51-819: Western Armenia ( Western Armenian : Արեւմտեան Հայաստան, Arevmdian Hayasdan ) is a term to refer to the western parts of the Armenian highlands located within Turkey (formerly the Ottoman Empire ) that comprise the historical homeland of the Armenians . Western Armenia, also referred to as Byzantine Armenia , emerged following the division of Greater Armenia between the Byzantine Empire (Western Armenia) and Sassanid Persia ( Eastern Armenia ) in AD 387. Since
102-498: A 2012 survey, 36% of Armenians asked agree or somewhat agree that Turkish recognition of the Armenian Genocide will result in territorial compensation, while 45% believe it will not. The online publication Barometer.am wrote: "It appears that our pragmatic population believes that all possible demands should be forwarded to Turkey [...] but a relative majority consider the practical realization of territorial claims to Turkey
153-500: A half-dozen other forms are in gradual decline and are being replaced by the i -form, which has virtually attained the status of a regular form: գիտութ եանց գիտութիւն ով Like English and some other languages, Armenian has definite and indefinite articles. The indefinite article in Western Armenian is /mə/ , which follows the noun: ator mə ('a chair', Nom.sg), atori mə ('of a chair', Gen.sg) The definite article
204-607: A new edition of the Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger was released by UNESCO in which the Western Armenian language in Turkey was defined as a definitely endangered language . In modern day Armenia, there is a municipality called Gyumri , the city took host to large numbers of Armenian refugees fleeing the Ottoman Empire from the Armenian Genocide. Many of these people spoke
255-515: A three-way distinction of stops and affricates (one voiced and two voiceless: one plain and one aspirated ), Western Armenian has kept only a two-way distinction (one voiced and one aspirated). For example, Classical Armenian has three bilabial stops ( /b/ ⟨բ⟩ , /p/ ⟨պ⟩ , and /pʰ/ ⟨փ⟩ ), but Western Armenian has only two bilabial stops ( /b/ ⟨պ⟩ and /pʰ/ ⟨բ⟩ / ⟨փ⟩ ). Secondly, Western Armenian has both changed
306-482: Is Batı Ermenistan . The region has been officially described as Eastern Anatolia ( Doğu Anadolu ) since the seven geographical regions of Turkey were defined at the 1941 First Geography Congress . Throughout much of recorded history the eastern boundary of Anatolia was not considered to extend as far as the Araxes , the river which marks the present day boundary between the states of Armenia and Iran . After
357-719: Is a geographical region of Turkey . The most populous province in the region is Van Province . Other populous provinces are Malatya , Erzurum and Elazığ . It is bordered by the Black Sea Region and Georgia in the north, the Central Anatolia Region in the west, the Mediterranean Region in the southwest, the Southeastern Anatolia Region and Iraq in the south, and Armenia , Azerbaijan , and Iran in
408-537: Is a moribund language spoken by only a small percentage of Armenians in Turkey (especially in Istanbul ) as a first language, with 18 percent among the community in general and 8 percent among younger people. There are notable diaspora L2 Western Armenian speakers in Lebanon ( Beirut ), Syria ( Aleppo , Damascus ), California ( Fresno , Los Angeles ), and France ( Marseilles ). Western Armenian used to be
459-429: Is a suffix attached to the noun, and is one of two forms, either -n (when the final sound is a vowel) or -ə (when the final sound is a consonant). When the word is followed by al (ալ = also, too), the conjunction u (ու), or the present or imperfect conjugated forms of the verb em (to be); however, it will always take -n : but: The indefinite article becomes mən when it is followed by al (ալ = also, too) or
510-458: Is a tense in its own right, and takes no other particles or constructions. The "present" tense in Western Armenian is based on three conjugations ( a, e, i ): The present tense (as we know it in English) is made by adding the particle gə before the "present" form, except the defective verbs em (I am), gam (I exist, I'm there), unim (I have), kidem (I know) and gərnam (I can), while
561-528: Is classified as 6b (i.e., threatened, with interruptions in intergenerational transmission). Western Armenian is an Indo-European language belonging to the Armenic branch of the family, along side Eastern and Classical Armenian . According to Glottolog , Antioch , Artial, Asia Minor, Bolu , Hamshenic , Kilikien , Mush -Tigranakert, Stanoz, Vanic and Yozgat are the main dialects of Western Armenian. Eastern Armenian and Western Armenian are, for
