In psychoanalysis and other psychological theories, the unconscious mind (or the unconscious ) is the part of the psyche that is not available to introspection. Although these processes exist beneath the surface of conscious awareness, they are thought to exert an effect on conscious thought processes and behavior. Empirical evidence suggests that unconscious phenomena include repressed feelings and desires, memories, automatic skills, subliminal perceptions , and automatic reactions. The term was coined by the 18th-century German Romantic philosopher Friedrich Schelling and later introduced into English by the poet and essayist Samuel Taylor Coleridge .
41-459: [REDACTED] Look up unconscious in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Unconscious may refer to: Physiology [ edit ] Unconsciousness , the lack of consciousness or responsiveness to people and other environmental stimuli Psychology [ edit ] Unconscious mind , the mind operating well outside the attention of
82-510: A cogent system that is regarded by some as the beginning of modern scientific psychology. William Shakespeare explored the role of the unconscious in many of his plays, without naming it as such. Western philosophers such as Arthur Schopenhauer , Baruch Spinoza , Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz , Johann Gottlieb Fichte , Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel , Karl Robert Eduard von Hartmann , Carl Gustav Carus , Søren Aabye Kierkegaard , Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche and Thomas Carlyle used
123-438: A constant pressure in the direction of consciousness. However, the content of the unconscious is only knowable to consciousness through its representation in a disguised or distorted form, by way of dreams and neurotic symptoms, as well as in slips of the tongue and jokes . The psychoanalyst seeks to interpret these conscious manifestations in order to understand the nature of the repressed. The unconscious mind can be seen as
164-491: A critique of the Freudian unconscious. He argues that the Freudian cases of shallow, consciously held mental states would be best characterized as 'repressed consciousness,' while the idea of more deeply unconscious mental states is more problematic. He contends that the very notion of a collection of "thoughts" that exist in a privileged region of the mind such that they are in principle never accessible to conscious awareness,
205-407: Is being thought by a thinker or that it could be thought by a thinker. Processes that are not causally related to the phenomenon called thinking are more appropriately called the nonconscious processes of the brain. Other critics of the Freudian unconscious include David Stannard , Richard Webster , Ethan Watters , Richard Ofshe , and Eric Thomas Weber. Some scientific researchers proposed
246-473: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages unconscious [REDACTED] Look up unconscious in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Unconscious may refer to: Physiology [ edit ] Unconsciousness , the lack of consciousness or responsiveness to people and other environmental stimuli Psychology [ edit ] Unconscious mind ,
287-536: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Unconscious mind The emergence of the concept of the unconscious in psychology and general culture was mainly due to the work of Austrian neurologist and psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud . In psychoanalytic theory , the unconscious mind consists of ideas and drives that have been subject to the mechanism of repression : anxiety-producing impulses in childhood are barred from consciousness, but do not cease to exist, and exert
328-417: Is essentially self-conscious. Sartre also argues that Freud's theory of repression is internally flawed. Philosopher Thomas Baldwin argues that Sartre's argument is based on a misunderstanding of Freud. Erich Fromm contends that "The term 'the unconscious' is actually a mystification (even though one might use it for reasons of convenience, as I am guilty of doing in these pages). There is no such thing as
369-410: Is incoherent. This is not to imply that there are not "nonconscious" processes that form the basis of much of conscious life. Rather, Searle simply claims that to posit the existence of something that is like a "thought" in every way except for the fact that no one can ever be aware of it (can never, indeed, "think" it) is an incoherent concept. To speak of "something" as a "thought" either implies that it
410-555: Is not conscious, but rather that which is actively repressed from conscious thought. In the psychoanalytic view, unconscious mental processes can only be recognized through analysis of their effects in consciousness. Unconscious thoughts are not directly accessible to ordinary introspection, but they are capable of partially evading the censorship mechanism of repression in a disguised form, manifesting, for example, as dream elements or neurotic symptoms . Such symptoms are supposed to be capable of being "interpreted" during psychoanalysis, with
451-438: Is the focusing of the energy of several ideas into one, and displacement is the surrender of one idea's energy to another more trivial representative. The manifest content is thus thought to be a highly significant simplification of the latent content, capable of being deciphered in the analytic process, potentially allowing conscious insight into unconscious mental activity. Allan Hobson and colleagues developed what they called
SECTION 10
#1732766049741492-461: The activation-synthesis hypothesis which proposes that dreams are simply the side effects of the neural activity in the brain that produces beta brain waves during REM sleep that are associated with wakefulness. According to this hypothesis, neurons fire periodically during sleep in the lower brain levels and thus send random signals to the cortex . The cortex then synthesizes a dream in reaction to these signals in order to try to make sense of why
533-418: The attentional blink ) or through distracting stimuli like visual masking . An extensive line of research conducted by Hasher and Zacks has demonstrated that individuals register information about the frequency of events automatically (outside conscious awareness and without engaging conscious information processing resources). Moreover, perceivers do this unintentionally, truly "automatically", regardless of
