horses to carry goods to remote Native Americans and to carry hides back to colonial market centers. They had little choice,

702-617: Is currently under construction. Historically, Holbeck Urban Village was Holbeck 's closest area to the centre of Leeds . Due to the expansion of the city, it is now considered part of the city centre and was rezoned as Holbeck Urban Village , following the completion of a number of developments. is the name given by local government and planning agencies to a mixed-use urban renewal area south of Leeds railway station . Bridgewater Place and also Granary Wharf are within Holbeck Urban Village . The new High Speed 2 station

756-651: Is linked to the airport by the A1 bus service operated by Yorkshire Coastliner . The airport serves major European destinations as well as many further afield. Traffic passing past Leeds city centre is diverted away from the main areas by the Leeds Inner Ring Road , an urban motorway passing the East, North and West of the city centre. Much of the Inner Ring Road is in tunnels so not visible to passing pedestrians. All major routes into Leeds head towards

810-407: Is notable for designing, manufacturing and maintaining its own Christmas Light motifs. Its workshop began as a place to provide people with disabilities some employment opportunities. Its workshop has had several locations, beginning in a temporary location near Chapeltown Road, then to the old disused Whitbread Brewery site at Kirkstall and from 1993 to the present Seacroft location. Leeds City Council

864-582: Is one of 20 in Great Britain to be managed by Network Rail . It is the busiest English station outside London, and the UK's second busiest station outside London after Glasgow Central . The station serves national, regional and suburban railway services. The city centre is served by Leeds Bradford Airport . This is situated in Yeadon approximately seven miles north -west of the city centre. The city centre

918-813: Is the tallest building in Yorkshire . Other major institutions are located within the Quarter, including the Yorkshire Bank HQ and also the Merrion Centre . Queen Square is also found here. Leeds General Infirmary , the Leeds Beckett University and the University of Leeds each have a large campus forming an expansive tri-campus area in the north-east city centre, spanning both sides of the inner ring road and expanding into

972-541: The Leeds Playhouse , which opened in March 1990; Leeds College of Music , which moved to its current location in 1997; and Northern Ballet which moved to the area in 2010. Leeds City College also has a large campus here. Leeds Dock is the city's southern Cultural Quarter. It is where the Royal Armouries Museum can be found, the building was designed by architect Derek Walker and built at

1026-597: The River Aire . Kirkgate and Briggate are the oldest streets in Leeds, from which the city grew from. Briggate is home to several chain food and shopping chains, was fully pedestrianised in 1996 and connected the two previously pedestrian areas either side of it. The old town can be further subdivided into several areas: the city square; the Victorian arcades (such as the Grand Arcade , Thornton's Arcade and

1080-514: The developing world and have some military uses in rugged regions. Packhorses have been used since the earliest period of domestication of the horse . They were invaluable throughout antiquity, through the Middle Ages , and into modern times where roads are nonexistent or poorly maintained. Packhorses were heavily used to transport goods and minerals in England from medieval times until

1134-406: The samurai era (1868); lower classes would ride on a pack saddle ( ni-gura or konida-gura ) or bareback. Pack horses ( ni-uma or konida-uma ) carried a variety of merchandise and the baggage of travelers using a pack saddle that ranged from a basic wooden frame to the elaborate pack saddles used for the semi-annual processions ( sankin kotai ) of Daimyō. Pack horses also carried

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1188-506: The 18th century, canals started to be built in England and, following the Turnpike Act 1773, metalled roads. They made the ancient packhorse routes obsolete. Away from main routes, their use persisted into the 19th century leaving a legacy of paths across wilderness areas called packhorse routes, roads or trails and distinctive narrow, low sided stone arched packhorse bridges for example, at Marsden near Huddersfield. The Packhorse

1242-564: The Americas had virtually no improved waterways before the 1820s and roads in times before the automobile were only improved locally around a municipality, and only rarely in between. This meant cities and towns were connected by roads which carts and wagons could navigate only with difficulty, for virtually every eastern hill or mountain with a shallow gradient was flanked by valleys with stream cut gullies and ravines in their bottoms, as well as Cut bank formations, including escarpments. Even

