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35-631: S-19 ′s keel was laid down on 15 August 1918 by the Electric Boat Company in New York City on subcontract to Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation 's Fore River Shipyard in Quincy , Massachusetts . She was launched on 21 June 1920, sponsored by Miss Genevieve Kittinger (daughter of Commander T. A. Kittinger, U.S. Navy inspector of ordnance), and commissioned on 24 August 1921. After preliminary shakedown operations, S-19

70-407: A jib. Most modern designs have only one sail, the mainsail; however, the traditional catboat could carry multiple sails from the gaff rig. Catboat is a charming and distinctive sailboat featuring a single mast with a single large sail, known as a gaff-rigged sail, and a broad beam that ensures stability. This type of vessel, named after the "cat" tackle used in sailing, has a rich history dating back to

105-525: A keel and the hull in general, often by rolling the ship on its side). An example of this use is Careening Cove , a suburb of Sydney, Australia , where careening was carried out in the early colonial days. The use of a keel in sailing vessels dates back to antiquity . The wreck of an ancient Greek merchant ship known as the Kyrenia ship establishes the origin of the keel at least as far back as 315 BC. The Uluburun shipwreck ( c. 1325 BC) had

140-533: A line to the grounded submarine or to reach her by boat until late on the evening of 14 January, when a party from the Nauset , Massachusetts, Coast Guard station succeeded in boarding. By the morning of 15 January, S-19 ' s crew had been safely brought to shore. After strenuous effort by Navy tugs and the Coast Guard cutters, S-19 was finally freed from the shoal . Repaired and returned to service with

175-431: A lot of weight in two "wings" which run sideways from the main part of the keel. Even more recent is the concept of canting keels , designed to move the weight at the bottom of a sailboat to the upwind side, allowing the boat to carry more sails. A twin keel has the benefit of a shallower draft and can allow the boat to stand on dry land. Multihulls, on the other hand, have minimal need for such ballast, as they depend on

210-411: A reduced draft, with a much reduced underwater profile. This, in turn, results directly in reduced wetted surface area and drag. Without a ballast keel, multihulls can go in shallow waters where monohulls can not. There are trade-offs, however, in multihull design. A well designed ballasted boat can recover from a capsize, even from turning over completely. Righting a multihull that has gotten upside down

245-474: A rudimentary keel, but it may have been more of a center plank than a keel. In carvel-built hulls, construction began with the laying of the keel, followed by the stern and stem . Frames were set up afterward, set at key points along the keel. Later, the keelson was attached to the keel, either bolted or with treenails . A plank first building system that is still in use today is clinker construction , using overlapping planks which are shaped to produce

280-489: Is difficult in any case and impossible without help unless the boat is small or carries special equipment for the purpose. Multihulls often prove more difficult to tack, since the reduced weight leads directly to reduced momentum, causing multihulls to more quickly lose speed when headed into the wind. Also, structural integrity is much easier to achieve in a one piece monohull than in a two or three piece multihull whose connecting structure must be substantial and well connected to

315-461: Is easier for a short-handed crew to manage. A yawl is similar to a ketch, with a shorter mizzen mast carried astern the rudderpost more for balancing the helm than propulsion. Traditional sailboats are monohulls , but multi-hull catamarans and trimarans are gaining popularity. Monohull boats generally rely on ballast for stability and usually are displacement hulls. This stabilizing ballast can, in boats designed for racing, be as much as 50% of

350-439: Is fitted, the keel is almost inevitably of the flat plate type, bar keels often being associated with open floors, where the plate keel may also be fitted. Hydrodynamic keels have the primary purpose of interacting with the water and are typical of certain sailboats. Fixed hydrodynamic keels have the structural strength to support the boat's weight. In sailboats , keels serve two purposes: 1) as an underwater foil to minimize

385-447: Is often the first part of a ship's hull to be constructed, and laying the keel , or placing the keel in the cradle where the ship will be built, may mark the start time of its construction. Large, modern ships are now often built in a series of pre-fabricated, complete hull sections rather than being built around a single keel, so the shipbuilding process commences with the cutting of the first sheet of steel. The most common type of keel

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420-436: Is similar to a sloop with a single mast and mainsail, but generally carries the mast further aft to allow for a jib and staysail to be attached to the head stay and inner forestay, respectively. Once a common racing configuration, today it gives versatility to cruising boats, especially in allowing a small staysail to be flown from the inner stay in high winds. A catboat has a single mast mounted far forward and does not carry

