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80-421: In some cultures and families, children may refer to the cousins of their parents as uncle (or aunt). It is also used as a title of respect for older relatives, neighbours, acquaintances, family friends, and even total strangers in some cultures, for example Aboriginal Australian elders . Using the term in this way is a form of fictive kinship . Any social institution where a special relationship exists between

160-405: A Catholic , Eastern Orthodox , Oriental Orthodox , or Anglican Christian priest), " Rabbi " for Jewish clergy, or Professor . Holders of an academic doctorate , such as a Ph.D. , are addressed as "Doctor" (abbreviated Dr.). Some honorifics act as complete replacements for a name, as "Sir" or "Ma'am", or "Your Honour/Honor". Subordinates will often use honorifics as punctuation before asking

240-478: A meatpacker from Troy, New York , who supplied rations for American soldiers during the War of 1812. There was a requirement at the time for contractors to stamp their name and where the rations came from onto the food they were sending. Wilson's packages were labeled "E.A.—U.S." When someone asked what that stood for, a co-worker jokingly said, "Elbert Anderson [the contractor] and Uncle Sam," referring to Wilson, though

320-419: A style in the grammatical third person , and as a form of address in the second person. Some languages have anti-honorific ( despective or humilific ) first person forms (expressions such as "your most humble servant" or "this unworthy person") whose effect is to enhance the relative honor accorded to the person addressed. The most common honorifics in modern English are usually placed immediately before

400-562: A certain kind of white-collar work. Again, even expatriate professionals in the Philippines were affected by these reasons when they resided and married a Filipino or were naturalized so it is not unusual for them to be addressed Filipino style. Spanish has a number of honorific forms that may be used with or as substitutes for names, such as señor or caballero ("Mr.", "Sir", "Gentleman"); señora ("Madam", "Mrs.", "Lady", "ma'am") and señorita ("Miss", "young lady"); licenciado for

480-404: A children's show named De Show van Ome Willem ( The Show of Uncle Willem ). The Dutch poet Ome Ko also used uncle as part of his pseudonym. Rich, wise or otherwise eccentric uncles are also popular in works of fiction. Title of respect An honorific is a title that conveys esteem, courtesy, or respect for position or rank when used in addressing or referring to a person. Sometimes,

560-463: A doctoral degree (for instance Colombian presidents are often referred to as Doctor ___); likewise "Maestro" is used for artistic masters, especially painters. Additionally, older people and those with whom one would speak respectfully (e.g., one's boss or teacher), are often addressed as usted, abbreviated ud. , a formal/respectful way of saying "you" (e.g. Dra. Polo, ¿cómo está usted? Dr. Polo, how are you?). The word usted historically comes from

640-794: A large degree, many classical constructs are still occasionally employed to convey formality, humility, politeness or respect. Honorific language in Chinese is achieved by using honorific or beautifying alternatives, prefixing or suffixing a word with a polite complement, or by dropping casual-sounding words. In general, there are five distinct categories of honorific language: Indian honorifics abound, covering formal and informal relationships for commercial, generational, social, and spiritual links. Honorifics may be prefix, suffix, or replacement types. There are many variations. Italian honorifics are usually limited to formal situations. Professional titles like Ingegnere (engineer) are often substituted for

720-601: A larger civil aircraft are usually addressed as "Captain" plus their full name or surname. This tradition is slowly diminishing in the United States and most European Union countries. However, many countries, especially in Asia , follow this tradition and address airline pilots, military pilots, and flight instructors exclusively as "Captain" even outside of the professional environment. In addition, such countries' etiquette rules dictate that this title must be placed on all

800-469: A male personification. Brother Jonathan saw full literary development into the personification of American national character through the 1825 novel Brother Jonathan by John Neal . Uncle Sam finally appeared after the War of 1812 . Columbia appeared with either Brother Jonathan or Uncle Sam, but her use declined as a national person in favor of Liberty, and she was effectively abandoned once she became