SECTION 10
#1732765676352612-559: Is unrealistic." Western Armenian Western Armenian ( Western Armenian : Արեւմտահայերէն , romanized: Arevmdahayeren [ɑɾɛvmədɑhɑjɛˈɾɛn] ) is one of the two standardized forms of Modern Armenian , the other being Eastern Armenian . It is based mainly on the Istanbul Armenian dialect , as opposed to Eastern Armenian, which is mainly based on the Yerevan Armenian dialect . Until
663-494: Is used for the glide after vowels. The IPA / ɑj / (like English long i) and / uj / diphthongs are common, while / ej / (English long a), / ij, iə / (a stretched-out long e), and / oj / (oy) are rare. The following examples are sometimes across syllable and morpheme boundaries, and gliding is then expected: This is the Western Armenian Consonantal System using letters from
714-807: The Abeghian orthography, was introduced in the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic and is still used by most Eastern Armenian speakers from modern Armenia. However, it has not been adopted by Eastern Armenian speakers of Iran and their diaspora or by speakers of Western Armenian, with the exception of periodical publications published in Romania and Bulgaria while under Communist regimes. Western Armenian nouns have four grammatical cases : nominative - accusative (subject / direct object), genitive - dative (possession / indirect object), ablative (origin) and instrumental (means). Of
765-572: The Armenian Democratic Liberal Party (Ramgavars)—issued a joint statement on the centenary of the Sèvres Treaty, stating that the treaty is the only international document defining the border between Armenia and Turkey. "The Treaty of Sevres is a valid international treaty, although it has not been ratified by all signatories, but it has not been legally replaced by any other international instrument. At least from
816-714: The Armenian genocide , the Armenian diaspora as well as Armenians indigenous to modern Turkey have sought political representation in Western Armenia or reunification with the Republic of Armenia. The area was conquered by the Ottomans in the 16th century during the Ottoman–Safavid War (1532–1555) against their Iranian Safavid arch-rivals. Being passed on from the former to the latter, Ottoman rule over
867-575: The Diaspora : US , France , Lebanon , Syria , Argentina , etc.). Archaic names (used before the 1920s) include Tačkahayastan (Տաճկահայաստան) in Eastern and Daǰkahayasdan in Western Armenian. Also used in the same period were T'urk'ahayastan (Թուրքահայաստան) or T'rk'ahayastan (Թրքահայաստան), both meaning Turkish Armenia . In the Turkish language , the literal translation of Western Armenia
918-882: The Hemshin peoples , who were Muslim converts, did not fall victim to the Armenian genocide. Western Armenian isn't just predominant for Armenian's in the Middle East, the Armenians living in Southeastern Europe/Balkans, mostly Bulgaria , Romania , Greece , and Turkey ( Istanbul ) are Western Armenian speakers, who immigrated of the Armenian Genocide . Historically there was presence of Western Armenians (Cilicians) in Moldova . On 21 February 2009, International Mother Language Day ,
969-570: The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), followed by the corresponding Armenian letter in brackets. The /f/ in Armenian is rare; the letter "ֆ" was added to the alphabet much later. The /w/ glide is not used except for foreign proper nouns, like Washington (by utilizing the "u" vowel, Armenian "ու"). Differences in phonology between Western Armenian and Classical Armenian include the distinction of stops and affricates . Firstly, while Classical Armenian has
1020-831: The Karin dialect of Armenian , which is spoken in Gyumri but overtime many Eastern Armenian and Russian words have been borrowed into the dialect . There was also a wave of Armenians coming from the Middle East who were Western Armenian , who moved to the Soviet Union , mostly in Soviet Armenia . Many have assimilated into the Eastern Armenian dialect. With Western Armenian being declared an endangered language, there has been recent pushback on reviving
1071-933: The Ottoman-Persian War (1623–1639) , Western Armenia became decisively part of the Ottoman Empire . After the Russo-Turkish War, 1828–1829 , the term "Western Armenia" referred to the Armenian -populated historical regions of the Ottoman Empire that remained under Ottoman rule after the eastern part of Armenia was ceded to the Russian Empire by the Qajar Persians , following the Russo-Persian War (1804–1813) and Russo-Persian War (1826–1828) . Western (Ottoman) Armenia consisted of six vilayets ( vilâyat-ı sitte ):
