117-519: USS Nitze (DDG-94) is an Arleigh Burke -class destroyer . She is named for Paul Nitze , who served as Secretary of the Navy under president Lyndon B. Johnson and as chief arms control adviser in the administration of president Ronald Reagan . The contract to build her was awarded to Bath Iron Works Corporation in Bath, Maine , on 6 March 1998, and her keel was laid down on 20 September 2002. She
234-465: A "Public Domain Day" was initially informal; the earliest known mention was in 2004 by Wallace McLean (a Canadian public domain activist), with support for the idea echoed by Lawrence Lessig . As of 1 January 2010, there is as Public Domain Day website lists the authors whose works are entering the public domain. There are activities in countries around the world by various organizations all under
351-583: A $ 170.7 million letter contract for USS John Finn (DDG-113) long lead-time materials. Shipbuilding contracts for DDG 113 to DDG 115 were awarded in mid-2011 for $ 679.6 million–$ 783.6 million; these do not include government-furnished equipment such as weapons and sensors, which took the average cost of the FY2011/12 ships to about $ 1.843 billion per vessel. DDG 113-115 are "restart" ships, similar to previous Flight IIA ships, but including modernization features such as OACE and
468-415: A SeaRAM. In February 2018, Lockheed Martin received a contract to deliver its High Energy Laser with Integrated Optical-dazzler and Surveillance (HELIOS) system for installation onto an Arleigh Burke destroyer. HELIOS is a "60+ kW"-class laser, scalable to 120 kW, that can "dazzle" or destroy small boats and UAVs up to 8.0 km (5 mi) away. It would be the first laser weapon put on
585-485: A contract to modernize 11 ships. In May 2014, USNI News reported that 21 of the 28 Flight I and II Arleigh Burke -class destroyers would not receive the full mid-life upgrade that included electronics and Aegis Baseline 9 software for SM-6 compatibility; instead, they would retain the basic BMD 3.6.1 software in a $ 170 million upgrade concentrating on HM&E systems, and on some ships, their anti-submarine suite. Seven Flight I ships—DDGs 51–53, 57, 61, 65, 69—received
702-529: A copyright has expired depends on an examination of the copyright in its source country. In most countries that are signatories to the Berne Convention , copyright term is based on the life of the author, and extends to 50 or 70 years beyond the death of the author. (See List of copyright terms of countries .) In the United States, determining whether a work has entered the public domain or
819-415: A country's copyright laws, and are therefore in the public domain; for example, in the United States, items excluded from copyright include the formulae of Newtonian physics and cooking recipes. Other works are actively dedicated by their authors to the public domain (see waiver ); examples include reference implementations of cryptographic algorithms, and the image-processing software ImageJ (created by
936-429: A country-by-country basis, and the absence of registration in a particular country, if required, gives rise to public-domain status for a work in that country. The term public domain may also be interchangeably used with other imprecise or undefined terms such as the public sphere or commons , including concepts such as the "commons of the mind", the "intellectual commons", and the "information commons". Although
1053-823: A secondary anti-ship role. The SM-2 uses semi-active radar homing (SARH); up to three targets may be simultaneously intercepted as the Arleigh Burke s have three AN/SPG-62 fire-control radars for terminal target illumination. The SM-6, which provides over-the-horizon defense, and the SM-2 Block IIIC feature a dual-mode seeker with active radar homing (ARH) capability; they do not have to rely on external illumination, so more targets may be intercepted simultaneously. Flights IIA and III—and modernized Flight I and II ships—can carry RIM-162 Evolved SeaSparrow Missiles (ESSMs), which provide medium-range air defense and are also capable of targeting other ships. ESSM
1170-615: A service life extension to justify refit costs that would only prolong their service lives a short time when they are already more expensive to operate, and the newest Flight III ships that are optimized for BMD would be given a new, complex mission requiring a major refit shortly after introduction. About 20 Flight IIA destroyers will undergo further modernization under the DDG MOD 2.0 program. DDG MOD 2.0 will backfit SPY-6(V)4 and Aegis Baseline 10 to provide similar capabilities to Flight III ships, as well as upgrade cooling systems to support
1287-431: A steel hull with a superstructure made of lighter aluminum to reduce top weight, but the lighter metal proved vulnerable to cracking. Aluminum is also less fire-resistant than steel; a 1975 fire aboard USS Belknap gutted her aluminum superstructure. Battle damage to Royal Navy ships exacerbated by their aluminum superstructures during the 1982 Falklands War supported the decision to use steel. Other lessons from
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#17327809389501404-529: A total of four or eight Harpoons, providing an anti-ship capability with a range in excess of 65 nautical miles (120 km; 75 mi). During Exercise RIMPAC 2024, DDG-62 , a Flight I ship, launched a Naval Strike Missile (NSM); the launchers for the Harpoons were removed to make room for the NSM's proprietary launch boxes. The class can perform tactical land strikes with VLS-launched Tomahawks . With
1521-638: A warship. In November 2019, USS Dewey (DDG-105) had the Optical Dazzling Interdictor, Navy (ODIN) system installed. ODIN differs from the XN-1 LaWS previously mounted on USS Ponce in that ODIN functions as a dazzler, which blinds or destroys optical sensors on drones rather than shooting down the aircraft. HELIOS was delivered to the Navy in August 2022 and installed on USS Preble (DDG-88) . Preble
1638-475: A work, as well as other forms of transformation or adaptation. Copyrighted works may not be used for derivative works without permission from the copyright owner, while public domain works can be freely used for derivative works without permission. Artworks that are public domain may also be reproduced photographically or artistically or used as the basis of new, interpretive works. Works derived from public domain works can be copyrighted. Once works enter into