880-636: A man and his sisters' children is known as an avunculate (or avunculism or avuncularism). This relationship can be formal or informal, depending on the society. Early anthropological research focused on the association between the avunculate and matrilineal descent, while later research has expanded to consider the avunculate in general society. Uncles by birth (brother of a parent) are related to their nieces and nephews on average by 25% (1750 centimorgans ) though this can vary considerably. As half-uncles are related through half brothers, they are related by average 12.5%. Non-consanguineous uncles (male spouse of

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960-409: A member of a princely dynasty, or "Her Grand Ducal Highness" for a member of a family that reigns over a grand duchy . Verbs with these honorifics as subject are conjugated in the third person (e.g. "you are going" vs. "Your Honour is going" or "Her Royal Highness is going".) Protocol for monarchs and aristocrats can be very complex, with no general rule; great offence can be given by using a form that

1040-676: A minister or secretary of state as "Your Excellency" or Mr./Madam Secretary, etc. A prime minister may be addressed as "the Honorable". In the UK, members of the Privy Council are addressed as "the Right Honourable   ...". A member of Parliament or other legislative body may have particular honorifics. A member of a Senate, for example, may be addressed as "Senator". The etiquette varies and most countries have protocol specifying

1120-435: A monarch ranking as a king/queen or emperor and his/her consort may be addressed or referred to as "Your/His/Her Majesty", "Their Majesties", etc. (but there is no customary honorific accorded to a female monarch's consort, as he is usually granted a specific style). Monarchs below kingly rank are addressed as "Your/His/Her Highness ", the exact rank being indicated by an appropriate modifier, e.g. "His Serene Highness " for

1200-410: A multitude of pronouns that are extremely nuanced—for example, there are so many ways to say 'I', and most of them already indicate the speaker's gender and often their age and societal standing relative to the person they are speaking to." The most common Thai honorifics are used to differentiate age between friends, family, and peers. The most commonly used are: Turkish honorifics generally follow

1280-517: A person with bachelor's or a professional degree (e.g., attorneys and engineers ); maestro for a teacher, master mechanic, or person with a master's degree; doctor ("doctor"); etc. Also used is don (male) or doña (female) for people of rank or, in some Latin American countries (e.g., Puerto Rico ), for any senior citizen. In some Latin American countries, like Colombia , "Doctor" is used for any respected figure regardless of whether they have

1360-686: A person's kinship to their father's brother ( xhajë in Albanian, amou in Persian, stryj (diminutive: stryjek ) in Polish ). An analogous differentiation exists using separate terms to describe a person's kinship to their mother's female sibling ( teze in Albanian, khaleh in Persian, ciotka (diminutive: ciocia ) in Polish ), and a person's kinship to their father's female sibling, ( hallë in Albanian, ammeh in Persian, stryjna (diminutive: stryjenka ) in Polish ). Furthermore, in Persian culture

1440-702: A person's name. Honorifics used (both as style and as form of address) include, in the case of a man, " Mr. " (irrespective of marital status ), and, in the case of a woman, previously either of two depending on marital status: " Miss " if unmarried and " Mrs. " if married, widowed, or divorced; more recently, a third, " Ms. ", became the more prevalent norm, mainly owing to the desire to avoid identifying women by their marital status. Further considerations regarding identifying people by gender currently are raised with varying prevalence and details; in some environments, honorifics such as Mx. , Ind. or Misc. may be used so as not to identify people by gender. In some environments,

1520-504: A powerful lot of complaining, hardly doing anything else. [ sic ] Uncle Sam did not get a standard appearance, even with the effective abandonment of Brother Jonathan near the end of the American Civil War , until the well-known recruitment image of Uncle Sam was first created by James Montgomery Flagg during World War I . The image was inspired by a British recruitment poster showing Lord Kitchener in

1600-403: A relative) are not related by blood. In Arabic, one's mother's brother is called Khal خال and the mother's sister is called Khalah خالة. On the father's side, one's father's brother is called Amm عم and the father's sister is called Ammah عمّة. In Turkish, one's mother's brother is called dayi , father's brother is amca , and aunt's husband is known as enişte . One's mother's sister