455-404: Is the "flat plate keel", which is fitted in most ocean-going ships and other vessels. A form of keel found on smaller vessels is the "bar keel", which may be fitted in trawlers, tugs, and smaller ferries. Where grounding is possible, this type of keel is suitable with its massive scantlings , but there is always a problem of the increased draft with no additional cargo capacity. If a double bottom

490-421: Is the sloop, which features one mast and two sails, typically a Bermuda rigged main , and a headsail . This simple configuration is very efficient for sailing into the wind. A fractional rigged sloop has its forestay attached at a point below the top of the mast, allowing the mainsail to be flattened to improve performance by raking the upper part of the mast aft by tensioning the backstay. A smaller headsail

525-469: Is what prevents leeway and allows sailing towards the wind. This can be an external piece or a part of the hull. Most monohulls larger than a dinghy require built-in ballast . Depending on the design of the boat, ballast may be 20 to 50 percent of the displacement. The ballast is often integrated into their keels as large masses of lead or cast iron. This secures the ballast and gets it as low as possible to improve its effectiveness. External keels are cast in

560-552: The 19th century in the coastal regions of the United States, particularly New England, where it was widely used by fishermen and sailors. With its straightforward design and uncomplicated rigging, the catboat offers a straightforward and laid-back sailing experience, making it an ideal choice for beginners and pleasure sailors alike. Even today, catboats continue to be cherished by enthusiasts who appreciate their heritage and enjoy their picturesque appearance while cruising through

595-645: The United States Navy Keel The keel is the bottom-most longitudinal structural element of a watercraft . On some sailboats , it may have a hydrodynamic and counterbalancing purpose as well. The laying of the keel is often the initial step in constructing a ship. In the British and American shipbuilding traditions, this event marks the beginning date of a ship's construction. The word "keel" comes from Old English cēol , Old Norse kjóll , = " ship " or "keel". It has

630-620: The boat to sail in a more upright position. Sailboat A sailboat or sailing boat is a boat propelled partly or entirely by sails and is smaller than a sailing ship . Distinctions in what constitutes a sailing boat and ship vary by region and maritime culture. Although sailboat terminology has varied across history, many terms have specific meanings in the context of modern yachting . A great number of sailboat-types may be distinguished by size, hull configuration, keel type, purpose, number and configuration of masts , and sail plan . Popular monohull designs include: The cutter

665-481: The bottom end in a receptacle that is supported above the keel of the boat or on the deck or other superstructure that allows the mast to be raised at a hinge point until it is erect. Some masts are supported solely at the keel and laterally at the deck and are called "unstayed". Most masts rely in part or entirely (for those stepped on the deck) on standing rigging , supporting them side-to-side and fore-and aft to hold them up. Masts over 25 feet (7.6 m) may require

700-576: The distinction of being regarded by some scholars as the first word in the English language recorded in writing, having been recorded by Gildas in his 6th century Latin work De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae , under the spelling cyulae (he was referring to the three ships that the Saxons first arrived in). Carina is the Latin word for "keel" and is the origin of the term careen (to clean

735-594: The fleet, S-19 continued her Atlantic operations until 22 October 1930, when she departed New London for the Pacific Ocean . The submarine arrived at Pearl Harbor , Hawaii , on 7 December 1930, and for the next three years operated from there. She was decommissioned at Pearl Harbor on 10 February 1934. S-19 was struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 12 December 1936. She was towed to sea and scuttled on 18 December 1938 in accordance with

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770-536: The geometry of their design, the wide base of their multiple hulls, for their stability. Designers of performance multihulls, such as the Open 60's , go to great lengths to reduce overall boat weight as much as possible. This leads some to comment that designing a multihull is similar to designing an aircraft. A centreboard or daggerboard is retractable lightweight keel which can be pulled up in shallow water. On small sailboats, masts may be "stepped" (put in place) with

805-542: The hull form. Older systems include the bottom-based method used for the planking on either side of the keel of a cog (and also in Dutch shipbuilding up to and including the 17th century). This involves flush-fitted planks that have been cut to provide the shape of the hull. Still older is the mortice and tenon edge-to-edge joining of hull planks in the Mediterranean during the classical period . In this system, much of

840-470: The hull itself has sufficient buoyancy to remain afloat. A multihull optimized for light weight (at the expense of cruising amenities and storage for food and other supplies), combined with the absence of ballast can result in performance gains in terms of acceleration, top speed, and manoeuvrability. The lack of ballast makes it much easier to get a lightweight multihull on plane, reducing its wetted surface area and thus its drag. Reduced overall weight means

