86-418: Tupua Tamasese , formally known as Tupua , is a state dynasty and one of the four paramount chiefly titles of Samoa , known as the tama a ʻāiga . It is the titular head of one of Samoa's two great royal families – Sā Tupua, the lineage of Queen Salamasina . The current holder of the title is Tui Ātua Tupua Tamasese Efi . "Tupua" refers to Salamasina's descendant, King Tupua Fuiavailili, who
172-467: A directly democratic form of government that was to have a long afterlife in political thought and history. During Medieval times in Europe, the state was organized on the principle of feudalism , and the relationship between lord and vassal became central to social organization. Feudalism led to the development of greater social hierarchies. The formalization of the struggles over taxation between
258-468: A federal union . A federated state is a territorial and constitutional community forming part of a federation . (Compare confederacies or confederations such as Switzerland.) Such states differ from sovereign states in that they have transferred a portion of their sovereign powers to a federal government . One can commonly and sometimes readily (but not necessarily usefully) classify states according to their apparent make-up or focus. The concept of
344-675: A ceremony to honour Thor Heyerdahl for his contributions to Polynesia and the Pulemelei Mound excavations in 2003. In late 2007 Tupua established an overseas boarding school scholarship to St. Patrick's College, Silverstream , which allows one student per year to live and be schooled in New Zealand for all their college years, beginning in 2008. Tupua was awarded an honorary doctorate by St Andrew's University in 2019. Tupua wrote three books, and articles in scholarly journals and publications. In July 2008 while attending
430-441: A certain range of political phenomena . According to Walter Scheidel, mainstream definitions of the state have the following in common: "centralized institutions that impose rules, and back them up by force, over a territorially circumscribed population; a distinction between the rulers and the ruled; and an element of autonomy, stability, and differentiation. These distinguish the state from less stable forms of organization, such as
516-426: A given territory." While defining a state, it is important not to confuse it with a nation; an error that occurs frequently in common discussion. A state refers to a political unit with sovereignty over a given territory. While a state is more of a "political-legal abstraction," the definition of a nation is more concerned with political identity and cultural or historical factors. Importantly, nations do not possess
602-402: A government and its state is one of representation and authorized agency. Charles Tilly distinguished between empires, theocracies, city-states and nation-states. According to Michael Mann , the four persistent types of state activities are: Josep Colomer distinguished between empires and states in the following way: According to Michael Hechter and William Brustein , the modern state
688-621: A majority vote of the Legislative Assembly. However, he was not re-appointed as of 20 July 2017 after a controversial move by the Prime Minister which saw a legislative assembly vote of 23 to 15. This was after an initial vote that was taken, which saw the tamaʻāiga gain the majority of support from the ruling HRPP caucus. This was seen as but a mere formality and that Tui Ātua would again be elected to office to serve as Head of State. However, owing to decades of tension with
774-616: A political philosophy of the state, and to have rationally analyzed political institutions. Prior to this, states were described and justified in terms of religious myths. Several important political innovations of classical antiquity came from the Greek city-states and the Roman Republic . The Greek city-states before the 4th century granted citizenship rights to their free population, and in Athens these rights were combined with
860-536: A privileged and wealthy ruling class that was subordinate to a monarch . The ruling classes began to differentiate themselves through forms of architecture and other cultural practices that were different from those of the subordinate laboring classes. In the past, it was suggested that the centralized state was developed to administer large public works systems (such as irrigation systems) and to regulate complex economies. However, modern archaeological and anthropological evidence does not support this thesis, pointing to
946-458: A slightly different definition of the state with respect to the nation: the state is "a primordial, essential, and permanent expression of the genius of a specific [nation]." The definition of a state is also dependent on how and why they form. The contractarian view of the state suggests that states form because people can all benefit from cooperation with others and that without a state there would be chaos. The contractarian view focuses more on