1680-472: A sign of Filipino professionals' obsession with flaunting their educational attainment and professional status. Despite this, some of their clients (especially non-Filipinos) would address them as simply Mr. or Mrs./Ms. followed by their surnames (or even Sir/Ma'am) in conversation. It is very rare, however, for a Filipino (especially those born and educated abroad) to address Filipino architects, engineers, and lawyers, even mentioning and referring to their names,

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1760-444: A similar pose. It is this image more than any other that has influenced the modern appearance of Uncle Sam: an elderly white man with white hair and a goatee , wearing a white top hat with white stars on a blue band, a blue tail coat , and red-and-white-striped trousers. Flagg's depiction of Uncle Sam was shown publicly for the first time, according to some, on the cover of the magazine Leslie's Weekly on July 6, 1916, with

1840-797: A substitute for names. The most common honorifics in Pakistan are usually placed immediately before the name of the subject or immediately after the subject. There are many variations across Pakistan. Persian honorifics generally follow the second name, especially if they refer to gender or particular social statuses (e.g., Name Agha [= Mr. Name], Name Khanom [= Ms. Name], Name Ostad [teacher or cleric], Name Rayis [manager, leader or director]). Such honorifics are used in both formal and informal situations. A more formal honorific referring to gender would be Jenab [His Excellency], which precedes Name Agha [= Mr. Name] and Sarkar [= Her Excellency], which precedes Name Khanom [= Ms. Name]. A newer honorific

1920-559: A superior a question or after responding to an order: "Yes, sir" or even "Sir, yes, sir." Judges are often addressed as "Your Honour/Honor" when on the bench, the plural form is "Your Honours" and the style is "His/Her Honour". If the judge has a higher title, that may be the correct honorific to use, for example, for High Court Judges in England: "Your Lordship" or "My Lord". Members of the U.S. Supreme Court (as well as some state-level appellate judges) are addressed as "Justice". Similarly,

2000-488: A whole, tends to function on hierarchy; honorific stems are appended to verbs and many nouns, though primarily names, and in many cases one word may be exchanged for another word entirely with the same verb or noun meaning, but with different honorific connotations. In Japan , there are three rough divisions of honorifics: Indonesia's Javanese majority ethnicity has many honorifics. For example: Korean honorifics are similar to Japanese honorifics, and similarly, their use

2080-939: Is Arjomand [esteemed], which comes after other honorifics (except those referring to gender), and is not gender-specific (e.g., Ostad Arjomand Name Surname , or Rayis Arjomand Sarkar Khanom Name Surname ). They are generally used in very formal situations. The usage of Filipino honorifics differs from person to person, though commonalities occur like the occasional insertion of the word po or ho in conversations, and their dependence on age-structured hierarchies. Though some have become obsolete, many are still widely used in order to denote respect, friendliness, or affection. Some new "honorifics", mainly used by teenagers, are experiencing surges in popularity. The Filipino language has honorifics like Binibini/Ate ("Miss", "Big sister"), Ginang/Aling/Manang ("Mrs.", "Madam"), Ginoo/Mang/Manong/Kuya ("Mister", "Sir", "Big brother") that have roots in Chinese culture. Depending on one's relation with

2160-460: Is Sayın /Muhterem [esteemed], which precedes the surname or full name, and is not gender-specific. (e.g. Sayın/Muhterem Name Surname, or Sayın/Muhterem Surname). They are generally used in very formal situations. Honorifics in Vietnamese are more complex compared to Chinese, where the origins of many of these pronouns can be traced, and many have fallen out of usage or have been replaced due to

2240-624: Is Phupha and maternal aunt's husband is Khalu. Due to the loving image of an old but wise and friendly uncle in many cultures the word has been used as a loving nickname for many people. In Tibetan mythology Akhu Tönpa ( Uncle Tompa ) is a familiar and well-beloved figure. The American national personification Uncle Sam serves as an allegorical fatherly figure to many Americans. Various children's TV hosts have used uncle as their nickname, including Walt Disney ( Uncle Walt ), Bob Davidse ( Nonkel Bob , literally Uncle Bob ), Edwin Rutten (who hosted