1755-619: Is a combination of the copyright symbol , which acts as copyright notice , with the international 'no' symbol . The Europeana databases use it, and for instance on the Wikimedia Commons in February 2016 2.9 million works (~10% of all works) are listed with the mark. The underlying idea that is expressed or manifested in the creation of a work generally cannot be the subject of copyright law (see idea–expression divide ). Mathematical formulae will therefore generally form part of
1872-512: Is a film that was never under copyright, was released to public domain by its author, or whose copyright has expired. All films in the United States before January 1st, 1929 have been entered in the public domain. Pamela Samuelson has identified eight "values" that can arise from information and works in the public domain. Possible values include: Derivative works include translations , musical arrangements , and dramatizations of
1989-622: Is better known as aspirin in the United States—a generic term. In Canada, however, Aspirin , with an uppercase A, is still a trademark of the German company Bayer , while aspirin, with a lowercase "a", is not. Bayer lost the trademark in the United States, the UK and France after World War I, as part of the Treaty of Versailles . So many copycat products entered the marketplace during the war that it
2106-778: Is in the public domain . Arleigh Burke-class destroyer The Arleigh Burke class of guided-missile destroyers (DDGs) is a United States Navy class of destroyer centered around the Aegis Combat System and the SPY-1D multi-function passive electronically scanned array radar . The class is named for Admiral Arleigh Burke , an American destroyer officer in World War II and later Chief of Naval Operations . With an overall length of 505 to 509.5 feet (153.9 to 155.3 m), displacement ranging from 8,300 to 9,700 tons, and weaponry including over 90 missiles,
2223-497: Is in the public domain due to an unrenewed copyright. Courts in different jurisdictions have come to different conclusions as to whether the reproduction of a public domain work gains its own rights protection, or whether it to is in the public domain. In a German 2016 case, the Reiss-Engelhorn-Museen , an art museum, sued Wikimedia Commons over photographs uploaded to the database depicting pieces of art in
2340-479: Is not possible to waive those rights, but only the rights related to the exploitation of the work. A solution to this issue (as found in the Creative Commons Zero dedication) is to interpret the license by setting "three different layers of action. First, the right holder waives any copyright and related rights that can be waived in accordance with the applicable law. Secondly, if there are rights that
2457-513: Is only registered in reference to food products (a trademark claim is made within a particular field). Such defences have failed in the United Kingdom. Public Domain Day is an observance of when copyrighted works expire and works enter into the public domain. This legal transition of copyright works into the public domain usually happens every year on 1 January based on the individual copyright laws of each country . The observance of
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#17327809389502574-506: Is required to grant permission (" Permission culture "). There are multiple licenses which aim to release works into the public domain. In 2000 the WTFPL was released as a public domain like software license . Creative Commons (created in 2002 by Lawrence Lessig , Hal Abelson , and Eric Eldred ) has introduced several public-domain-like licenses, called Creative Commons licenses . These give authors of works (that would qualify for copyright)
2691-506: Is small enough to be quad-packed into a single Mk 41 VLS cell. ESSM Block 1 uses SARH, guided similarly to older SM-2s. ESSM Block 2, which achieved initial operating capability (IOC) in 2021, features a dual-mode seeker with ARH capability. The SM-3 , SM-6, and SM-2ER Block IV provide Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD), the SM-3 being an exoatmospheric interceptor and the latter two having terminal phase anti-ballistic capability. So vital has
2808-411: Is still under copyright depends upon what the law or regulation was at creation, and whether new regulations have grandfathered in certain older works. Because copyright terms shifted over the course of the 20th century from a fixed-term based on first publication, with a possible renewal term , to a term extending to 50, then 70, years after the death of the author. The claim that "pre-1929 works are in
2925-718: Is the Zero Clause BSD license , released in 2006 and aimed at software. In October 2014, the Open Knowledge Foundation recommends the Creative Commons CC0 license to dedicate content to the public domain, and the Open Data Commons Public Domain Dedication and License (PDDL) for data. In most countries, the term of rights for patents is 20 years, after which the invention becomes part of
3042-422: The public sphere or commons , including concepts such as the "commons of the mind", the "intellectual commons", and the "information commons". A public-domain book is a book with no copyright, a book that was created without a license, or a book where its copyrights expired or have been forfeited. In most countries the term of protection of copyright expires on the first day of January, 70 years after
3159-613: The AN/SPQ-9B , a feature of Flight III, instead of the AN/SPS-67. Flight III proper began with the third ship procured in 2016, USS Jack H. Lucas (DDG-125). In place of the canceled CG(X) program, the U.S. Navy began detailed design work on a DDG 51 Flight III design in FY2013. The Navy planned to procure 24 Flight III ships from FY2016 to FY2031. In June 2013, it awarded $ 6.2 billion in destroyer contracts. Costs for
3276-600: The AN/SPY-1 D passive electronically scanned array (or the AN/SPY-6 active electronically scanned array on Flight III ships), which allows continual tracking of targets simultaneous to area scans. The system's computer control also allows centralization of the previously separate tracking and targeting functions. The system is resistant to electronic countermeasures . The Standard Missile SM-2MR / ER and SM-6 provide area air defense, though they may also be used in
3393-685: The AN/SQQ-89 ASW combat system, which is integrated with Aegis. It encompasses the AN/SQS-53C bow-mounted sonar and a towed array sonar, though several Flight IIA ships do not have a towed array. The towed array is either the AN/SQR-19 Tactical Towed Array Sonar (TACTAS) or the newer TB-37U Multi-Function Towed Array (MFTA). The ships can carry standoff RUM-139 vertical launch anti-submarine rockets . A Mark 32 triple torpedo tubes mount on each side of