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#17327834329321032-408: A specific state. In the classical thought, the state was identified with both political society and civil society as a form of political community, while the modern thought distinguished the nation state as a political society from civil society as a form of economic society. Thus in the modern thought the state is contrasted with civil society. Antonio Gramsci believed that civil society
1118-407: A state faces some practical limits via the degree to which other states recognize them as such. Definitions of a state are disputed. According to sociologist Max Weber : a "state" is a polity that maintains a monopoly on the legitimate use of violence , although other definitions are common. Absence of a state does not preclude the existence of a society , such as stateless societies like
1204-779: Is also the nephew of Samoa's celebrated independence movement leader, Tupua Tamasese Lealofi III and the cousin of the nation's second prime minister, Tupua Tamasese Lealofi IV . Tupua attended primary school at the Marist Brothers School at Mulivai in the Samoan capital of Apia . He continued his education at St. Patrick's College in Silverstream , Wellington, New Zealand . He was also educated at Victoria University of Wellington , in New Zealand 's capital city. Tupua began his political career in May 1965, when he
1290-402: Is composed of a specialized and privileged body of individuals, who monopolize political decision-making, and are separated by status and organization from the population as a whole. States can also be distinguished from the concept of a " nation ", where "nation" refers to a cultural-political community of people. A nation-state refers to a situation where a single ethnicity is associated with
1376-420: Is considered by some such as Adam Smith as a central function of the state, since these goods would otherwise be underprovided. Tilly has challenged narratives of the state as being the result of a societal contract or provision of services in a free market – he characterizes the state more akin as a protection racket in the vein of organized crime. While economic and political philosophers have contested
1462-456: Is considered to form the fundamental apparatus of contemporary states. A country often has a single state, with various administrative divisions . A state may be a unitary state or some type of federal union ; in the latter type, the term "state" is sometimes used to refer to the federated polities that make up the federation , and they may have some of the attributes of a sovereign state , except being under their federation and without
1548-671: Is established under Galumalemana) King Nofoasaefā (tyrant, assassinated by rebels in Savaiʻi) King Iʻamafana (allegedly willed his kingdom to Malietoa Vainuʻupo but according to the Sa Tupua family, this is not true; succeeded by Safeofafine who was killed in combat; kingship passes from the Sa Tupua line to the Leiʻataua/Tamafaigā line) 1751 - 1830: Maeaeafe Mataʻafa 1830 - 1860: Leasiolagi Moegagogo 1860s - 1891: Tui Aʻana Tui Atua Tupua Tamasese Titimaea (restoration of
1634-473: Is the first time Tamasese is formalised as part of the Tupua title) - Third Prime Minister of Samoa, son of Tupua Tamasese Lealofi-o-aʻana III 1986–present: Tui Atua Tupua Tamasese Efi (Former Prime Minister and Head of State 2007–2017), son of Tupua Tamasese Meaʻole. State (polity) A state is a political entity that regulates society and the population within a territory . Government
1720-414: Is the primary locus of political activity because it is where all forms of "identity formation, ideological struggle, the activities of intellectuals, and the construction of hegemony take place." and that civil society was the nexus connecting the economic and political sphere. Arising out of the collective actions of civil society is what Gramsci calls "political society", which Gramsci differentiates from
1806-469: The Amazon rainforest , which are uninhabited or inhabited solely or mostly by indigenous people (and some of them remain uncontacted ). Also, there are so-called " failed states " which do not hold de facto control over all of their claimed territory or where this control is challenged. Currently the international community comprises around 200 sovereign states , the vast majority of which are represented in
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#17327834329321892-523: The Andes . It is only in relatively modern times that states have almost completely displaced alternative " stateless " forms of political organization of societies all over the planet . Roving bands of hunter-gatherers and even fairly sizable and complex tribal societies based on herding or agriculture have existed without any full-time specialized state organization, and these "stateless" forms of political organization have in fact prevailed for all of