2320-518: Is a Micronesian language spoken on the Pingelap atoll and on two of the eastern Caroline Islands, called the high island of Pohnpei. Pingelapese does not employ many honorifics into their speech. Their society is structured in a way that everyone is seen as equal, most likely due to the fact that there are so few of them due to emigration. There is no structured hierarchy to enforce the use of honorific speech. There are not many polite vocabulary words and

2400-507: Is a common national personification of the federal government of the United States or the country in general . Since the early 19th century, Uncle Sam has been a popular symbol of the U.S. government in American culture and a manifestation of patriotic emotion. Uncle Sam has also developed notoriety for his appearance in military propaganda , popularized by a 1917 World War I recruiting poster by J. M. Flagg . According to legend,

2480-573: Is a prefix honorific used with elders, similar to mzee , but may also mean grandfather. Other prefix honorifics are ndugu , for brother or a close male friend, and dada for a sister or close female friend; thus, John and Jane would be Ndugu John and Dada Jane, respectively. Amongst the Akan ethnic groups of West Africa's Ghana , the word nana is used as an aristocratic pre-nominal by chiefs and elders alike. In Yorubaland , also in West Africa,

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2560-410: Is also acceptable to treat those titles and descriptions (except Doctor ) as adjectival nouns (i.e., first letter not capitalized, e.g. architect (name) ) instead. Even though Doctor is really a title in standard English, the "created" titles Architect, Attorney, and Engineer (among other examples) are a result of vanity (titles herald achievement and success; they distinguish the title holder from

2640-540: Is called "teyze". Father's sister is "hala". Uncle's wife is "yenge". In some cultures, like Albanian, Slavic, or Persian, no single inclusive term describing both a person's kinship to their parental male sibling or parental male in-law exists. Instead, there are specific terms describing a person's kinship to their mother's brother ( dajë in Albanian , daiyee in Persian , wuj (diminutive: wujek ) in Polish ) or

2720-621: Is extensively used in the Malay language -speaking cultures in Brunei and Malaysia . In contrast Singapore , whose Malay royalty was abolished by the British colonial government in 1891, has adopted civic titles for its leaders. Being Muslim, Malay people address high-ranking religious scholars as tok imam (grandpa imam). Tok dalang is a honorific used to address a village leader. Pakistan has numerous honorific forms that may be used with or as

2800-535: Is mandatory in many formal and informal social situations. Korean grammar as a whole tends to function on hierarchy; honorific stems are appended to verbs and some nouns, and in many cases, one word may be exchanged for another word entirely with the same verb or noun meaning, but with different honorific connotations. Linguists say there are six levels of honorifics in Korean but, in daily conversation, only four of them are widely used in contemporary Korean. Suffix -ssi-(씨)

2880-495: Is not exactly correct. There are differences between "Your Highness" and "Your Royal Highness"; between "Princess Margaret" and "The Princess Margaret". All these are correct, but apply to people of subtly different rank. An example of a non-obvious style is "Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother ", which was an official style, but unique to one person. In music, a distinguished conductor or virtuoso instrumentalist may be known as "Maestro". In aviation, pilots in command of

2960-404: Is royal language, which is used for the two highest-ranking chiefs. Next, respect honorifics are used with other superiors and people who are considered respected equals. There is not only the use of honorifics, but humiliative language as well, which is used to lower oneself below higher-ranking people, showing respect and reverence. This speech was lost in Pingelap when Pohnpei speakers migrated to

3040-400: Is the opposite of colonial anti-equality. Thirdly, the power of American colonialism lies in its emphasis on education—an education that supposedly exposed Filipinos to the "wonders" of the American way of life. Through education, the American colonial state bred a new elite of Filipinos trained in a new, more "modern", American system. People with advanced degrees like law or engineering were at

3120-439: Is used at most honorific verbs, but not always. It is considered very impolite and offensive not to use honorific sentences or words with someone who is older or has a higher social status, and most Koreans avoid using non-honorific sentences with someone they have met for the first time. In Korean, names, first or last, always precede a title, e.g., Park Sonsaengnim, Park Kwanjangnim, etc. A complex system of Titles and honorifics