1296-685: The Corn Exchange. Packhorse A packhorse , pack horse , or sumpter refers to a horse , mule , donkey , or pony used to carry goods on its back, usually in sidebags or panniers . Typically packhorses are used to cross difficult terrain, where the absence of roads prevents the use of wheeled vehicles. Use of packhorses dates from the Neolithic period to the present day. Today, westernized nations primarily use packhorses for recreational pursuits, but they are still an important part of everyday transportation of goods throughout much of

1350-484: The County Arcade); department stores and indoor shopping centres of The Headrow (such as The Light and St John's Centre ), The Calls' markets ( Corn Exchange and Leeds Kirkgate Market ). Opened 21 March 2013, Trinity Leeds shopping centre had a surge of 130,000 people enter its doors on the first day of opening. Costing £350 million, and creating 3,000 jobs, this was a major development for Leeds. It

1404-504: The Scottish district where they were first bred. Those employed in the lime-carriage trade were known as "limegals". Each pony could carry about 240 pounds (110 kg) in weight, spread between two panniers. Typically a train of ponies would number between 12 and 20, but sometimes up to 40. They averaged about 25 miles (40 km) a day. The train's leader commonly wore a bell to warn of its approach, since contemporary accounts emphasised

1458-589: The Topshop/Topman store commenced in February 2012 after Topman and Topshop moved to temporary stores elsewhere in the city and was completed in October 2012. A 3,716 m (40,000 sq ft) glass dome is the centrepiece of Trinity East. Designed by SKM Anthony Hunts, its 1902 glass panels rise 30.5 m (100 ft) above street level. The dome is built on a steel framework, and during construction

1512-654: The Trinity & Burton Arcades, a 1970s development which included both open air and covered parts. Extensive preparation works were required, including the demolition of the previous development and frontages on Briggate, Albion Street and Boar Lane. Site clearance was complete by 2008. Development was delayed due to the Great Recession , but recommenced in 2010. Contractor Laing O'Rourke estimates that over 1000 construction workers worked on Trinity Leeds. Initial construction started at Trinity East, where four tower cranes were used in its construction. Redevelopment of

1566-559: The areas. In addition to the two university campuses there are also multiple smaller education campuses to the area including Leeds Art University , Notre Dame Sixth Form College , Leeds City College and Blenheim Primary School. Quarry Hill is the city's northern cultural quarter. Centred upon Centenary Square, landmarks include: NHS England's Quarry House; the BBC Yorkshire building, which moved from Woodhouse Lane in August 2004;

1620-532: The artist said "My thoughts behind it were about the history of Leeds and the wool and textile industries and how horses were used as the HGV at the time". Minerva was the Roman goddess of both commerce and weaving, making her appropriate to this site in a city with a strong heritage of textiles, and wears an owl mask, one of the symbols of the city. Equus Altus is 5 metres (16 ft) tall, weighs 2 tonnes, and stands on

1674-425: The change in ownership of the Trinity and Burton Arcades to Caddick Group , and the granting of a compulsory purchase order by Leeds City Council , the process of constructing the centre could commence. The development was a combination of several older developments including Leeds Shopping Plaza , which has been rebranded and remodelled as Trinity West. It was built as an independent shopping centre surrounded by

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1728-547: The city centre. The city centre is served by the M621 motorway . The most notable bus service within central Leeds is the LeedsCityBus service operated by First Leeds and funded by West Yorkshire Metro . This service runs every few minutes in a clockwise direction around the city centre. It serves major transport interchanges and both universities as well as the main shopping and financial districts. There have been calls for

1782-528: The civic hall was a flagship project to mark the year 2000. It hosts regular concerts, with past performers including the Kaiser Chiefs , Bridewell Taxis , HARD-Fi , Fall Out Boy and Embrace . It is home to a number of grand Victorian buildings that are important in the civic life of the city. Prominent institutes include Leeds Magistrates' and Crown Courts, Leeds Library , Leeds Art Gallery , Leeds Civic Hall and Leeds Town Hall . The town hall