875-450: The hulls. All these hull types may also be manufactured as, or outfitted with, hydrofoils . All vessels have a keel , it is the backbone of the hull. In traditional construction, it is the structure upon which all else depends. Modern monocoque designs include a virtual keel. Even multihulls have keels. On a sailboat, the word "keel" is also used to refer to the area that is added to the hull to improve its lateral plane. The lateral plane

910-474: The lateral motion of the vessel under sail ( leeway ) and 2) as a counterweight to the lateral force of the wind on the sail(s) that causes rolling to the side ( heeling ). As an underwater foil, a keel uses the forward motion of the boat to generate lift to counteract the leeward force of the wind. As a counterweight, a keel increasingly offsets the heeling moment with increasing angle of heel. Related foils include movable centreplates, which -being metal- have

945-573: The mainmast, but forward of the rudder post. The second mast is called the mizzen mast and the sail is called the mizzen sail. A ketch can also be Cutter-rigged with two head sails. A schooner has a mainmast taller than its foremast , distinguishing it from a ketch or a yawl. A schooner can have more than two masts, with the foremast always lower than the foremost main. Traditional topsail schooners have topmasts allowing triangular topsails sails to be flown above their gaff sails ; many modern schooners are Bermuda rigged. The most common modern sailboat

980-416: The secondary purpose of being a counterweight, and centreboards and daggerboards , which are of lighter weight, do not have the secondary purpose of being a counterweight. Moveable sailboat keels may pivot (a centreboard, centreplate or swing keel), retract upwards (lifting/retracting keel or daggerboard), or swing sideways in the water ( canting keels ) to move the ballasting effect to one side and allow

1015-399: The shape of the keel. A monohull's keel is made effective by a combination of weight, depth, and length. Most modern monohull boats have fin keels, which are heavy and deep, but short in relation to the hull length. More traditional yachts carried a full keel which is generally half or more of the length of the boat. A recent feature is a winged keel , which is short and shallow, but carries

1050-399: The strength of the hull is derived from the planking, with the frames providing some extra strength. In all these systems, the joining of the keel, stem and sternpost are the starting point of construction. A structural keel is the bottom-most structural member around which the hull of a ship is built. The keel runs along the centerline of the ship, from the bow to the stern . The keel

1085-606: The terms of the Second London Naval Treaty . In Taylor Anderson 's Destroyermen series, S-19 remains in service into World War II and is transported to an alternate Earth along with several other vessels, including the destroyers USS  Walker and USS  Mahan . S-19 was featured in the Call of Cthulhu: Dark Corners of the Earth campaign Raid on Innsmouth . List of submarine classes of

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1120-399: The waterways. A dinghy is a type of small open sailboat commonly used for recreation, sail training , and tending a larger vessel. They are popular in youth sailing programs for their short LOA , simple operation and minimal maintenance. They have three (or fewer) sails : the mainsail , jib , and spinnaker . Ketches are similar to a sloop, but there is a second shorter mast astern of

1155-720: The weight of the boat, but is generally around 30%. It creates two problems; one, it gives the monohull tremendous inertia, making it less maneuverable and reducing its acceleration. Secondly, unless it has been built with buoyant foam or air tanks, if a monohull fills with water, it will sink. Multihulls rely on the geometry and the broad stance of their multiple hulls for their stability, eschewing any form of ballast. Some multihulls are designed to be as light-weight as possible while still maintaining structural integrity. They can be built with foam-filled flotation chambers and some modern trimarans are rated as unsinkable, meaning that, should every crew compartment be completely filled with water,

1190-568: Was decommissioned and returned to the contractor on 8 March 1922 for further work to remedy defects revealed in her first weeks of operation. Upon her return to the United States Navy , S-19 recommissioned at Groton , Connecticut , on 6 January 1923. S-19 operated off the northeastern coast of the United States from 1923 to 1930, taking part in fleet exercises off Panama in the early months of each year. This routine

1225-647: Was interrupted in the foggy, early hours of 13 January 1925, when the submarine ran aground off Chatham , Massachusetts, on the southern coast of Cape Cod , after strong winds and unusually heavy seas had pushed her far from her course. She had departed Portsmouth Navy Yard in Kittery , Maine , the previous afternoon after overhaul, and was en route to New London , Connecticut. The United States Coast Guard cutters Tampa and Acushnet came to S-19 ' s assistance, as did life-saving crews from two nearby Coast Guard stations. Heavy seas made it impossible to pass

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