3200-444: The U.S. actually stood for "United States". Doubts have been raised as to the authenticity of this story, as the claim did not appear in print until 1842. Additionally, the earliest known mention definitely referring to the metaphorical Uncle Sam is from 1810, predating Wilson's contract with the government. In 1835, Brother Jonathan made a reference to Uncle Sam, implying that they symbolized different things: Brother Jonathan

3280-484: The mascot of Columbia Pictures in the 1920s. A March 24, 1810, journal entry by Isaac Mayo (a midshipman in the US Navy ) states: weighed anchor stood down the harbor, passed Sandy Hook , where there are two light-houses, and put to sea, first and the second day out most deadly seasick, oh could I have got onshore in the hight [ sic ] of it, I swear that uncle Sam, as they call him, would certainly forever have lost

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3360-531: The Chinese language that convey self-deprecation, social respect, politeness, or deference. During the ancient and imperial periods, Chinese honorifics varied greatly based on one's social status, but with the end of Imperial China , many of these distinctions fell out of favour due to the May Fourth Movement . As such, honorific usage today is mostly used in formal situations and business settings only. Although Chinese honorifics have simplified to

3440-423: The Philippines encountered lowland societies that already used Iberian linguistic class markers like "Don" and "Doña." Secondly, the fundamental contradiction of the American colonial project. The Americans who occupied the Philippines justified their actions through the rhetoric of " benevolent assimilation ". In other words, they were only subjugating Filipinos to teach them values like American egalitarianism, which

3520-428: The Pingelap atoll and adapted their more casual way of speaking. Even though the younger generation of Pingelapese speakers does not use honorific speech, elders in the language report being taught a form of 'language of respect'. This language was to be used to address elders and leaders in the community. Women were also told to use it towards their brothers and with their children. Phrases could be made polite by adding

3600-482: The United States as a nation. An archaic character, Brother Jonathan , was known to represent the American populace. The earliest known personification of the United States was as a woman named Columbia , who first appeared in 1738 ( pre-US ) and sometimes was associated with another female personification, Lady Liberty . With the American Revolutionary War of 1775 came Brother Jonathan ,

3680-455: The apex of this system. Their prestige, as such, not only rested on their purported intelligence, but also their mastery of the colonizer's way of life. This, Lisandro Claudio suspects, is the source of the magical and superstitious attachment Filipinos have to attorneys, architects and engineers. The language they use is still haunted by their colonial experience. They linguistically privilege professionals because their colonizers made them value

3760-697: The appearance of both personifications varied wildly. For example, one depiction of Uncle Sam in 1860 showed him looking like Benjamin Franklin , while a contemporaneous depiction of Brother Jonathan looks more like the modern version of Uncle Sam, though without a goatee . An 1893 article in The Lutheran Witness claims Uncle Sam was simply another name for Brother Jonathan : When we meet him in politics we call him Uncle Sam; when we meet him in society we call him Brother Jonathan . Here of late Uncle Sam alias Brother Jonathan has been doing

3840-506: The basic titles or either Sir or Ma'am/Madam are to be employed for simplicity, as they are unnecessary when he or she is included in a list of wedding sponsors, or when their name appears in the list of officials of a country club or similar organization. They are uncalled for in public donations, religious activities, parents–teachers association events, athletic competitions, society pages of newspapers, and in any activity that has nothing to do with one's title or educational attainment. It

3920-480: The brother of one's father is older than one's father then he is called Tauji (or taya or bapuji). One's mother's brother is called Mama. A paternal aunt's husband is called Fufa (or Fuva) and a maternal aunt's husband is called Mausa (or Masa) in Hindi (or Gujarati). Likewise, in neighbouring Bangladesh (and Pakistan), mother's brother is also Mama (or Mamu) as well father's brother as Chacha. A paternal aunt's husband

4000-588: The caption "What Are You Doing for Preparedness?" More than four million copies of this image were printed between 1917 and 1918. Flagg's image was also used extensively during World War II , during which the US was codenamed "Samland" by the German intelligence agency Abwehr . The term was central in the song " The Yankee Doodle Boy ", which was featured in 1942 in the musical Yankee Doodle Dandy . There are two memorials to Uncle Sam, both of which commemorate