1978-703: The Haudenosaunee Confederacy that "do not have either purely or even primarily political institutions or roles". The degree and extent of governance of a state is used to determine whether it has failed . The word state and its cognates in some other European languages ( stato in Italian, estado in Spanish and Portuguese, état in French, Staat in German and Dutch) ultimately derive from
2064-549: The United Nations . For most of human history, people have lived in stateless societies , characterized by a lack of concentrated authority, and the absence of large inequalities in economic and political power . The anthropologist Tim Ingold writes: It is not enough to observe, in a now rather dated anthropological idiom, that hunter gatherers live in 'stateless societies', as though their social lives were somehow lacking or unfinished, waiting to be completed by
2150-517: The growth of cities , which was often dependent on climate, and economic development , with centralisation often spurred on by insecurity and territorial competition. Over time, a variety of forms of states developed, which used many different justifications for their existence (such as divine right , the theory of the social contract , etc.). Today, the modern nation state is the predominant form of state to which people are subject. Sovereign states have sovereignty ; any ingroup 's claim to have
2236-655: The prehistory and much of human history and civilization . The primary competing organizational forms to the state were religious organizations (such as the Church), and city republics . Since the late 19th century, virtually the entirety of the world's inhabitable land has been parcelled up into areas with more or less definite borders claimed by various states. Earlier, quite large land areas had been either unclaimed or uninhabited, or inhabited by nomadic peoples who were not organised as states . However, even within present-day states there are vast areas of wilderness, like
2322-590: The pāpā Tui Ātua mantle are currently held by Tui Ātua Tupua Tamasese Efi , a former Samoan prime minister and head of state. The origins of the Tupua (later Tupua Tamasese) title is found in the genealogical line of succession tracing back to the rule of Queen Salamasina. Her descendant, Fonoti, won the civil war that led to his installation as King of Samoa. His son and successor, Muagututiʻa, married Fenunuʻivao, daughter of Leutele of Falefa . Because they had no children of their own, they adopted Fenunivao's nephew Fuiavailili (son of Fuimaono of Salani) as their son. As
2408-472: The " status rei publicae ", the "condition of public matters". In time, the word lost its reference to particular social groups and became associated with the legal order of the entire society and the apparatus of its enforcement. The early 16th-century works of Machiavelli (especially The Prince ) played a central role in popularizing the use of the word "state" in something similar to its modern sense. The contrasting of church and state still dates to
2494-422: The "repressive state apparatus" (such as police and military) in reproducing social relations. Jürgen Habermas spoke of a public sphere that was distinct from both the economic and political sphere. Given the role that many social groups have in the development of public policy and the extensive connections between state bureaucracies and other institutions, it has become increasingly difficult to identify
2580-471: The 16th century. The North American colonies were called "states" as early as the 1630s. The expression "L'État, c'est moi" (" I am the State ") attributed to Louis XIV , although probably apocryphal, is recorded in the late 18th century. There is no academic consensus on the definition of the state. The term "state" refers to a set of different, but interrelated and often overlapping, theories about
2666-480: The Latin word status , meaning "condition, circumstances". Latin status derives from stare , "to stand", or remain or be permanent, thus providing the sacred or magical connotation of the political entity. The English noun state in the generic sense "condition, circumstances" predates the political sense. It was introduced to Middle English c. 1200 both from Old French and directly from Latin. With
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2752-920: The Matahauariki Institute at Waikato University . He was a PhD examiner at Australian National University in Canberra for Pacific and Samoan history . Tupua was a resident scholar of the Pacific Studies Centre of the Australian National University and the Macmillan Brown Centre for Pacific Studies at University of Canterbury in New Zealand. Tupua helped to begin excavations at Samoa's important Pulemelei Mound archaeological site. Samoans, under Tupua Tamasese, carried out
