22-529: Ocimum tenuiflorum , commonly known as holy basil , tulsi or tulasi , is an aromatic perennial plant in the family Lamiaceae . It is widely cultivated throughout the Southeast Asian tropics . It is native to tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, Australia and the western Pacific. This plant has escaped from cultivation and has naturalized in many tropical regions of the Americas. It
44-406: A bulb-shaped postcorpus. They are distinct in juveniles. Both the juvenile stages and the adult male stage are vermiform in shape. The male has significantly reduced esophagus and stylet. The posterior end of the female citrus nematode becomes swollen upon feeding. She contains a single ovary and the vulva is subterminal. The female will lay up to 100 eggs deposited in a gelatinous matrix secreted from
66-723: A slightly toothed margin; they are strongly scented and have a decussate phyllotaxy . The purplish flowers are placed in close whorls on elongated racemes . The three main morphotypes cultivated in India and Nepal are Ram tulsi (the most common type, with broad bright green leaves that are slightly sweet), the less common purplish green-leaved ( Krishna or Shyam tulsi ) and the common wild vana tulsi (e.g., Ocimum gratissimum ). The plant and its oil contain diverse phytochemicals , including tannins , flavonoids , eugenol , caryophyllenes , carvacrol , linalool , camphor , and cinnamyl acetate , among others. One study reported that
88-480: A stir-fry of Thai holy basil with meats, seafood or, as in khao phat kraphao , with rice. Two different types of holy basil are used in Thailand, a "red" variant which tends to be more pungent, and a "white" version for seafood dishes. Kaphrao should not be confused with horapha ( Thai : โหระพา ), which is normally known as Thai basil , or with Thai lemon basil ( maenglak ; Thai : แมงลัก ). For centuries,
110-703: Is an agricultural and environmental weed . Tulasi is cultivated for religious and traditional medicine purposes, and also for its essential oil . It is widely used as an herbal tea , commonly used in Ayurveda , and has a place within the Vaishnava tradition of Hinduism , in which devotees perform worship involving holy basil plants or leaves. Holy basil is an erect, many-branched subshrub, 30–60 cm (12–24 in) tall with hairy stems. Leaves are green or purple; they are simple, petioled , with an ovate blade up to 5 cm (2 in) long, which usually has
132-442: Is obligatory in some areas). Nematodes can easily be removed from seedlings by dipping the roots in 45 °C (113 °F) water for 25 minutes, which kills the nematodes but does not harm the plant. For cultural practices, the container-grown citrus can be treated with steam and soil solarization. Fumigation and nematicides are used to reduced initial population densities. Halogenated hydro-carbons (MBr,1-3-D and chloropicrin ) are
154-570: The citrus nematode or citrus root nematode , is a species of plant pathogenic nematodes and the causal agent of slow decline of citrus . T. semipenetrans is found in most citrus production areas and diverse soil textures worldwide. Their feeding strategy is semi-endoparasitic and has a very narrow host range among commonly grown crops. These nematodes are considered as major plant-parasitic nematode because they can cause 10-30% losses reported on citrus trees. They also parasitize other hosts such as olive, grape, persimmon and lilac. The citrus nematode
176-507: The J3 and J4 have a weaker stylet. The J2 female is longer and thinner than males and they do not molt until feeding site is established. The female juveniles begin feeding ectoparasitically on epidermal root cells. It is not until the female citrus nematode becomes a young adult that she becomes the infective stage. The anterior end of the young female penetrates into the cortex of the root and begins feeding on 3-6 nurse cells. This intense feeding by
198-718: The Kati Bihu festival celebrated in Assam , people light earthen lamps ( diya ) at the foot of the household tulsi plants and pray. Tulasi Too Many Requests If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request from 172.68.168.150 via cp1114 cp1114, Varnish XID 921030636 Upstream caches: cp1114 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Thu, 28 Nov 2024 07:59:18 GMT Tylenchulus semipenetrans Tylenchulus semipenetrans , also known as
220-547: The adult female will cause the posterior end to enlarge outside the root and start producing eggs. After fertilization, the female lays its eggs outside of the root in a gelatinous matrix extruded from excretory pore located near the vulva. High population densities of the citrus nematode can result in severe damage on the citrus tree. Some above ground symptoms can be observed such as suppression of citrus tree growth, lack of vigor or decline symptoms, yellowing of foliage and small size of fruit. The young adult females penetrate into
242-470: The age and vigor of the citrus trees, the nematode population densities in the soil, the aggressiveness of the nematodes, soil characteristics, and other environmental factors can influence the level of infestation by citrus nematode. Management practices consist of exclusion, preventive measures, and post-planting nematicide applications. All growers should avoid contaminated nursery rootstocks and use certified nematode-free soil and nematode-free rootstock (it