1836-591: The construction of the first turnpike roads and canals in the 18th century. Many routes crossed the Pennines between Lancashire and Yorkshire, enabling salt, limestone, coal, fleeces and cloth to be transported. Some routes had self-describing names, such as Limersgate and the Long Causeway ; others were named after landmarks, such as the Reddyshore Scoutgate ("gate" is Old English for

1890-464: The display. From October–January, a team of 9 works to erect the lights ready for the switch on in early November, before removing the lights after Christmas. Commercial advertising has been permitted on some of the lights, such as The Headrow's champagne bottle lights. Celebrities who turned on the Leeds Christmas lights: Leeds city centre is served by Leeds railway station . The station

1944-570: The equipment and food for samurai warriors during military campaigns. In North America and Australia, in areas such the Bicentennial National Trail , the packhorse plays a major role in recreational pursuits, particularly to transport goods and supplies into wilderness areas and where motor vehicles are either prohibited or impracticable. They are used by mounted outfitters , hunters , campers , stockmen and cowboys to carry tools and equipment that cannot be carried with

1998-412: The five ton coal cars the four hour climb the nine miles back to the upper terminus. Mules rode the roller-coaster precursor on the down trip to the docks, stables and paddocks below. The same company, as did its many competitors made extensive use of sure footed pack mules and donkeys in coal mines, including in some cases measures to stable the animals below ground. These were often managed by 'mule boys',

2052-408: The flagship Primark store. Proposals were revealed for a media screen on the exterior of Trinity West. Equus Altus , a sculpture of a packhorse carrying a roll of cloth, dominates the central court, and The Briggate Minerva , stands outside the centre's entrance on Briggate. Both are by Scottish sculptor Andy Scott . Packhorses were used to transport goods, in particular cloth, to and from Leeds:

2106-427: The packhorse is similar to that of a riding horse. Many but not all packhorses are also trained to be ridden. In addition, a packhorse is required to have additional skills that may not be required of a riding horse. A pack horse is required to be tolerant of close proximity to other animals in the packstring, both to the front and to the rear. The horse must also be tolerant of breeching , long ropes, noisy loads, and

2160-416: The quarter, using City Square , Quebec Street, King Street and East Parade. Leeds Law School is at Cloth Hall Court. Major names can be found in the financial quarter such as Aviva and The Bank of England . The district has grown out towards the west of the city. The Wellington Place development and the wider Wellington Gardens area of the city contain a number of international corporations. Wellington Place

2214-602: The redeveloped Leeds Shopping Plaza. The development has a catchment of 5.5 million people offering a spend of £1.93 billion annually. It has lifted Leeds from seventh to fourth in the CACI UK retail rankings and has created over 3000 jobs. The combined scheme has 93,000 m (1,000,000 sq ft) of retail floor space for 120 stores anchored by the flagship Marks & Spencer and Topshop / Topman stores. These units existed as standalone stores and have been expanded and remodelled into Trinity Leeds. The shopping centre has

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2268-652: The rider. They are used by guest ranches to transport materials to remote locations to set up campsites for tourists and guests. They are used by the United States Forest Service and the National Park Service to carry in supplies to maintain trails, cabins and bring in commercial goods to backcountry tourist lodges and other remote, permanent residences. Additionally, packhorses have also been used by drug trafficking organizations to transport narcotics across wilderness areas. In

2322-585: The risk packhorse trains presented to others. They were particularly useful as roads were muddy and often impassable by wagon or cart, and there were no bridges over some major rivers in the north of England. About 1000 packhorses a day passed through Clitheroe before 1750, and "commonly 200 to 300 laden horses every day over the River Calder (at a ford) called Fennysford in the King's Highway between Clitheroe and Whalley " The importance of packhorse routes