2838-876: The Sa Tupua/Salamasina lineage leads to the Tamasese appellation being used hereafter with the Tupua title to become Tupua Tamasese) 1891 - 1915: Tui Atua Tupua Tamasese Lealofi-o-aʻana I, son of Tui Aʻana Tui Atua Tupua Tamasese Titimaea. 1915 - 1918: Tupua Tamasese Lealofi-o-aʻana II, eldest son of Tui Atua Tupua Tamasese Lealofi-o-aʻana I 1918 - 1929: Tupua Tamasese Lealofi-oʻaʻana III ( Mau leader, assassinated by NZ Soldiers during Black Saturday), younger brother of Tupua Tamasese Lealofi-o-aʻana II 1929 - 1963: Tupua Tamasese Meaʻole (Co-Head of State with Malietoa Tanumafili II after Independence), younger brother of Tupua Tamasese Lealofi-o-aʻana III 1963 - 1983: Tui Atua Tupua Tamasese Lealofi-o-aʻana IV (this
2924-520: The Tupua Tamasese of Sā Tupua and Malietoa of Sā Malietoa were joined by two more titles, Mataʻafa and Tuimalealiʻifano , as the four highest titleholders of Samoa. With the exception of Sā Malietoa, all are descended from Queen Salamasina, the daughter of Tui Aʻana Tamalelagi and a descendant of the Tuʻi Tonga . She became the first sovereign of all Samoa. Throughout most of Samoa's history,
3010-550: The Tupua Tamasese title is at Mulinuʻu ma Sepolataʻemo in Lufilufi . Three political families make up Sā Tupua – ʻAiga o Mavaega, ʻAiga Sā Tuala and ʻAiga Sā Fenunuivao. The ʻAiga Sā Fenunuivao of Falefa and Salani holds authority and custodianship of the title, deciding who from among the heirs it is bestowed upon. The tama a ʻāiga comprises the maximal lineage titles of Samoa. These titles are often associated with pāpā titles, paramount district titles which affords
3096-535: The Tupua Tamasese title, subject to the approval of Aiga Sa Fenunuivao. When a Tupua is to be appointed, the descendants of Fenunuʻivao (adoptive mother of the first Tupua) meet to decide on who should hold the mantle. The Aiga Sā Fenunuivao (Fenunuivao's descendants) are the primary political family of the Sā Tupua clan, led by the Moeono of Falefa and Tofuaʻiofoʻia of Salani. The family holds authority and custodianship of
3182-686: The Tuʻi Tonga Kauʻulufonua II) and the Tui Aʻana Tamaʻalelagi. She was entrusted to the care of Levalasi Soʻoaʻemalelagi, wife of the Tui Atua Mātaʻutia. She was betrothed to marry Tonumaipeʻa Tapumanaia in order to form a political alliance with the influential Tonumaipeʻa faction in Savaiʻi. Salamasina instead, eloped with her love, Alapepe. This relationship brought forth a daughter named Fofoaivaoese, who grew to become Tuiaʻana and
3268-413: The alignment and conflict of interests between individuals in a state. On the other hand, the predatory view of the state focuses on the potential mismatch between the interests of the people and interests of the state. Charles Tilly goes so far to say that states "resemble a form of organized crime and should be viewed as extortion rackets." He argued that the state sells protection from itself and raises
3354-701: The ancestress of Fonoti and Tupua. Alapepe, however, was pursued by the furious Tonumaipeʻa clan to the Tongan island of Tongatapu where he was killed for “defiling” the taupou. Salamāsina's son by Tapumanaia was named after his father and later received the Lesātele title of the Salani and Sālesātele villages in Falealili, thereafter known as Tapusatele. In a twist of fate, the lines of both Fofoaivaoese and Tapusatele - Salamasina's heirs - were reunited by Tupua Fuiavailili,
3440-427: The archaeological record as of 6000 BC; in Europe they appeared around 990, but became particularly prominent after 1490. Tilly defines a state's "essential minimal activities" as: Importantly, Tilly makes the case that war is an essential part of state-making; that wars create states and vice versa. Modern academic definitions of the state frequently include the criterion that a state has to be recognized as such by
3526-489: The banana tree' to examine the child's lineage). Through this careful process, it was revealed that Fuiavailili's biological father Fuimaono was both a relative of Fenunuʻivao and also a direct descendant of Queen Salamasina's second child, Tapumanaia (also known as Tapusatele). Through his ancestry and adoption, Tupua Fuiavailili united both Salamasina lineages through his biological ancestor and King Muagututiʻa's ancestor Fofoaivaoʻese, Salamasina's first child. Having satisfied
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3612-549: The boundaries of the state. Privatization , nationalization , and the creation of new regulatory bodies also change the boundaries of the state in relation to society. Often the nature of quasi-autonomous organizations is unclear, generating debate among political scientists on whether they are part of the state or civil society. Some political scientists thus prefer to speak of policy networks and decentralized governance in modern societies rather than of state bureaucracies and direct state control over policy. The earliest forms of
3698-561: The country for several months and paving the way for the opposition Human Rights Protection Party 's entry to government in 1982. The party would go on to hold power until 2021 . Tupua became Leader of the Opposition following his Christian Democratic Party 's election defeat in 1982. He also headed the Samoan National Development Party . He continued to serve Anoamaʻa East as MP until 2004 when he