3510-674: The AN/WLD-1 Remote Minehunting System (RMS). However, only Pinckney , Momsen , and Bainbridge were installed with the system before the RMS program was canceled. Efforts to modernize the Arleigh Burke class began amid congressional concerns over the retirement of the Iowa -class battleship . In 1996, the Navy began a program to field the Extended Range Guided Munition (ERGM) for
3627-512: The Aegis BMD role become that all ships of the class are being updated with BMD capability. By January 2023, there were 51 BMD-capable Arleigh Burke -class destroyers. Flight III ships have been delivered since 2023 with AN/SPY-6(V)1 radars and improved BMD capabilities; Flight IIA ships are also planned to receive these upgrades with AN/SPY-6(V)4 radar retrofits. Flights I and II carry two stand-alone Harpoon anti-ship missile launchers for
USS Nitze - Misplaced Pages Continue
3744-543: The Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense System , as well as the introduction of the AN/SPY-6 radar system, the class has also evolved capability as mobile anti-ballistic missile and anti-satellite platforms. The lead ship of the class, USS Arleigh Burke , was commissioned during Admiral Burke's lifetime on 4 July 1991. With the decommissioning of the last Spruance -class destroyer, USS Cushing , on 21 September 2005,
3861-579: The Arleigh Burke -class destroyers are larger and more heavily armed than many previous classes of guided-missile cruisers . These warships are multi-mission destroyers able to conduct anti-aircraft warfare with Aegis and surface-to-air missiles ; tactical land strikes with Tomahawk missiles ; anti-submarine warfare (ASW) with towed array sonar , anti-submarine rockets , and ASW helicopters ; and anti-surface warfare (ASuW) with ship-to-ship missiles and guns. With upgrades to their AN/SPY-1 radar systems and their associated missile payloads as part of
3978-566: The Arleigh Burke -class ships became the U.S. Navy's only active destroyers until the Zumwalt class became active in 2016. The Arleigh Burke class has the longest production run of any U.S. Navy surface combatant . As of October 2023, all seventy-three built are active, with nineteen more planned to enter service. The Arleigh Burke -class destroyer has four variants, referred to as "Flights". Newer Flights incorporate technological advancements. The Arleigh Burke -class ships are among
4095-443: The Arleigh Burke s are more heavily armed than many preceding guided-missile cruiser classes. The Arleigh Burke -class destroyer is equipped with the Aegis Combat System , which combines information from the ship's sensors to display a coherent image of the environment and guides weapons to targets using advanced tracking and fire control. Their main radar differs from traditional mechanically rotating radars. Instead, Aegis uses
4212-595: The Conventional Prompt Strike program. However, the C-HGB is expected to be around 3 ft (0.91 m) wide, making it too large to fit in Mk 41 VLS tubes or on deck launchers. Installing them on Arleigh Burke destroyers would require removing some Mk 41 cells to accommodate the larger weapon, an expensive and time-consuming process. There is criticism of this idea: the oldest Flight I ships would need
4329-528: The German Copyright Act , stating that since the photographer needed to make practical decisions about the photograph that it was protected material. In contrast, in the 1999 US case Bridgeman Art Library v. Corel Corp. , the court ruled that exact photographic copies of public domain images could not be protected by copyright in the United States because the copies lack originality . In some countries, certain works may never fully lapse into
4446-666: The Horn of Africa conducting maritime security operations. On 24 August 2016, Nitze was conducting a routine transit near the Strait of Hormuz , accompanied by USS Mason , when the ship was approached by four small patrol craft of the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps . The US Navy called the maneuver a "high speed intercept". After multiple attempts to contact the vessels, and then to warn them away, Nitze changed course to avoid closer contact. Two of
4563-546: The Music of Mesopotamia system, was created 4,000 years ago. Guido of Arezzo introduced Latin musical notation in the 10th century. This laid the foundation for the preservation of global music in the public domain, a distinction formalized alongside copyright systems in the 17th century. Musicians copyrighted their publications of musical notation as literary writings, but performing copyrighted pieces and creating derivative works were not restricted by early copyright laws. Copying
4680-482: The National Institutes of Health ). The term public domain is not normally applied to situations where the creator of a work retains residual rights, in which case use of the work is referred to as "under license" or "with permission". As rights vary by country and jurisdiction, a work may be subject to rights in one country and be in the public domain in another. Some rights depend on registrations on
4797-671: The Nauticus Museum and Half Moone Cruise terminal. During 1–5 July 2011, Nitze was docked in Eastport, Maine , for 4th of July celebrations. From 12 March to 4 November 2012, Nitze completed her third deployment to the Fifth Fleet Area of Responsibility with the USS ; Enterprise Battlegroup (CCSG 12). Nitze was deployed a fourth time, from 29 November 2013, to 15 July 2014, spending most of their time off
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4914-424: The Optical Dazzling Interdictor, Navy (ODIN), a directed energy weapon that can target unmanned vehicles. DDG 88 is equipped with the higher-power High Energy Laser with Integrated Optical-dazzler and Surveillance (HELIOS). Flights IIA and III have two hangars for stowing MH-60 helicopters. Their Light Airborne Multi-Purpose System (LAMPS) helicopter system improves the ship's capabilities by enabling
5031-639: The U.S. 6th Fleet based in Naval Station Rota, Spain (USS Carney , USS Ross , USS Donald Cook , and USS Porter ) received self-protection upgrades, replacing one of their two Phalanx CIWS with a SeaRAM CIWS, which combines the Phalanx sensor dome with an 11-cell RIM-116 launcher. This was the first time the system was paired with an Aegis ship. Another four ships (USS Arleigh Burke , USS Roosevelt , USS Bulkeley , and USS Paul Ignatius ) have since been forward-deployed to Rota and also received
5148-468: The USS Bataan Expeditionary Strike Group, returning home on 3 July 2007. On 12 September 2008, Nitze departed Norfolk for a seven-month deployment with Carrier Strike Group Two , led by USS Theodore Roosevelt , returning on 18 April 2009. In October 2009, Nitze was open to the public for tours in downtown Norfolk as part of the Navy Fleet Week celebration. She was moored at