2376-496: The shifting of the load during transit. Patience and tolerance are crucial; for example, there are many ways to put pack horses into a pack string, but one method incorporates tying the halter lead of one animal to the tail of the animal in front of it, an act that often provokes kicking or bolting in untrained animals. Loading of a packhorse requires care. Weight carried is the first factor to consider. The average horse can carry up to approximately 30% of its body weight. Thus,

2430-477: The streets of Bond Street, Albion Street , Boar Lane and Lower Basinghall Street. It opened in 1977 as the Bond Street Centre on a site formerly occupied by Victorian-era buildings and was refurbished in 1996 which included giving the centre its present name, expanding the trading area to 25,000 m (270,000 sq ft). The new-build part of Trinity, Trinity East, was formerly occupied by

2484-541: The switch to illuminate the decorations at Victoria Gardens and usually attracts tens-of-thousands of people to the turning on ceremony. When Leeds Lights were first established in 1983, the switch on was held on the 4th Thursday of November, however it has since been brought forward. The illuminations are renowned as being the largest display in the United Kingdom, spanning over 13 miles of city centre streets and using over 2 million low energy light bulbs. Leeds

2538-462: The third world, packhorses and donkeys to an even greater extent, still haul goods to market, carry supplies for workers, and many other of the same jobs that have been performed for millennia. In modern warfare , pack mules are used to bring supplies to areas where roads are poor and fuel supply is uncertain. For example, they are a critical part of the supply chain for all sides of the conflict in remote parts of Afghanistan. Foundation training of

2592-464: Was completed in 1858 and opened by Queen Victoria . Leeds Civic Hall opened in 1933 by King George V and is home to the Lord Mayor's Room and the council chambers. Many barristers ' chambers and solicitors' offices are found here because of the close proximity to the courts. The area has a number high-rise residential properties and developments, including Sky Plaza and Opal 3 . Altus House

2646-406: Was due to border this area of Leeds, which is why much of the area is considered prime location for development. Financial Hospitality in the city centre Other headquarters include Asda and Channel 4 . Each Christmas the streets of Leeds city centre are decorated with a variety of Christmas lights . The widely publicised ‘switch-on' ceremony is in early November, when a celebrity flicks

2700-426: Was reflected in jingles and rhymes, often aide-memoires of the routes. As the need for cross-Pennine transportation increased, the main routes were improved, often by laying stone setts parallel to the horse track, at a distance of a cartwheel. They remained difficult in poor weather, the Reddyshore Scoutgate was "notoriously difficult", and became insufficient for a developing commercial and industrial economy. In

2754-502: Was refurbished and re-branded as the Trinity car park. Leeds city centre Leeds city centre is the central business district of Leeds , West Yorkshire , England. It is roughly bounded by the Inner Ring Road to the north and the River Aire to the south and can be divided into several quarters. The old town is considered the retail core of Leeds, it extends south from buildings on either side of The Headrow to

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2808-497: Was supported on an immense scaffold structure, which when removed in early 2012 resulted in the dome sinking 20mm. The dome is large enough to fit the Leeds Corn Exchange under it. Major works started at Trinity West in 2011 to remodel the centre's interior. Boar Lane Bus Point closed to create a new pavement and external remodelling involved removing cladding. A tower crane facilitated upward extensions to accommodate

2862-577: Was the only local authority to do this for some years but now a small number have followed Leeds Lights example in preparing their own displays where as most other councils buy in their lights and services. The lights are repaired and pressure cleaned annually at the Leeds Lights workshop in Seacroft throughout the year. 80,000 coloured lamps are stored at the workshop, and 2000m of coloured rope light are used. A team of 14 works all year round producing

2916-482: Was the only major retail development to open in the UK in 2013. It covers 1,000,000 sq ft (92,900 sq m) with has a capacity for 120 shops and numerous pop-up shops . The Calls is close to the River Aire . The area's decline began in the early 20th century when industry moved away from the centre outwards. From 1985 to 1995 Leeds Corporation carried out a major regeneration with a careful conversion of listed building warehouses and new build in sympathetic style for

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