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#1732780758043264-511: The balance being made up of various trace compounds, mostly terpenes . Tulasi (Sanskrit: Surasa ) has been used in Ayurvedic and Siddha practices for its supposed medicinal properties. The leaves of holy basil, known as kaphrao in the Thai language ( Thai : กะเพรา ), are commonly used in Thai cuisine for certain stir-fries and curries such as phat kaphrao ( Thai : ผัดกะเพรา ) —
286-419: The cortex cells, become sedentary and form multiple‘nurse’ cells. The nematode feeding from these nurse cells reduces the amount of water and nutrients available to the growing plant. For below ground symptoms, the infected roots are thicker, darker, decayed and appear dirty. This is caused by soil particles sticking the gelatinous matrices which have been excreted by the females. The infected root systems due to
308-472: The dried leaves have been mixed with stored grains to repel insects. The essential oil may have nematicidal properties against Tylenchulus semipenetrans , Meloidogyne javanica , Anguina tritici , and Heterodera cajani . Water disinfection using O. tenuiflorum extracts was tested by Bhattacharjee et al. 2013 and Sadul et al. 2009. Both found an alcoholic extract to be more effective than aqueous or leaf juice . Sundaramurthi et al 2012 finds
330-404: The egg. The J1 has no stylet. The second-stage juveniles (J2) hatch from the eggs and the sex can be distinguished at this stage. The J2 male is short and fat. Juveniles will undergo two more molts into the J3 and J4 before becoming young adults. The citrus male nematodes are required for reproduction with females when their posterior end is exposed on the root surface. The J2 male has a stylet while
352-679: The most effective. Resistant rootstocks are available and this management strategy is the most useful to suppress nematode population density. Recently, the hybrid rootstock called Swingle citrumelo ( Citrus paradisi x P. trifoliata ) is highly resistant to the citrus nematode. In California , the Statewide Integrated Pest Management Program of the University of California suggests chemical control of nematodes with application dependent on population levels of nematodes. For low presence of nematodes,
374-448: The nearby excretory pore. The pore is surrounded by small, irregularly shaped lobes; and the excretory duct is directed forward. The rectum and anus are atrophied or absent and non-functional. The life cycle of the female citrus nematode is 6–8 weeks long, whereas the male citrus nematode only lives for about 7–10 days. These nematodes reproduce by amphimixis and parthenogenesis. The first-stage juvenile (J1) undergo one molt while still in
396-700: The nematode damage lose the ability to absorb enough water and nutrients for normal growth. Yellowing of foliage, leaf curling and dieback are consequences of insufficient root development and decayed young roots. According to E. Cohn, 4000 juveniles per gram of root are the damage threshold for slow decline disease in Israel . In Cyprus , the growers need to apply nematicides when the nematode densities reach 5000 juveniles per 250 cm (15 cu in) in soil. Treatments are recommended when 100 females per gram of root are observed in South Africa . However,
418-550: The plant contains an eponymous family of 10 neolignan compounds called tulsinol A-J . Specific aroma compounds in the essential oil are camphor (32%), eucalyptol (19%), ⍺-bisabolene (17%), eugenol (14%), germacrene (11%) and β-bisabolene (11%). In addition, more than 60 different aroma compounds were found through gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of holy basil. However, other studies have stated tulsi essential oil consists mostly of eugenol (70%) β-elemene (11%), β-caryophyllene (8%), and germacrene (2%), with
440-535: The result to be safe to drink and antimicrobial . A constituent analysis by Sadul found alkaloids , steroids , and tannins in the aqueous, and alkaloids and steroids only in the alcoholic extract. Tulasi is a sacred plant for Hindus , particularly the Vaishnavite sect. It is worshipped as the avatar of Lakshmi , and is often planted in courtyards of Hindu houses or temples to Hanuman . The ritual lighting of lamps each evening during Kartik includes
462-485: The worship of the tulsi plant. Vaishnavites are also known as "those who bear the tulsi around the neck". Tulasi Vivaha is a ceremonial festival performed between Prabodhini Ekadashi (the 11th or 12th lunar day of the bright fortnight of the Hindu month of Kartika ) and Kartik Purnima (the full moon of the month). Every evening, Odia and Bengali Hindus place earthen lamps in front of tulsi plants. During
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#1732780758043484-506: Was first discovered in California in 1913 by J. R. Hodges, a horticultural inspector for Los Angeles County , and was later described and named by Nathan Cobb that year. T. semipenetrans is the only species of Tylenchulidae that are economically important to agriculture. Citrus nematodes range in length from 0.25 to 0.35 mm (0.0098 to 0.0138 in) long. They have an amalgamated procorpus and metacorpus, distinct isthmus, and
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