4080-581: The changing times. An honorific, or a pronoun, in Vietnamese when referring to a person acts as a way to define two peoples' degree of relationship with one another. Examples of these pronouns include 'chị' older sister, 'ông' male elder and 'chú' younger uncle (younger brother of father/only used on father's side). The exclusive use of the Vietnamese words for 'I' and 'you' are considered informal and rude. Rather honorifics are used to refer to oneself and to others. These terms generally differ from province to province, or region to region. As with East Asian tradition,

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4160-512: The character came into use during the War of 1812 and may have been named for Samuel Wilson . The actual origin is obscure. The first reference to Uncle Sam in formal literature (as distinct from newspapers) was in the 1816 allegorical book The Adventures of Uncle Sam, in Search After His Lost Honor . While the figure of Uncle Sam specifically represents the government , the female figure of Columbia represents

4240-517: The familial roles for which are more often described elsewhere in the Swahili-speaking world as baba mkubwa/mdogo (older/younger father) or mama mkubwa/mdogo (older/younger mother). Furthermore, parents are oftentimes addressed by a combination of their parental title and the name of a child, e.g. Baba Zekiyah refers to the father of Zekiyah. While Swahili is Bantu, it is highly influenced by Arabic and Hindi languages and cultures. Babu

4320-400: The first name, especially if they refer to gender or particular social statuses (e.g. Name Bey [Mr.], Name Hanım [Ms.], Name Beyefendi [literally meaning "Lord Master"], Name Hanımefendi [literally meaning "Lady Master"], Name Hoca [teacher or cleric], Name Öğretmen [solely for teacher]), Name Agha [high official]. Such honorifics are used in both formal and informal situations. Another honorific

4400-655: The first name, nickname, or surname is usually restricted to Filipino vernacular and social conversation, even in television and film. Despite this, non-Filipinos and naturalized Filipinos (such as expat students and professionals) also address older people in the Filipino way. On a professional level, many use educational or occupational titles such as Architect, Engineer, Doctor, Attorney (often abbreviated as Arch./Archt./Ar., Engr., Dr. [or sometimes Dra. for female doctors], and Atty. respectively) on casual and even formal bases. Stricter etiquette systems frown upon this practise as

4480-422: The given name is more commonly used e.g., "Mr Khai Dinh") in order not to cause confusion. This is due to many Vietnamese sharing the same surname (e.g., up to 40% of Vietnamese share the surname Nguyen). Wuvulu-Aua does not normally incorporate honorifics as it is reserved for only the utmost respect. Originally without any honorifics, the semantics of pronouns change depending on the social context. In particular,

4560-480: The honorific "Mstr." may be used for a boy who has not yet entered adult society; similar to this, "Miss" may be considered appropriate for a girl but inappropriate for a woman (but unless parallel to "Mstr." the reasoning is not explicit). All the above terms but "Miss" are written as abbreviations —most were originally abbreviations (e.g., from "Mister", "Mistress"), others may be considered as coined to directly parallel them for consistency. Abbreviations that include

4640-442: The honorific title vuestra merced (literally "your mercy"). This formal you is accompanied by verb conjugation that is different from the informal you tú . Intimate friends and relatives are addressed as tú . In some regions, addressing a relative stranger as tú can be considered disrespectful or provocative, except when it is directed to a person notably younger than the speaker, or in an especially informal context. Pingelapese

4720-431: The honorifics to be used for its state, judicial, military and other officeholders. Former military officers are sometimes addressed by their last military rank, such as "Admiral", "Colonel", "General", etc. This is generally adopted only by those officers who served and at least obtained the rank equivalency of Major. In the U.S., veterans of all ranks who have served during wartime and were honorably discharged may 'bear