5265-427: The "personality" of the person drawing them, are not subject to copyright protection. This is separate from the patent rights just mentioned. A trademark registration may remain in force indefinitely, or expire without specific regard to its age. For a trademark registration to remain valid, the owner must continue to use it. In some circumstances, such as disuse, failure to assert trademark rights, or common usage by
5382-580: The 11-cell SeaRAM. It is unclear if ships with two Phalanx CIWS or ships already in a Phalanx-SeaRAM configuration will retain one Phalanx. USS Michael Murphy (DDG-112) was originally intended to be the last of the Arleigh Burke class. The Navy planned to shift production to the Zumwalt -class destroyer focusing on NGFS and littoral operations. However, at a July 2008 hearing, Navy officials announced intentions to restart Arleigh Burke production in place of additional Zumwalt s, testifying to
5499-495: The 30 mm Mk44 Bushmaster II instead of the 25 mm M242 Bushmaster of previous variants. The Mk 38 Mod 4 is planned to be fielded on Flight IIA and III Arleigh Burke -class destroyers. In October 2020, National Security Advisor Robert C. O'Brien said that all three Flights of the Arleigh Burke -class destroyer would field the Common-Hypersonic Glide Body (C-HGB) missile developed under
5616-561: The AN/SPS-73(V)12. Subsequent Flight IIA ships employ additional signature-reduction measures: the hangars of DDG 86 onwards are made of composite materials , and the exhaust funnels of DDG 89 onwards are shrouded by the superstructure. The use of the improved SPY-1D(V) radar, starting with USS Pinckney (DDG-91) , enhances the ships' ability to filter out clutter and resist electronic attack. Several Flight IIA ships were constructed without any Phalanx CIWS because of
5733-500: The DDG 51 class. The ERGM was to extend the class's 5-inch Mark 45 gun range to 63 nautical miles (117 km). It necessitated a modification of the gun; the 62-caliber Mark 45 Mod 4 was created and installed on DDG 81 and onwards in anticipation of the ERGM. However, the ERGM was canceled in 2008. The current DDG 51 modernization program is designed to provide mid-life upgrades to ensure
5850-723: The Falklands War led to the Navy's decision to protect the Arleigh Burke class's vital spaces with double-spaced steel layers, which create a buffer against anti-ship missiles (AShMs), and Kevlar spall liners. Arleigh Burke destroyers are equipped with AN/SLQ-32 electronic warfare (EW) suites that provide electronic support . Vessels with the SLQ-32(V)3, SLQ-32(V)6, or SLQ-32(V)7 variant can jam radars. The destroyers have Mark 36 infrared and chaff decoy launchers, as well as Nulka decoy launchers, for spoofing incoming AShMs. For defeating incoming torpedoes,
5967-521: The Flight III ships increased as requirements for the program grew, particularly related to the planned Air and Missile Defense Radar (AMDR) needed for the IAMD role. An AMDR with a mid-diameter of 22 feet (6.7 m) had been proposed for CG(X), while the DDG 51 Flight III design could carry an AMDR with a mid-diameter of only 14 feet (4.3 m). The Government Accountability Office (GAO) found that
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#17327809389506084-820: The Iranian craft closed to 300 yards (270 m) before finally slowing and moving off. On 13 October 2016, following two missile attacks on Mason from Houthi -held territory in war-torn Yemen , Nitze attacked three radar sites which had been involved in the earlier attacks with Tomahawk cruise missiles ; the Pentagon assessed that all three sites were destroyed. Nitze was underway for First East Coast Carrier Strike Group SWATT November 2018. In July 2022, Nitze deployed as part of Destroyer Squadron 26 along with USS Delbert D. Black , USS Truxtun , and USS Farragut embarked with Carrier Strike Group 10 led by USS George H.W. Bush . As part of
6201-508: The MH-60 to monitor submarines and surface ships, launch torpedoes and missiles against them, and provide fire support during insertions/ extractions with machine guns and Hellfire anti-armor guided missiles. The helicopters also serve in a utility role, able to perform vertical replenishment , search and rescue , medical evacuation , communications relay, and naval gunfire spotting and controlling. In March 2022, an Arleigh Burke destroyer
6318-506: The Navy proposed a procurement plan for nine ships, with an option for a tenth, to build two ships a year from 2023 to 2027. Some lawmakers pushed to add a third ship to be built in 2023, bringing the total of the proposed deal to eleven ships. This would follow the Navy's two-ship per year procurement from 2018 to 2022. DDG-116 to DDG-124 and DDG-127 will be "Technology Insertion" ships with elements of Flight III. For example, USS Delbert D. Black (DDG-119) and onwards have
6435-612: The SM-2ER Block IV. An expansion of fuel capacity slightly increased the displacement. The Flight IIA design was first procured in FY1994. Among the additions are two hangars and support facilities for ASW helicopters, Cooperative Engagement Capability (CEC), the Kingfisher mine detection system, and five blast-resistant bulkheads . To accommodate the hangars, the length was increased to 509.5 ft (155.3 m), and
6552-484: The SPY-6(V)4, Aegis Baseline 10, and cooling system upgrades during a later depot modernization period. Starting in 2025, the Navy will replace Phalanx CIWS on the destroyers with RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile (RAM) launchers to improve their point defense capability. Arleigh Burke s with the latest Aegis baselines will receive the 21-cell Mk 49 RAM launcher; Arleigh Burke s with older Aegis software will receive
6669-591: The TB-37U MFTA, which are being backfit onto previous ships. The U.S. Navy was considering extending the acquisition of Arleigh Burke -class destroyers into the 2040s, according to revised procurement tables sent to Congress, with the procurement of Flight IV ships from 2032 through 2041. This was canceled to cover the cost of the Columbia -class submarines , with the air defense commander role retained on one cruiser per carrier strike group . In April 2022,
6786-480: The U.S. Navy through modernization at minimal cost. Zumwalt's approach to the fleet was a "high-low mix"—a few high-end, high-cost warships supplemented by numerous low-end, low-cost warships. The introduction of the Aegis-equipped Ticonderoga -class cruiser in the early 1980s filled the high end. The Navy started work to develop a lower-cost Aegis-equipped vessel to fill the low end and replace