SECTION 20
#17327656763521122-580: The Russian Revolution of 1917 put a stop to all Russian military operations and Russian forces began to conduct withdrawals. The first and second congresses of Western Armenians took place in Yerevan in 1917 and 1919. The Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement of 26 April 1916 between Russian Foreign minister Sergey Sazonov and French ambassador to Russia Maurice Paléologue proposed to give Western Armenia to Russia in return for Russian assent to
1173-619: The Shirak province , and by Armenians in Samtskhe–Javakheti province of Georgia ( Akhalkalaki , Akhaltsikhe ). A mostly diasporic language and one that is not an official language of any state, Western Armenian faces extinction as its native speakers lose fluency in Western Armenian amid pressures to assimilate into their host countries. According to Ethnologue, there are 1.58 million native speakers of Western Armenian, primarily in Turkey, Armenia, Georgia, Lebanon, and Iraq. The language
1224-703: The Sykes–Picot agreement . Currently, Armenia does not have any territorial claims against Turkey , although one political party, the Armenian Revolutionary Federation , the largest Armenian party in the diaspora , claims the area given to the Republic of Armenia (1918–1920) by US President Woodrow Wilson 's arbitral award as part of the Treaty of Sèvres in 1920, also known as Wilsonian Armenia . Since 2000, an organizing committee of
1275-605: The "Sueidia" dialect). The Sasun and Mush dialects are also spoken in modern-day Armenian villages such as Bazmaberd and Sasnashen. The Cilician dialect is also spoken in Cyprus , where it is taught in Armenian schools (Nareg), and is the first language of about 3,000 people of Armenian descent. Forms of the Karin dialect of Western Armenian are spoken by several hundred thousand people in Northern Armenia, mostly in Gyumri , Artik , Akhuryan , and around 130 villages in
1326-523: The 1915 Armenian genocide and over the following years. The systematic destruction of Armenian cultural heritage, which had endured over 4000 years, is considered an example of cultural genocide . Since 2000, an organizing committee of the congress of heirs of Western Armenians who survived the Armenian genocide is active in diasporan communities . On August 10, 2020, the three traditional Armenian parties—the Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF, Dashnaks), Social Democrat Hunchakian Party (Hunchaks) and
1377-470: The 2000 census. The population density (40 inhabitants per square kilometre (100/sq mi)) is lower than the average for Turkey (98/km (250/sq mi)). The region has the second most rural population in Turkey after the Black Sea region . Migration, especially to Marmara Region, is high. Migration to other regions and abroad is higher than the natural population increase. Until the Armenian genocide ,
1428-650: The Armenian history of the region. Eastern Anatolia Region has four subdivisions: Provinces that are entirely in the Eastern Anatolia Region: Provinces that are mostly in the Eastern Anatolia Region: The Eastern Anatolia Region is located in the easternmost part of Turkey . It is bounded by Turkey's Central Anatolia Region to the west; Turkey's Black Sea Region to the north; Turkey's Southeast Anatolia Region and Iraq to
1479-502: The Armenian history of the region. It has the highest average altitude, largest geographical area, and lowest population density of the seven Turkish regions . The English-language name Anatolia ( Turkish : Anadolu ) derives from the Greek Ἀνατολή ( Anatolḗ ) meaning "the East" and designating (from a Greek point of view) eastern regions in general. Traditionally, Anatolia
1530-850: The Classical Armenian voiced stops and voiced affricates to aspirated stops and aspirated affricates and replaced the plain stops and affricates with voiced consonants. Specifically, here are the shifts from Classical Armenian to Western Armenian: As a result, a word like [dʒuɹ] 'water' (spelled ⟨ջուր⟩ in Classical Armenian) is cognate with Western Armenian [tʃʰuɹ] (also spelled ⟨ջուր⟩ ). However, [tʰoɹ] 'grandson' and [kʰaɹ] 'stone' are pronounced similarly in both Classical and Western Armenian. Western Armenian uses Classical Armenian orthography , also known as traditional Mashtotsian orthography. The Armenian orthography reform , commonly known as
1581-460: The Present or imperfect conjugated forms of the verb em (to be): but: Adjectives in Armenian do not decline for case or number, and precede the noun: Verbs in Armenian are based on two basic series of forms, a "present" form and an "imperfect" form. From this, all other tenses and moods are formed with various particles and constructions. There is a third form, the preterite, which in Armenian