3784-476: The emergence of a social class of people who did not have to spend most of their time providing for their own subsistence, and writing (or an equivalent of writing, like Inca quipus ) because it made possible the centralization of vital information. Bureaucratization made expansion over large territories possible. The first known states were created in Egypt , Mesopotamia , India , China , Mesoamerica , and
3870-455: The evolutionary development of a state apparatus. Rather, the principal of their socialty, as Pierre Clastres has put it, is fundamentally against the state. During the Neolithic period, human societies underwent major cultural and economic changes, including the development of agriculture , the formation of sedentary societies and fixed settlements, increasing population densities, and
3956-412: The exercise of chiefly power." The most commonly used definition is by Max Weber who describes the state as a compulsory political organization with a centralized government that maintains a monopoly of the legitimate use of force within a certain territory. Weber writes that the state "is a human community that (successfully) claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force within
4042-562: The existence of several non-stratified and politically decentralized complex societies. Mesopotamia is generally considered to be the location of the earliest civilization or complex society , meaning that it contained cities , full-time division of labor , social concentration of wealth into capital , unequal distribution of wealth , ruling classes, community ties based on residency rather than kinship , long distance trade , monumental architecture , standardized forms of art and culture, writing, and mathematics and science . It
4128-751: The first 'Tama-a-ʻaiga) Tafaʻifā Queen Salamāsina (progenitor of Samoa's four main royal bloodlines) Tapumanaia (taken to Falealili and renamed Tapusatele; marries Sailau, daughter of Leutele, of Falefa.) Tapufautua Sifuiva Fuimaono (marries Oilau, of Faleālili.) Fuiavailili Tafaʻifā King Tupua Fuiavailili (the first Tupua and the first 'Tama-a-ʻaiga) King Tupua Fuiavailili, descendant of Queen Salamasina, adopted son of King Muagututiʻa and Fenunuivao, daughter of Leutele King Afoa (defeated in single combat by his brother, Galumalemana. Thereafter named Afoafouvale, "he who rebels for no good reason.") King Galumalemana (the Aloaliʻi as an institution of succession
4214-417: The first Tama-a-'Aiga. Tupua's biological father, Fuimaono, was a direct descendant of Tapusatele. His adoptive father, King Muagututiʻa, was a direct descendant of Fofoaivaoese. Tupua Fuiavailili was thus the first King to be descended from Queen Salamasina through both her children, Fofoaivaoese and Tapusatele. The young untitled men of Falefa have thereafter been called Tupua ma le Aumaga (literally "Tupua and
4300-619: The fore: note the res publica of ancient Rome and the Rzeczpospolita of Poland-Lithuania which finds echoes in the modern-day republic . The concept of temple states centred on religious shrines occurs in some discussions of the ancient world. Relatively small city-states , once a relatively common and often successful form of polity, have become rarer and comparatively less prominent in modern times. Modern-day independent city-states include Vatican City , Monaco , and Singapore . Other city-states survive as federated states, like
4386-575: The functions of temporary acting head of state with Tuimalealiʻifano, as members of the Council of Deputies. Tupua was elected head of state on 16 June 2007. His was the only nomination put forth in Samoa's Fono (parliament) and thus the decision was unanimous. His election was welcomed by many Samoans both in Samoa and abroad. He was sworn into office on 20 June 2007. He was re-elected in July 2012 by
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#17327834329324472-437: The government is the particular group of people, the administrative bureaucracy that controls the state apparatus at a given time. That is, governments are the means through which state power is employed. States are served by a continuous succession of different governments. States are immaterial and nonphysical social objects, whereas governments are groups of people with certain coercive powers. Each successive government
4558-439: The holder authority over an entire region or, if one acquires all four pāpā , the entirety of Samoa. The field of contention for the pāpā titles and tafaʻifa (the title used for a holder of all four titles) was confined to the leading members of two families, Sā Tupua and Sā Malietoa, under whom all Samoa is united. The leading tides of these two family lineages were called tamaʻāiga ("sons of families"). By mid-19th century,