4800-488: The initial and final letters (a type of contraction) are typically written in most English dialects (modern U.K. English , Australian English , South African English as examples) without full stops ( periods ) but in U.S. English and Canadian English always end with a period. Other honorifics may denote the honored person's occupation, for instance " Doctor ", " Esquire ", " Captain ", " Coach ", " Officer ", " The Reverend " (for all Christian clergy ) or "Father" (for

4880-523: The language they use can be classified as a commoners' language. However, among the Micronesian languages, Pohnpeian is the only language that uses a thoroughly developed honorific speech. This demonstrates that a highly structured hierarchical society was very important in their culture. There are multiple ways that Pohnpeic speakers show respect through their language. In the Pohnpeic language there

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4960-956: The life of Samuel Wilson: the Uncle Sam Memorial Statue in Arlington, Massachusetts , his birthplace; and a memorial near his long-term residence in Riverfront Park, Troy, New York . Wilson's boyhood home can still be visited in Mason, New Hampshire . Samuel Wilson died on July 31, 1854, aged 87, and is buried in Oakwood Cemetery , Troy, New York. In 1976, Uncle Sam was depicted in " Our Nation's 200th Birthday , The Telephone's 100th Birthday " by Stanley Meltzoff for Bell System . In 1989, "Uncle Sam Day" became official. A Congressional joint resolution designated September 13, 1989, as "Uncle Sam Day",

5040-492: The non-Philippine (i.e. international standard) way. Even foreigners who work in the Philippines or naturalized Filipino citizens, including foreign spouses of Filipinos, who hold some of these titles and descriptions (especially as instructors in Philippine colleges and universities) are addressed in the same way as their Filipino counterparts, although it may sound awkward or unnatural to some language purists who argue that

5120-607: The official letters and social invitations, business cards, identification documents, etc. In the U.S., when addressing a pilot, common etiquette does not require the title "Captain" to be printed on official letters or invitations before the addressee's full name. However, this is optional (akin to " Esq. " after an attorney's name, in the U.S.) and may be used where appropriate, especially when addressing airline pilots with many years of experience. Occupants of state and political office may be addressed with an honorific. A president may be addressed as Your Excellency or Mr./Madam President,

5200-429: The ordinary Signore / Signora (mister or Mrs.), while Dottore or Dottoressa (doctor) is used freely for any graduate of a university. For college professors on academic settings, the honorifics Professore or Professoressa prevail over Dottore or Dottoressa . Masculine honorifics lose their e ending when juxtaposed to a surname: e.g., Dottor Rossi, Cardinal Martini, Ragionier Fantozzi. Verbs are conjugated in

5280-530: The party being addressed, various honorifics may be used. As such addressing a man who is older, has a higher rank at work or has a higher social standing, one may use Mr or Sir followed by the First/ last/ or full name. Addressing a woman in a similar situation as above one may use "Miss", or "Madam" and its contraction "Ma'am", followed by First/ last/ or full name. Older married women may prefer to be addressed as "Mrs." The use of Sir/Miss/Madam or Ma'am, followed by

5360-522: The person's name, an informal pronoun , or some other style implying social equality, such as "brother", "sister", "friend", or " comrade ". This was also the practice in Revolutionary France and socialist countries which used Citoyen[ne] ("Citizen") as the manner of address. Also, some revolutionary governments abolished or banned the use of honorifics. One example is Turkey, which abolished honorifics and titles in 1934. Although it

5440-477: The person's paternal male sibling, as opposed to a blood-relationship. Many Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples address male respected senior members of the community, known as elders , as "uncle" (and women as " aunty ") as a mark of seniority and respect, whether related or not, such as Uncle Archie (Roach) and Uncle Jack Charles . In India , unambiguous names are used for various uncles such as one's father's brother chacha (or kaka). If

5520-568: The rest of society) and insecurity (the title holder's achievements and successes might be ignored unless announced to the public), even due to historical usage of pseudo-titles in newspapers when Filipinos first began writing in English. Possible reasons are firstly, the fact the English taught to Filipinos was the "egalitarian" English of the New World, and that the Americans who colonized