6903-584: The UK). In countries where they cannot be waived they will remain into full effect in accordance to the applicable law (think of France, Spain or Italy where moral rights cannot be waived)." The same occurs in Switzerland. The Unlicense , published around 2010, has a focus on an anti-copyright message. The Unlicense offers a public domain waiver text with a fallback public domain-like license inspired by permissive licenses but without attribution. Another option
7020-482: The US, foreign-sourced works and US-sourced works are now treated differently, with foreign-sourced works remaining under copyright regardless of compliance with formalities, while domestically sourced works may be in the public domain if they failed to comply with then-existing formalities requirements—a situation described as odd by some scholars, and unfair by some US-based rightsholders. Works of various governments around
7137-565: The US, works could be easily given into the public domain by just releasing it without an explicit copyright notice . With the Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988 (and the earlier Copyright Act of 1976 , which went into effect in 1978), all works were by default copyright protected and needed to be actively given into public domain by a waiver statement/ anti-copyright can call notice . Not all legal systems have processes for reliably donating works to
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#17327809389507254-464: The ability to decide which protections they would like to place on their material. As copyright is the default license for new material, Creative Commons licenses offer authors a variety of options to designate their work under whichever license they wish, as long as this does not violate standing copyright law. For example, a CC BY license allows for re-users to distribute, remix, adapt, and build upon material, while also agreeing to provide attribution to
7371-407: The aging Charles F. Adams destroyers. In 1980, the U.S. Navy initiated design studies with seven contractors. By 1983, the number of competitors had been reduced to three: Bath Iron Works , Ingalls Shipbuilding , and Todd Shipyards . On 3 April 1985, Bath Iron Works received a US$ 321.9 million contract to build the first of the class, USS Arleigh Burke . Gibbs & Cox was awarded
7488-508: The angled (rather than traditional vertical) surfaces and the raked tripod mainmast, which make the ship more difficult to detect by radar. Its designers incorporated lessons from the Ticonderoga -class cruiser , which the Navy deemed too expensive to continue building and difficult to upgrade further. For these destroyers, the U.S. Navy returned to all-steel construction, except the mast made of aluminum. The Ticonderoga s had combined
7605-603: The author in any of these cases. In 2009 the Creative Commons released the CC0 , which was created for compatibility with law domains which have no concept of dedicating into public domain . This is achieved by a public domain waiver statement and a fallback all-permissive license, in case the waiver is not possible. Unlike in the US, where author's moral rights are generally not specifically regulated, in some countries where moral rights are protected separately in law it
7722-567: The class has two AN/SLQ-25 Nixie towed countermeasures. The ships' Prairie-Maskers can reduce their radiated noise. A collective protection system makes the Arleigh Burke class the first U.S. warships designed with an air-filtration system against nuclear, biological, and chemical warfare (NBC). Other NBC defenses include double air-locked hatches, pressurized compartments, and an external countermeasure washdown system. The class's electronics are hardened against electromagnetic pulses . Fire suppression equipment includes water sprinklers in
7839-610: The class was introduced in FY1992. The incorporation of the AN/SRS-1A(V) Combat Direction Finding enhanced detection of signals. The TADIX-B , JTIDS Command and Control Processor, and Link 16 improved communication with other assets. The SLQ-32 EW suite was upgraded to (V)3, and the SPS-67 (V)3 surface search radar was upgraded to (V)5. Flight II also gained the capability to launch and control
7956-674: The construction of the idea of "public domain" sprouted from the concepts of res communes , res publicae , and res universitatis in early Roman law. When the first early copyright law was originally established in Britain with the Statute of Anne in 1710, public domain did not appear. However, similar concepts were developed by British and French jurists in the 18th century. Instead of "public domain", they used terms such as publici juris or propriété publique to describe works that were not covered by copyright law. The phrase "fall in
8073-472: The contract to be the lead ship design agent. The Navy contracted Ingalls Shipbuilding to build the second ship. Political restraints led to design restrictions, including the absence of helicopter hangars, a displacement limit of 8,300 tons, and a 50-foot shorter hull than the Ticonderoga 's. The designers were forced to make compromises, such as a wide flaring bow. To compensate for the limited length,
8190-405: The date and location of publishing, unless explicitly released beforehand. The Musopen project records music in the public domain for the purposes of making the music available to the general public in a high-quality audio format. Online musical archives preserve collections of classical music recorded by Musopen and offer them for download/distribution as a public service. A public-domain film
8307-470: The death of the latest living author. The longest copyright term is in Mexico, which has life plus 100 years for all deaths since July 1928. A notable exception is the United States, where every book and tale published before 1929 is in the public domain; US copyrights last for 95 years for books originally published between 1929 and 1978 if the copyright was properly registered and maintained. For example:
8424-593: The deployment, the ship sailed in the Sea of Marmara in February 2023 making it the first U.S. warship to enter the Sea of Marmara since the beginning of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine . She returned to Norfolk on 5 April 2023 completing a nine-month long deployment. [REDACTED] This article includes information collected from the Naval Vessel Register , which, as a U.S. government publication,