4644-626: The international community. Liberal thought provides another possible teleology of the state. According to John Locke, the goal of the state or commonwealth is "the preservation of property" (Second Treatise on Government), with 'property' in Locke's work referring not only to personal possessions but also to one's life and liberty. On this account, the state provides the basis for social cohesion and productivity, creating incentives for wealth-creation by providing guarantees of protection for one's life, liberty and personal property. Provision of public goods
4730-411: The lack of war which European states relied on. A state should not be confused with a government; a government is an organization that has been granted the authority to act on the behalf of a state. Nor should a state be confused with a society; a society refers to all organized groups, movements, and individuals who are independent of the state and seek to remain out of its influence. Neuberger offers
4816-645: The meeting place of Atua's leaders in Lufilufi. Tafaʻifā Queen Salamāsina (progenitor of Samoa's four main royal bloodlines) Tafaʻifā Queen Fofoaivaoese (first daughter of Queen Salamasina) Tafaʻifā Queen Taufau Asiata (daughter of Queen Fofoaivaoese) Le Tupufia (The King with only three pāpā) Faumuinā (nephew of Queen Taufau) Tafaʻifā King Fonoti (Defeats siblings for Kingship; Fagaloa, Faleapuna and Falefa are rewarded with honours) Tafaʻifā King Muagututiʻa. (marries Fenunuivao, daughter of Leutele, of Falefa.) Tafaʻifā King Tupua Fuiavailili (the first Tupua and
4902-473: The monarch and other elements of society (especially the nobility and the cities) gave rise to what is now called the Standestaat , or the state of Estates, characterized by parliaments in which key social groups negotiated with the king about legal and economic matters. These estates of the realm sometimes evolved in the direction of fully-fledged parliaments, but sometimes lost out in their struggles with
4988-454: The monarch, leading to greater centralization of lawmaking and military power in his hands. Beginning in the 15th century, this centralizing process gives rise to the absolutist state. His Highness Tui Atua Tupua Tamasese Efi Tui Ātua Tupua Tamasese Tupuola Tufuga Efi (born Olaf "Efi" Tamasese ; 1 March 1938) is a Samoan political leader and paramount chief, as holder of the maximal lineage Tupua Tamasese title. He also holds
5074-552: The monopolistic tendency of states, Robert Nozick argues that the use of force naturally tends towards monopoly. Another commonly accepted definition of the state is the one given at the Montevideo Convention on Rights and Duties of States in 1933. It provides that "[t]he state as a person of international law should possess the following qualifications: (a) a permanent population; (b) a defined territory; (c) government; and (d) capacity to enter into relations with
5160-465: The morning of his installation ceremony at Vaimoso, the nation's public broadcaster, Radio 2AP, read an announcement from the Moeono at the time, Moeono Alaiʻasā Kolio, notifying the country that ʻĀiga Sā Fenunuivao as well as the leaders of Lufilufi – the traditional seat of the Tupua Tamasese title – had not sanctioned Tufuga Efi's ascension to the title, effectively nullifying the candidate's grasp for
5246-692: The nation-state, theoretically or ideally co-terminous with a "nation", became very popular by the 20th century in Europe, but occurred rarely elsewhere or at other times. In contrast, some states have sought to make a virtue of their multi-ethnic or multinational character ( Habsburg Austria-Hungary , for example, or the Soviet Union ), and have emphasised unifying characteristics such as autocracy , monarchical legitimacy , or ideology . Other states, often fascist or authoritarian ones, promoted state-sanctioned notions of racial superiority . Other states may bring ideas of commonality and inclusiveness to
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#17327834329325332-439: The notion of the state as a polity. He stated that politics was not a "one-way process of political management" but, rather, that the activities of civil organizations conditioned the activities of political parties and state institutions, and were conditioned by them in turn. Louis Althusser argued that civil organizations such as church , schools , and the family are part of an "ideological state apparatus" which complements
5418-471: The orator polity of Leulumoega and Lufilufi, in reference to his many genealogical connections to the great families of Ātua . "Tamasese" refers to his descendant, Tupua Tamasese Titimaea, whose prowess in battle and generosity won favour with many of his followers and whose actions restored the Salamasina line's prestige. All subsequent Tupua title holders thus carried the two names together. The seat of
5504-475: The organizational characteristics like geographic boundaries or authority figures and officials that states do. Additionally, a nation does not have a claim to a monopoly on the legitimate use of force over their populace, while a state does, as Weber indicated. An example of the instability that arises when a state does not have a monopoly on the use of force can be seen in African states which remain weak due to