574-410: The unconscious; there are only experiences of which we are aware, and others of which we are not aware, that is, of which we are unconscious . If I hate a man because I am afraid of him, and if I am aware of my hate but not of my fear, we may say that my hate is conscious and that my fear is unconscious; still my fear does not lie in that mysterious place: 'the' unconscious." John Searle has offered
615-415: The brain is sending them. However, the hypothesis does not state that dreams are meaningless, it just downplays the role that emotional factors play in determining dreams. There is an extensive body of research in contemporary cognitive psychology devoted to mental activity that is not mediated by conscious awareness. Most of this research on unconscious processes has been done in the academic tradition of
656-403: The brain structure of every individual". In addition to the structure of the unconscious, Jung differed from Freud in that he did not believe that sexuality was at the base of all unconscious thoughts. The purpose of dreams, according to Freud, is to fulfill repressed wishes while simultaneously allowing the dreamer to remain asleep. The dream is a disguised fulfillment of the wish because
697-772: The conscious mind as defined by Sigmund Freud and others Unconscious, an altered state of consciousness with limited conscious awareness Not conscious Philosophy, spirituality [ edit ] Unconscious spirit , the supposed part of the human spirit or soul operating outside of conscious awareness Media [ edit ] Unconscious (2014), UK release title of Amnesiac , an American mystery film See also [ edit ] Inconscientes Consciousness Unconscious communication Subconscious Carl Jung 's concept of collective unconscious Unconscious cognition Subliminal stimuli Priming (psychology) All pages with titles beginning with Unconscious Topics referred to by
738-553: The context of manifold, jumbled sense data that the mind organizes at an unconscious level before revealing it as a cogent totality in conscious form." Eduard von Hartmann published a book dedicated to the topic, Philosophy of the Unconscious , in 1869. Sigmund Freud and his followers developed an account of the unconscious mind. He worked with the unconscious mind to develop an explanation for mental illness. It plays an important role in psychoanalysis . Freud divided
779-477: The differences between conscious and unconscious perception. There is evidence that whether something is consciously perceived depends both on the incoming stimulus (bottom up strength) and on top-down mechanisms like attention . Recent research indicates that some unconsciously perceived information can become consciously accessible if there is cumulative evidence. Similarly, content that would normally be conscious can become unconscious through inattention (e.g. in
820-492: The existence of unconscious mechanisms that are very different from the Freudian ones. They speak of a "cognitive unconscious" ( John Kihlstrom ), an " adaptive unconscious " ( Timothy Wilson ), or a "dumb unconscious" (Loftus and Klinger), which executes automatic processes but lacks the complex mechanisms of repression and symbolic return of the repressed, and the "deep unconscious system" of Robert Langs . In modern cognitive psychology , many researchers have sought to strip
861-424: The help of methods such as free association , dream analysis, and analysis of verbal slips and other unintentional manifestations in conscious life. Carl Gustav Jung agreed with Freud that the unconscious is a determinant of personality, but he proposed that the unconscious be divided into two layers: the personal unconscious and the collective unconscious . The personal unconscious is a reservoir of material that
SECTION 20
#1732766049741902-445: The hidden or disguised meaning of the events and elements of the dream. It represents the unconscious psychic realities of the dreamer's current issues and childhood conflicts, the nature of which the analyst is seeking to understand through interpretation of the manifest content. In Freud's theory, dreams are instigated by the events and thoughts of everyday life. In what he called the "dream-work", these events and thoughts, governed by
943-424: The highest importance." In 1890, when psychoanalysis was still unheard of, William James , in his monumental treatise on psychology ( The Principles of Psychology ), examined the way Schopenhauer , von Hartmann , Janet , Binet and others had used the term 'unconscious' and 'subconscious.'" German psychologists, Gustav Fechner and Wilhelm Wundt , had begun to use the term in their experimental psychology, in
984-434: The information processing paradigm. The cognitive tradition of research into unconscious processes does not rely on the clinical observations and theoretical bases of the psychoanalytic tradition; instead it is mostly data driven. Cognitive research reveals that individuals automatically register and acquire more information than they are consciously aware of or can consciously remember and report. Much research has focused on
1025-484: The instructions they receive, and regardless of the information processing goals they have. The ability to unconsciously and relatively accurately tally the frequency of events appears to have little or no relation to the individual's age, education, intelligence, or personality. Thus it may represent one of the fundamental building blocks of human orientation in the environment and possibly the acquisition of procedural knowledge and experience, in general. The notion that
1066-414: The mind into the conscious mind (or the ego ) and the unconscious mind. The latter was then further divided into the id (or instincts and drive) and the superego (or conscience ). In this theory, the unconscious refers to the mental processes of which individuals are unaware. Freud proposed a vertical and hierarchical architecture of human consciousness: the conscious mind , the preconscious , and
1107-821: The mind operating well outside the attention of the conscious mind as defined by Sigmund Freud and others Unconscious, an altered state of consciousness with limited conscious awareness Not conscious Philosophy, spirituality [ edit ] Unconscious spirit , the supposed part of the human spirit or soul operating outside of conscious awareness Media [ edit ] Unconscious (2014), UK release title of Amnesiac , an American mystery film See also [ edit ] Inconscientes Consciousness Unconscious communication Subconscious Carl Jung 's concept of collective unconscious Unconscious cognition Subliminal stimuli Priming (psychology) All pages with titles beginning with Unconscious Topics referred to by