5600-460: The second person dual pronoun is used as an honorific address. The dual reference communicates that the second person is to be respected as two people. This honorific is typically reserved for in-laws. It is undocumented if any other honorifics exist beyond this one. People who have a strong sense of egalitarianism , such as Quakers and certain socialists , and others, eschew honorific titles. When addressing or referring to someone, they often use

5680-399: The second person singular possessive suffix -mwi . Other ways to utilize honorific speech is by changing words entirely. According to Thai translator, Mui Poopoksakul, "The Thai language is absolutely immediate in its indication of the speaker and addressee's places in the society and their relationship to each other. Thai has honorifics as well as what I like to call 'dishonorifics': it has

5760-524: The services of at least one sailor. An 1810 edition of Niles' Weekly Register has a footnote defining Uncle Sam as "a cant term in the army for the United States ." Presumably, it came from the abbreviation of the United States of America: U.S. The precise origin of the Uncle Sam character is unclear, but a popular legend is that the name "Uncle Sam" was derived from Samuel Wilson ,

5840-416: The surname is written prior to the given name (i.e., Hoang Khai Dinh: Hoang is the surname and Khai Dinh is the given name). This occurs in all formal situations. However, placing the surname last has become a commonality in order to cater to westerners, for example, on social media sites such as Facebook. When referring to a person as Mr or Mrs (teacher, painter, etc.) as in the English tradition of 'Mr Hoang',

5920-453: The term "honorific" is used in a more specific sense to refer to an honorary academic title . It is also often conflated with systems of honorific speech in linguistics, which are grammatical or morphological ways of encoding the relative social status of speakers. Honorifics can be used as prefixes or suffixes depending on the appropriate occasion and presentation in accordance with style and customs . Typically, honorifics are used as

6000-406: The terms used to describe a person's kinship to their maternal or paternal in-laws bear clear and unambiguous descriptions of that relationship, differentiating the parental in-laws from blood-relatives. For example, there is a specific term describing a person's kinship to the spouse of their paternal uncle (i.e. zan-amou , literally 'wife-of-' amou ). This clarifies that kinship is to the spouse of

6080-468: The third person singular (as opposed to the second person singular) when addressing someone using an honorific and the formal pronoun Lei (with a capital L) is used instead of the informal tu . In Japanese, honorifics called keigo ( 敬語 ) are used in everyday conversation. Most of them denote how the speaker's status relates to the one they are speaking to, and their use is mandatory in many formal and informal social situations. Japanese grammar , as

6160-710: The title' of the highest rank held, as codified in law, 10 USC 772e, both officer and enlisted. In areas of East Africa where the Bantu language Swahili is spoken, mzee is frequently used for an elder to denote respect by younger speakers. It is used in direct conversation and used in referring to someone in the third person. Other honorifics include mukubwa (for ministers, employers, and authorities), dada/kaka (for peers, friends, colleagues), and mama/baba (for parents and grandparents). Additionally, some Arabic loanwords are used in coastal regions as honorifics, too, such as ami (paternal uncle) and haloo (maternal aunt),

6240-512: The word ogbeni is used as a synonym for the English "mister". Titled members of the region's aristocracy are therefore called oloye instead, this being the word for "chief". Although the former of the two titles is only used by men, aristocrats of either gender are addressed using the latter of them. Some honorifics used by Ancient Romans , such as Augustus , turned into titles over time. Chinese honorifics ( 敬語 ; Jìngyǔ ) and honorific language are words, word constructs, and expressions in

6320-416: Was abolished, titles such as " ağa " (for landlords) and " paşa " (for high-ranking military officials) continued to be used by people. Feminist criticism of the use of separate honorifics for married and unmarried women ( Mrs. and Miss ) has led to some women adopting the honorific " Ms. " Footnotes Citations Uncle Sam Uncle Sam (which has the same initials U.S. as United States )

6400-496: Was the country itself, while Uncle Sam was the government and its power. A clockmaker in an 1849 comedic novel explains "we call...the American public Uncle Sam, as you call the British John Bull ." By the 1850s, the names Brother Jonathan and Uncle Sam were being used nearly interchangeably, to the point that images of what had previously been called "Brother Jonathan" were being called "Uncle Sam". Similarly,

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