5590-433: The other states." And that "[t]he federal state shall constitute a sole person in the eyes of international law." Confounding the definition problem is that "state" and "government" are often used as synonyms in common conversation and even some academic discourse. According to this definition schema, the states are nonphysical persons of international law , governments are organizations of people. The relationship between
5676-418: The passing of his first cousin, former Prime Minister Tupua Tamasese Lealofi IV . Moeono and Tofuaʻiofoia speak for Aiga Sa Fenunuʻivao, not only on matters pertaining to the Tupua title, but also on dealings with Samoa's other main political families, such as Sa Tuala and the other great family of Atua, Sa Levalasi. Tofuaʻiofoia and Moeono are members of the great council of Atua which meets at Lalogafuʻafuʻa,
5762-404: The present day German city-states , or as otherwise autonomous entities with limited sovereignty, like Hong Kong , Gibraltar and Ceuta . To some extent, urban secession , the creation of a new city-state (sovereign or federated), continues to be discussed in the early 21st century in cities such as London . A state can be distinguished from a government . The state is the organization while
5848-497: The question about why people should trust a state when they cannot trust one another. Tilly defines states as "coercion-wielding organisations that are distinct from households and kinship groups and exercise clear priority in some respects over all other organizations within substantial territories." Tilly includes city-states, theocracies and empires in his definition along with nation-states, but excludes tribes, lineages, firms and churches. According to Tilly, states can be seen in
5934-432: The requirements of having strong linkages to Samoa's royal lineages and noble families, Fuiavailili was named Tupua and proclaimed as the first Tama a 'Āiga (lit.'son of the families') by the orators of Tumua, succeeding his adoptive father as the next King. The ancestor of the Tupua Tamasese title was Samoa's first ruler to possess all four pāpā titles - Queen Salamasina. She was the daughter of Vaetofaga (a granddaughter of
6020-472: The revival of the Roman law in 14th-century Europe, the term came to refer to the legal standing of persons (such as the various " estates of the realm " – noble, common, and clerical), and in particular the special status of the king. The highest estates, generally those with the most wealth and social rank, were those that held power. The word also had associations with Roman ideas (dating back to Cicero ) about
6106-437: The right of joint conferral was later challenged in court. In 1987, the court ruled that the right of conferral of the Tupua Tamasese title belonged exclusively to ʻĀiga Sā Fenunuivao of Falefa and Salani, based on the customary criteria of descent, relevant knowledge and skill, residence and service. On 11 May 2007, following the death of Malietoa Tanumafili II , Samoa's head of state since independence in 1962, Tupua assumed
6192-428: The root cause of civil unrest was the struggle for titular supremacy among these families.The senior of the two, Sā Tupua dominated the office since the time of its titular ancestor, Queen Salamasina, in the 1500s. Sa Malietoa rejoined at the beginning of the 19th century, coinciding with the collapse of Manono's dominance and the arrival of British missionaries. Both the tama a ʻāiga Tupua Tamasese title and
6278-488: The royal pāpā title of Tui Ātua ('sovereign' of Atua ). Tui Ātua served as the third prime minister of Samoa from 1976 to 1982 and again later in 1982. He also served as O le Ao o le Malo (head of state of Samoa) from 2007 to 2017. Tupua was born on 1 March 1938 at Motoʻotua in Samoa. He is the son of Samoa's first co-head of state ( O le Ao o le Malo ), Tupua Tamasese Meaʻole (1905–1963), and Irene Gustava Noue Nelson, of Samoan, Swedish and British descent. He
6364-433: The same capacity to act internationally. (Other terms that are used in such federal systems may include " province ", " region " or other terms.) For most of prehistory people lived in stateless societies . The earliest forms of states arose about 5,500 years ago. Over time societies became more stratified and developed institutions leading to centralised governments. These gained state capacity in conjunction with
6450-486: The state emerged whenever it became possible to centralize power in a durable way. Agriculture and a settled population have been attributed as necessary conditions to form states. Certain types of agriculture are more conducive to state formation, such as grain (wheat, barley, millet), because they are suited to concentrated production, taxation, and storage. Agriculture and writing are almost everywhere associated with this process: agriculture because it allowed for