8541-604: The design would be "at best marginally effective" because of the "now-shrunken radar". The U.S. Navy disagreed with the GAO findings, stating that the DDG 51 hull was "absolutely" capable of fitting a large enough radar to meet requirements. Public domain The public domain ( PD ) consists of all the creative work to which no exclusive intellectual property rights apply. Those rights may have expired, been forfeited, expressly waived , or may be inapplicable. Because no one holds
8658-409: The destroyers remain effective with service lives of at least 35 years. Modernization of existing ships provides commonality with in-production ships. The program's goals are reduced manning, increased mission effectiveness, and reduced total cost. Mid-life modernization of Flight I and II ships is done in two phases: the first phase updates the hull, mechanical, and electrical (HM&E) systems, while
8775-680: The development of the Tomahawk Block V, all existing Block IV Tomahawks carried will be converted to the Block V. The Tomahawk Block Va version is called the Maritime Strike version, and it provides anti-ship capability in addition to its land attack role. The Block Vb version features the Joint Multi-Effects Warhead System for hitting a wider variety of land targets. Arleigh Burke -class ships have
8892-470: The exclusive rights, anyone can legally use or reference those works without permission. As examples, the works of William Shakespeare , Ludwig van Beethoven , Miguel de Cervantes , Zoroaster , Lao Zi , Confucius , Aristotle , L. Frank Baum , Leonardo da Vinci and Georges Méliès are in the public domain either by virtue of their having been created before copyright existed, or by their copyright term having expired. Some works are not covered by
9009-535: The first ship was $ 1.1 billion, the other $ 778 million being for the ship's weapons systems. USS Arleigh Burke was laid down by the Bath Iron Works at Bath, Maine , on 6 December 1988, and launched on 16 September 1989 by Mrs. Arleigh Burke. The Admiral himself was present at her commissioning ceremony on 4 July 1991, held on the waterfront in downtown Norfolk, Virginia . Orders for Flight I ships continued through 1995. The Flight II iteration of
9126-501: The former of which refers to melody, notation or lyrics created by a composer or lyricist, including sheet music, and the latter referring to a recording performed by an artist, including a CD, LP, or digital sound file. Musical compositions fall under the same general rules as other works, and anything published before 1925 is considered public domain. Sound recordings, on the other hand, are subject to different rules and are not eligible for public domain status until 2021–2067, depending on
9243-556: The forward Phalanx CIWS. Flight IIA ships were initially built without the AN/SQR-19 TACTAS, though later units were subsequently installed with TACTAS. Starting with USS Winston S. Churchill (DDG-81) , the longer 5-inch/62-caliber (127 mm) Mark 45 Mod 4 gun was installed. Later Flight IIA ships starting with USS Mason (DDG-87) use the BridgeMaster E as their navigation radar instead of
9360-481: The full $ 270 million Baseline 9 upgrade. Deputy of surface warfare Dave McFarland said that this change was due to the budget cuts in the Budget Control Act of 2011 . In 2016, the Navy announced it would begin outfitting 34 Flight IIA Arleigh Burke s with a hybrid-electric drive (HED) to lower fuel costs. The four LM2500 gas turbines of the class are most efficient at high speeds; an electric motor
9477-509: The largest destroyers built in the United States; only the Spruance , Kidd (563 ft or 172 m), and Zumwalt classes (600 ft or 180 m) are longer. The Arleigh Burke class was designed with a new large, water-plane area-hull form characterized by a wide flaring bow, which significantly improves seakeeping ability and permits high speed in high sea states . The class's design incorporates stealth techniques , such as
9594-491: The latter's inability to counter emerging ballistic missiles, anti-ship missiles, and blue-water submarines. Arleigh Burke -class destroyers have been in production for longer than any other surface combatant class in the U.S. Navy's history. In April 2009, the Navy announced a plan limiting the Zumwalt class to three units while ordering another three Arleigh Burke -class ships from both Bath Iron Works and Ingalls Shipbuilding. In December 2009, Northrop Grumman received
9711-419: The launching point for transformative retellings such as Tom Stoppard 's Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead and Troma Entertainment 's Tromeo and Juliet . Marcel Duchamp's L.H.O.O.Q. is a derivative of Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa , one of thousands of derivative works based on the public domain painting. The 2018 film A Star is Born is a remake of the 1937 film of the same name , which
9828-457: The living quarters and combat information center (CIC). The CIC is below the waterline. The Arleigh Burke class are multi-mission ships with numerous combat systems, including anti-aircraft missiles, land attack missiles, ship-to-ship missiles, and an anti-submarine warfare (ASW) system. Missiles are stored in and fired from Mark 41 Vertical Launching System (VLS) cells; with 90 cells on Flights I–II and 96 cells starting with Flight IIA,
9945-480: The museum. The museum claimed that the photos were taken by their staff, and that photography within the museum by visitors was prohibited. Therefore, photos taken by the museum, even of material that itself had fallen into the public domain, were protected by copyright law and would need to be removed from the Wikimedia image repository. The court ruled that the photographs taken by the museum would be protected under
10062-615: The new radar. DDG MOD 2.0 will also deliver the AN/SLQ-32(V)7 EW suite, which adds the SEWIP Block 3 electronic attack subsystem. In May 2021, the Navy approved a "Smart Start Plan" for four ships—DDGs 91, 93, 95, 97—to make a gradual transition to DDG MOD 2.0. These ships will undergo a DDG MOD 1.5 phase that provides the SLQ-32(V)7; in 2023, DDG 91 became the first destroyer to receive SLQ-32(V)7. They will then receive
10179-622: The ocean of the public domain." Copyright law differs by country, and the American legal scholar Pamela Samuelson has described the public domain as being "different sizes at different times in different countries". Definitions of the boundaries of the public domain in relation to copyright, or intellectual property more generally, regard the public domain as a negative space; that is, it consists of works that are no longer in copyright term or were never protected by copyright law. According to James Boyle this definition underlines common usage of