Western Armenia - Misplaced Pages Continue
1632-474: The accusative case has merged with the dative case, so the accusative of 'I' would be ինծի, the accusative of 'you' would be քեզի, and so on. Speech which retains the accusative is usually seen as more formal and prestigious. The accusative case is hardly seen in both formal and informal speech; it has merged with the dative. Western Armenian Online Dictionaries Eastern Anatolia Region The Eastern Anatolia region ( Turkish : Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi )
1683-475: The congress of heirs of Western Armenians who survived the Armenian genocide is active in diasporan communities. A 2014 survey in Armenia asked what kind of demands should Armenia make to Turkey. Some 80% agreed that Armenia should make territorial claims (30% said only territorial claims, while another 50% said territorial, moral, financial, and proprietary). Only 5.5% said no demands should be made. According to
1734-479: The dominant Armenian variety, but as a result of the Armenian genocide , the speakers of Western Armenian were mostly murdered or exiled. Those who fled to Eastern Armenia now speak either Eastern Armenian or have a diglossic situation between Western Armenian dialects in informal usage and an Eastern Armenian standard. The only Western Armenian dialect still spoken in Western Armenia is the Homshetsi dialect , since
1785-602: The early 20th century, various Western Armenian dialects were spoken in the Ottoman Empire , predominantly in the historically Armenian populated regions of Western Armenia . The dialectal varieties of Western Armenian currently in use include Homshetsi , spoken by the Hemshin peoples ; the dialects of Armenians in Kessab , Latakia and Jisr al-Shughur in Syria, Anjar in Lebanon, and Istanbul and Vakıflı , in Turkey (part of
1836-419: The east. The region encompasses most of Western Armenia and had a large population of indigenous Armenians until the Armenian genocide . The Anatolia peninsula historically never encompassed what is now called "Eastern Anatolia" which was, instead, referred to as the Armenian highlands . It was renamed by the newly founded Turkish Republic in the 1920s. This has been seen as an attempt by Turkey to erase
1887-437: The future is made by adding bidi : For the exceptions: bidi əllam, unenam, kidnam, garenam (I shall be, have, know, be able). In vernacular language, the particle "gor" is added after the verb to indicate present progressive tense. The distinction is not made in literary Armenian. The verb without any particles constitutes the subjunctive mood, such as "if I eat, should I eat, that I eat, I wish I eat": In informal speech,
1938-691: The language in Los Angeles , which is home to the largest concentration of Western Armenians. Shushan Karapetian , in her evaluation of both the Eastern and Western dialects of Armenian, concludes that heritage languages, in the face of an English dominant society, rapidly die out within no more than 2 generations, calling America a "linguistic graveyard." In US census data, the percentage of people of Armenian ancestry who speak Western Armenian at home has rapidly declined, down from 25% in 1980 to 16% in 2000. Western Armenian has eight monophthongs. Western Armenian has ten environments in which two vowels in
1989-656: The most part, mutually intelligible for educated or literate users of the other, while illiterate or semiliterate users of lower registers of each one may have difficulty understanding the other variant. One phonological difference is that voiced stops in Eastern Armenian are voiceless in Western Armenian. Western Armenian is spoken by Armenians of most of the Southeastern Europe and Middle East except for Iran , and Rostov-on-Don in Russia . It
2040-470: The orthography appear next to each other, called diphthongs. By definition, they appear in the same syllable. For those unfamiliar with IPA symbols, / j / represents the English "y" sound. The Armenian letter "ե" is often used in combinations such as / ja / (ya) and / jo / (yo). If used at the beginning of a word, "ե" alone is sufficient to represent / jɛ / (as in yes). The Armenian letter "յ"
2091-641: The point of view of the rights of the Armenian Cause, the Republic of Armenia and the Armenian nation, it remains a promissory note based on international law." In the Armenian language , there are several names for the region. Today, the most common is Arevmtyan Hayastan (Արևմտյան Հայաստան) in Eastern Armenian (mostly spoken in Armenia , Russia , Georgia , Iran ) and Arevmdean Hayasdan (Արեւմտեան Հայաստան) in Western Armenian (spoken in