6536-409: The successor of King Muagututiʻa, the orators of Tumua - the orator polity of Upolu based in Lufilufi and Leulumoega - questioned who this child was to assume such an important mantle and whether he possessed the necessary genealogical links to the great families of Samoa in order to be worthy. This inquiry is known as when "na saesae laufaʻi ai Tumua" (lit. when Tumua systematically 'ripped the leaves of
6622-418: The then-Prime Minister Tuilaʻepa Saʻilele Malielegaoi , Tui Ātua was instead replaced in a backroom vote by another tamaʻāiga , Tuimalealiʻifano Vaʻaletoʻa Sualauvi II. Tupua held a number of academic positions during and after his political career as an MP and prime minister. Tupua served as an adjunct professor for Te Whare Wananga o Awanuiarangi in New Zealand. He later became an Associate Member of
6708-491: The title once again. In 1986, Tupuola Efi sought out ʻĀiga Sā Fenunuivao 's blessing. Falefa and Lufilufi eventually agreed to Tupuola Tufuga Efi's ascension to the titles. ʻĀiga Sā Fenunuivao joined with ʻĀiga o Mavaega and ʻĀiga Sā Tuala to jointly confer the Tupua Tamasese title on Tupuola Efi in an installation ceremony at Vaimoso in November 1986, jointly registering the title under their family names. However,
6794-440: The title, deciding who from among its heirs it should be bestowed upon. Once an appointment has been made, the orators of Lufilufi are informed to issue the proclamation. The current holder, His Highness Tui Atua Tupua Tamasese Efi , is a direct descendant of Fenunuʻivao, Tupua Fuiavalili, his second son Galumalemana and his grandson, Nofoasaefā, of Asau, Savaiʻi. Tupuola Efi was chosen as Tupua Tamasese by Aiga Sa Fenunuʻivao after
6880-461: The use of pottery and more complex tools. Sedentary agriculture led to the development of property rights , domestication of plants and animals, and larger family sizes. It also provided the basis for an external centralized state. By producing a large surplus of food, more division of labor was realized, which enabled people to specialize in tasks other than food production. Early states were characterized by highly stratified societies, with
6966-597: The young men"), marking the arrival of Tupua Fuiavailili to Falefa and his status as the young heir of King Muagututiʻa, which would also have entailed duties as leader of the young untitled men. To this day, these young men stand guard at every bestowal ceremony and are responsible for guarding the chiefs of Falefa and the holder of the Tupua Tamasese title. Tupua would go on to sire children through different unions, all politically important to cement his reign. From his four usuga (marriages), King Tupua Fuiavailili had five children: All aloaliʻi title holders are eligible to hold
7052-445: Was appointed to Samoa's Council of Deputies alongside Tuimalealiʻifano Vaʻaletoʻa Sualauvi II . Upon Tupua Tamasese Lealofi IV's death in 1983, the question as to a successor was raised with Tupuola Efi staking his claim. However, this would require ʻĀiga Sā Fenunuivao agreeing to his appointment. Salani agreed, however Falefa and Lufilufi opposed it. Tupuola Efi proceeded without the unanimous support of ʻĀiga Sā Fenunuivao. On
7138-481: Was differentiated from "leagues of independent cities, empires, federations held together by loose central control, and theocratic federations" by four characteristics: States may be classified by political philosophers as sovereign if they are not dependent on, or subject to any other power or state. Other states are subject to external sovereignty or hegemony where ultimate sovereignty lies in another state. Many states are federated states which participate in
7224-629: Was elected to the Legislative Assembly from the Vaisigano No. 1 constituency. He served as Samoa's Minister of Works from 1970 until 1972. Tupua served as prime minister for two consecutive terms from 1976 to 1982. He also served as deputy prime minister from 1985 to 1988. It was during his second term as prime minister that the Public Service Association went on a general strike in 1981, paralysing
7310-453: Was the first to unite both of Salamasina's descent lines in his personage and ascended to the kingship of Samoa in c.1550, upon the death of his adoptive father, King Muagututiʻa. Tupua Fuiavailili was adopted by his aunt, Fenunuʻivao (daughter of Leutele and wife of King Muagututiʻa) and named as the King's successor. Tupua's rise also led to the first usage of the term tama a ʻāiga by
7396-594: Was the world's first literate civilization, and formed the first sets of written laws . Bronze metallurgy spread within Afro-Eurasia from c. 3000 BC , leading to a military revolution in the use of bronze weaponry, which facilitated the rise of states. Although state-forms existed before the rise of the Ancient Greek empire, the Greeks were the first people known to have explicitly formulated
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