10296-459: The originally-planned 80,000 shaft horsepower (shp) LM2500 gas turbines were upgraded to 100,000 shp. No main gun was included in the original design, later amended to include an OTO Melara 76 mm , before finally selecting the 5-inch/54-caliber Mark 45. Despite their constraints, the designers benefitted from insight gained from previous classes; for example, they chose an all-steel superstructure to improve survivability. The total cost of
10413-444: The planned Evolved SeaSparrow Missile; the Navy had initially decided that ESSM made Phalanx redundant. However, the Navy later changed its mind and decided to retrofit all IIA ships to carry at least one Phalanx CIWS by 2013. DDGs 91–96 (USS Pinckney , USS Momsen , USS Chung-Hoon , USS Nitze , USS James E. Williams , and USS Bainbridge ) were built with superstructure differences to accommodate
10530-740: The public domain should be: "it should be a place of sanctuary for individual creative expression, a sanctuary conferring affirmative protection against the forces of private appropriation that threatened such expression". Patterson and Lindberg described the public domain not as a "territory", but rather as a concept: "[T]here are certain materials – the air we breathe, sunlight, rain, space, life, creations, thoughts, feelings, ideas, words, numbers – not subject to private ownership. The materials that compose our cultural heritage must be free for all living to use no less than matter necessary for biological survival." The term public domain may also be interchangeably used with other imprecise or undefined terms such as
10647-602: The public domain" can be traced to mid-19th-century France to describe the end of copyright term . The French poet Alfred de Vigny equated the expiration of copyright with a work falling "into the sink hole of public domain" and if the public domain receives any attention from intellectual property lawyers it is still treated as little more than that which is left when intellectual property rights, such as copyright , patents , and trademarks , expire or are abandoned. In this historical context Paul Torremans describes copyright as a, "little coral reef of private right jutting up from
10764-555: The public domain" is correct only for published works; unpublished works are under federal copyright for at least the life of the author plus 70 years. Legal traditions differ on whether a work in the public domain can have its copyright restored. In the European Union, the Copyright Duration Directive was applied retroactively, restoring and extending the terms of copyright on material previously in
10881-435: The public domain, derivative works such as adaptations in book and film may increase noticeably, as happened with Frances Hodgson Burnett 's novel The Secret Garden , which became public domain in the US in 1977 and most of the rest of the world in 1995. By 1999, the plays of Shakespeare, all public domain, had been used in more than 420 feature-length films. In addition to straightforward adaptation, they have been used as
10998-416: The public domain, e.g. civil law of continental Europe . This may even "effectively prohibit any attempt by copyright owners to surrender rights automatically conferred by law, particularly moral rights ". An alternative is for copyright holders to issue a license which irrevocably grants as many rights as possible to the general public. Real public domain makes licenses unnecessary, as no owner/author
11115-468: The public domain, to the extent that their expression in the form of software is not covered by copyright. Works created before the existence of copyright and patent laws also form part of the public domain. For example, the Bible and the inventions of Archimedes are in the public domain. However, translations or new formulations of these works may be copyrighted in themselves. Determination of whether
11232-914: The public domain. In the United Kingdom , for example, there is a perpetual crown copyright for the Authorized King James Version of the Bible . While the copyright has expired for the Peter Pan works by J. M. Barrie (the play Peter Pan, or the Boy Who Wouldn't Grow Up and the novel Peter and Wendy ) in the United Kingdom, it was granted a special exception under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (Schedule 6) that requires royalties to be paid for commercial performances, publications and broadcasts of
11349-405: The public domain. In the United States, the contents of patents are considered valid and enforceable for 20 years from the date of filing within the United States or 20 years from the earliest date of filing if under 35 USC 120, 121, or 365(c). However, the text and any illustration within a patent, provided the illustrations are essentially line drawings and do not in any substantive way reflect
11466-541: The public domain. Term extensions by the US and Australia generally have not removed works from the public domain, but rather delayed the addition of works to it. However, the United States moved away from that tradition with the Uruguay Round Agreements Act , which removed from the public domain many foreign-sourced works that had previously not been in copyright in the US for failure to comply with US-based formalities requirements . Consequently, in
11583-400: The public without regard for its intended use, it could become generic , and therefore part of the public domain. Because trademarks are registered with governments, some countries or trademark registries may recognize a mark, while others may have determined that it is generic and not allowable as a trademark in that registry. For example, the drug acetylsalicylic acid (2-acetoxybenzoic acid)
11700-538: The rear-facing SPY-1D arrays are mounted one deck (eight feet) higher to prevent a blind spot. Flight IIA replaced retractable missile loading cranes on the forward and aft VLS with a total of six additional cells. The propellers are of a different design to reduce cavitation . New fiber optics improved bandwidth and helped reduce weight gain. Systems removed from Flight IIA include the Harpoon missile launchers and, starting with USS McCampbell (DDG-85) ,
11817-518: The right holder cannot waive under applicable law, they are licensed in a way that mirrors as closely as possible the legal effect of a waiver. And finally, if there are any rights that the right holders cannot waive or license, they affirm that they will not exercise them and they will not assert any claim with respect to the use of the work, once again within the limits of applicable law. (...) In countries where moral rights exist but where they can be waived or not asserted, they are waived if asserted (e.g.