Western Armenia - Misplaced Pages Continue
2142-409: The region also had a large population of indigenous Armenians , when it was also known as Western Armenia , and in addition had significant minorities of Georgians , Pontic Greeks and Caucasus Greeks . The average altitude is 2,200 m (7,200 ft). Major geographic features include plains, plateaus and massifs. There is some volcanic activity today. Since most of the region is far from
2193-512: The region became only decisive after the Ottoman–Safavid War of 1623–1639 . The area then became known also as Turkish Armenia or Ottoman Armenia . During the 19th century, the Russian Empire conquered all of Eastern Armenia from Iran , and also some parts of Turkish Armenia, such as Kars . The region's Armenian population was affected during the widespread massacres of Armenians in the 1890s . The Armenians living in their ancestral lands were exterminated or deported by Ottoman forces during
2244-403: The sea, and has high altitude, it has a harsh continental climate with long winters and short summers. During the winter, it is very cold and snowy, during summer the weather is cool in the highlands and warm in the lowlands. The region's annual temperature difference is the highest in Turkey. Some areas in the region have different microclimates. As an example, Iğdır (near Mount Ararat ) has
2295-433: The six cases, the nominative and accusative are the same, except for personal pronouns, and the genitive and dative are the same, meaning that nouns have four distinct forms for case. Nouns in Armenian also decline for number (singular and plural). Declension in Armenian is based on how the genitive is formed, since all other cases are consistent. There are several declensions , but one is dominant (the genitive in i ) while
2346-467: The south; and Iran , Azerbaijan , Armenia and Georgia to the east, where Eastern Anatolia overlaps and converges with the South Caucasus region and Lesser Caucasus mountain plateau. The area of the region is 164,330 km (63,450 sq mi), which comprises 20.9% of the total area of Turkey. The total population of the region is 5,966,101 (2019 estimate), down from 6,100,000 at
2397-585: The spring 1915. On 24 April 1915, Armenian intellectuals and community leaders were deported from Constantinople . Depending on the sources cited, about 1,500,000 Armenians were killed during this act. During the Caucasus campaign of World War I , the Russian Empire occupied most of the Armenian-populated regions of the Ottoman Empire. A temporary provincial government was established in occupied areas between 1915 and 1918. The chaos caused by
2448-511: The territory "Eastern Anatolia" as part of a wider policy of removing all non-Turkish names of places following the Armenian genocide . Beginning in 1880, the name Armenia was forbidden to be used in official documents of the Ottoman Empire , in an attempt to play down the role of Armenians in the region. The government of Sultan Abdul Hamid II replaced the name Armenia with such terms as "Kurdistan" or "Anatolia". The Sublime Porte believed there would be no Armenian question if there
2499-447: The vilayets of Erzurum , Van , Bitlis , Diyarbekir , Kharput , and Sivas . The fate of Western Armenia – commonly referred to as "The Armenian Question " – is considered a key issue in the modern history of the Armenian people. In 1894–1896 and 1915 the Ottoman Empire perpetrated systematic massacres and forced deportations of Armenians resulting in the Armenian genocide . The massive deportation and killings of Armenians began in
2550-530: Was considered to be a peninsula the eastern boundary of which was a line from the Black Sea to the Gulf of Alexandretta , which is to the west of what is now the Eastern Anatolia Region. As a geographical term, this definition continues to be used. Historically, the region was referred to as the Armenian highlands or Western Armenia . In 1923, the newly founded Republic of Turkey renamed
2601-531: Was no Armenia. The process of "nationalization" of toponyms was continued and gained momentum under the Kemalists after the foundation of the Republic of Turkey . The region encompasses most of Western Armenia ( Armenian : Արեւմտյան Հայաստան ) and had a large population of indigenous Armenians until the Armenian genocide . The Anatolia peninsula never encompassed what is now called "Eastern Anatolia", which has been seen as an attempt by Turkey to erase
SECTION 50
#1732765676352#351648