1148-402: The notion of the unconscious from its Freudian heritage, and alternative terms such as "implicit" or "automatic" have been used. These traditions emphasize the degree to which cognitive processing happens outside the scope of cognitive awareness, and show that things we are unaware of can nonetheless influence other cognitive processes as well as behavior. Active research traditions related to
1189-417: The poet and essayist Samuel Taylor Coleridge (in his Biographia Literaria ). Some rare earlier instances of the term "unconsciousness" ( Unbewußtseyn ) can be found in the work of the 18th-century German physician and philosopher Ernst Platner . Influences on thinking that originate from outside an individual's consciousness were reflected in the ancient ideas of temptation, divine inspiration, and
1230-729: The predominant role of the gods in affecting motives and actions. The idea of internalised unconscious processes in the mind was present in antiquity, and has been explored across a wide variety of cultures. Unconscious aspects of mentality were referred to between 2,500 and 600 BC in the Hindu texts known as the Vedas , found today in Ayurvedic medicine. Paracelsus is credited as the first to make mention of an unconscious aspect of cognition in his work Von den Krankheiten (translates as "About illnesses", 1567), and his clinical methodology created
1271-421: The presence of unconscious processes, these processes are seen as symptoms rather than the unconscious mind itself. Some critics have doubted the existence of the unconscious altogether. The term "unconscious" ( German : unbewusst ) was coined by the 18th-century German Romantic philosopher Friedrich Schelling (in his System of Transcendental Idealism , ch. 6, § 3 ) and later introduced into English by
Unconscious - Misplaced Pages Continue
1312-440: The rules of language and the reality principle , become subject to the "primary process" of unconscious thought, which is governed by the pleasure principle , wish gratification and the repressed sexual scenarios of childhood. The dream-work involves a process of disguising these unconscious desires in order to preserve sleep. This process occurs primarily by means of what Freud called condensation and displacement . Condensation
1353-419: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Unconscious . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unconscious&oldid=1144044973 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
1394-419: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Unconscious . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unconscious&oldid=1144044973 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
1435-528: The source of dreams and automatic thoughts (those that appear without any apparent cause), the repository of forgotten memories (that may still be accessible to consciousness at some later time), and the locus of implicit knowledge (the things that we have learned so well that we do them without thinking). Phenomena related to semi-consciousness include awakening , implicit memory , subliminal messages , trances , hypnagogia and hypnosis . While sleep , sleepwalking , dreaming , delirium and comas may signal
1476-403: The unconscious mind —each lying beneath the other. He believed that significant psychic events take place "below the surface" in the unconscious mind. Contents of the unconscious mind go through the preconscious mind before coming to conscious awareness. He interpreted such events as having both symbolic and actual significance. In psychoanalytic terms, the unconscious does not include all that
1517-436: The unconscious desire in its raw form would disturb the sleeper and can only avoid censorship by associating itself with elements that are not subject to repression. Thus Freud distinguished between the manifest content and latent content of the dream. The manifest content consists of the plot and elements of a dream as they appear to consciousness, particularly upon waking, as the dream is recalled. The latent content refers to
1558-629: The unconscious include implicit memory (for example, priming ), and Pawel Lewicki 's nonconscious acquisition of knowledge. Ellenberger, in his classic 1970 history of dynamic psychology. He remarks on Schopenhauer's psychological doctrines several times, crediting him for example with recognizing parapraxes, and urges that Schopenhauer "was definitely among the ancestors of modern dynamic psychiatry." (1970, p. 205). He also cites with approval Foerster's interesting claim that "no one should deal with psychoanalysis before having thoroughly studied Schopenhauer." (1970, p. 542). In general, he views Schopenhauer as
1599-472: The unconscious mind exists at all has been disputed. Franz Brentano rejected the concept of the unconscious in his 1874 book Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint , although his rejection followed largely from his definitions of consciousness and unconsciousness. Jean-Paul Sartre offers a critique of Freud's theory of the unconscious in Being and Nothingness , based on the claim that consciousness
1640-532: The word unconscious. In 1880 at the Sorbonne , Edmond Colsenet defended a philosophy thesis (PhD) on the unconscious. Elie Rabier and Alfred Fouillee performed syntheses of the unconscious "at a time when Freud was not interested in the concept". According to historian of psychology Mark Altschule, "It is difficult—or perhaps impossible—to find a nineteenth-century psychologist or psychiatrist who did not recognize unconscious cerebration as not only real but of
1681-623: Was once conscious but has been forgotten or suppressed, much like Freud's notion. The collective unconscious, however, is the deepest level of the psyche, containing the accumulation of inherited psychic structures and archetypal experiences. Archetypes are not memories but energy centers or psychological functions that are apparent in the culture's use of symbols. The collective unconscious is therefore said to be inherited and contain material of an entire species rather than of an individual. The collective unconscious is, according to Jung, "[the] whole spiritual heritage of mankind's evolution, born anew in