11934-711: The second phase focuses on Aegis Combat System upgrades and introduces an Open Architecture Computing Environment (OACE). By 2017, modernization technologies were introduced to production ships, and the Navy started modernization of Flight IIA ships through a single process combining both phases of upgrading. The capabilities of modernized destroyers include CEC, Integrated Air and Missile Defense (IAMD), ESSM support, improved electronic support with Surface Electronic Warfare Improvement Program (SEWIP) Block 2, improved data processing with Boeing 's Gigabit Ethernet Data Multiplex System, and improvements to littoral warfare . In July 2010, BAE Systems announced it had been awarded
12051-587: The ship can fire Mark 46 , Mark 50 , or Mark 54 lightweight torpedoes for short-range ASW. The ships can detect anti-ship mines at a range of about 1,400 meters. All ships of the class are fitted with at least one Phalanx close-in weapon system (CIWS), which provides point defense against air and surface threats. Eight ships ( DDG 51 , DDG 64 , DDG 71 , DDG 75 , DDG 78 , DDG 80 , DDG 84 , DDG 117 ) are equipped with one SeaRAM CIWS for improved self-defense. Arleigh Burke s can also carry two 25 mm Mk 38 machine gun systems , one on each side of
12168-685: The ship, designed to counter fast surface craft. There are numerous mounts for crew-served weapons like the M2 Browning . Located on the forward deck is the 5-inch (127 mm) Mark 45 gun . Directed by the Mark 34 Gun Weapon System , it can be used in anti-ship, anti-air, and naval gunfire support (NGFS) roles. It can fire 16–20 rounds per minute and has a range of 13 nautical miles (24 km). Arleigh Burke s can stow 680 5-inch rounds. As of 2023, six destroyers ( DDG 100 , DDG 104 , DDG 105 , DDG 106 , DDG 111 , DDG 113 ) are equipped with
12285-499: The state or to an authors' association. The user does not have to seek permission to copy, present or perform the work, but does have to pay the fee. Typically the royalties are directed to support of living artists. In 2010, The Creative Commons proposed the Public Domain Mark (PDM) as symbol to indicate that a work is free of known copyright restrictions and therefore in the public domain. The public domain mark
12402-401: The story of Peter Pan within the UK, as long as Great Ormond Street Hospital (to whom Barrie gave the copyright) continues to exist. In a paying public domain regime, works that have entered the public domain after their copyright has expired, or traditional knowledge and traditional cultural expressions that have never been subject to copyright, are still subject to royalties payable to
12519-404: The term domain did not come into use until the mid-18th century, the concept can be traced back to the ancient Roman law , "as a preset system included in the property right system". The Romans had a large proprietary rights system where they defined "many things that cannot be privately owned" as res nullius , res communes , res publicae and res universitatis . The term res nullius
12636-461: The term public domain and equates the public domain to public property and works in copyright to private property . However, the usage of the term public domain can be more granular, including for example uses of works in copyright permitted by copyright exceptions . Such a definition regards work in copyright as private property subject to fair use rights and limitation on ownership. A conceptual definition comes from Lange, who focused on what
12753-467: The works of Jane Austen , Lewis Carroll , Machado de Assis , Olavo Bilac and Edgar Allan Poe are in the public domain worldwide as they all died over 100 years ago. Project Gutenberg , the Internet Archive and Wikisource make tens of thousands of public domain books available online as ebooks . People have been creating music for millennia. The first musical notation system,
12870-411: The world may be excluded from copyright law and may therefore be considered to be in the public domain in their respective countries. They may also be in the public domain in other countries as well. The legal scholar Melville Nimmer has written that "it is axiomatic that material in the public domain is not protected by copyright, even when incorporated into a copyrighted work". Before 1 March 1989, in
12987-521: Was launched on 3 April 2004, sponsored by Elisabeth Porter, Nitze's wife. Nitze, who was 97 years old at the time, was present at the christening, thus adding the destroyer to the list of U.S. military vessels named after living Americans . Nitze was commissioned on 5 March 2005 in Norfolk, Virginia . Nitze , homeported in Norfolk, Virginia , went on her maiden deployment in January 2007 as part of
13104-457: Was deemed generic just three years later. Informal uses of trademarks are not covered by trademark protection. For example, Hormel , producer of the canned meat product Spam , does not object to informal use of the word "spam" in reference to unsolicited commercial email. However, it has fought attempts by other companies to register names including the word 'spam' as a trademark in relation to computer products, despite that Hormel's trademark
13221-404: Was defined as things not yet appropriated. The term res communes was defined as "things that could be commonly enjoyed by mankind, such as air, sunlight and ocean." The term res publicae referred to things that were shared by all citizens, and the term res universitatis meant things that were owned by the municipalities of Rome. When looking at it from a historical perspective, one could say
13338-508: Was deployed with an AAI Aerosonde unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The aircraft is under demonstration for Flight I and II ships, which do not have accommodations for permanently storing helicopters. The Aerosonde has a small enough footprint to be stowed on those destroyers. It can perform missions such as intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance at a much lower cost than manned helicopters. The Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) from 1970 to 1974, Admiral Elmo Zumwalt , sought to improve
13455-761: Was expected to begin at-sea testing of the HELIOS in FY2023. Also by 2018, all Arleigh Burke -class ships homeported in the Western Pacific were scheduled to have upgraded ASW systems, including the TB-37U MFTA replacing the AN/SQR-19 TACTAS. In FY2019, the Navy started a program to procure the Mod 4 variant of the Mark 38 machine gun system to address "unmanned aerial systems (UAS) and high speed maneuverable unmanned surface vehicle (USV) threats." Mod 4 will incorporate
13572-569: Was to be attached to the main reduction gear to turn the drive shaft and propel the ship at speeds under 13 knots (24 km/h), such as during BMD or maritime security operations. Use of the HED for half the time could extend time on station by 2.5 days before refueling. In March 2018, the Navy announced the HED would be installed on USS Truxtun (DDG-103) to test the technology, but upgrades of further destroyers would be halted due to changed budget priorities. Also in 2016, four destroyers of
13689-428: Was widespread, in compliance with the law, but expansions of those laws intended to benefit literary works and responding to commercial music recording technology's reproducibility have led to stricter rules. Relatively recently, a normative view that copying in music is not desirable and lazy has become popular among professional musicians. US copyright laws distinguish between musical compositions and sound recordings,
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