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37-727: The United–Reform Coalition , also known as the National Political Federation from 1935, was a coalition between two of the three major parties of New Zealand, the United and Reform parties, from 1931 to 1936. The Coalition formed the United–Reform coalition Government of New Zealand from its formation in September 1931, successfully contesting and winning the 1931 general election in December. The Coalition

74-530: A 2017 poll by WIN/GIA , the United States was the most preferred ally internationally. Russia and China , who preferred one another, both trailed America globally. Four countries, Bulgaria , Greece , Slovenia and Turkey , preferred Russia, despite being members of NATO . In Pakistan , 72% of respondents preferred ties to China, the largest margin of any country surveyed, while 46% of Bangladesh preferred India . A total of 22 countries indicated

111-831: A capital "A", "Allies" usually denotes the countries who fought together against the Central Powers in World War ;I (the Allies of World War I ), or those who fought against the Axis Powers in World War II (the Allies of World War II ). The term has also been used by the United States Army to describe the countries that gave assistance to South Vietnam during the Vietnam War . The Allied Powers in World War I (also known as

148-603: A clearer picture of the positive and negative impacts of coalition-building on the party and to identify lessons learned that can inform any future coalition-building efforts. Coalitions manifest in a variety of forms, types, and terms of duration. Campaign coalitions are high intensity and involve long-term cooperation. Federations are characterized by a relatively lower degree of involvement, intensity, and participation, also involving long-term cooperation but with members' primary commitment remaining with their own entities. Instrumental coalitions have low-intensity involvement without

185-411: A country not have to have been a traditional ally to join a coalition, but nations can join, vary their contributions and caveats, withdraw, and be replaced by new members as the situation changes or national agendas change. The expansion of assets accessible to member nations to perform military operations is a crucial attribute of coalitions. In many ways, coalition warfare serves to make the crafting of

222-682: A foundation to mediate conflict. Finally, event-based coalitions are those that have a high level of involvement and the potential for future collaboration. In contrast to alliances , coalitions may be termed partnerships of unequals , since comparative political, economic, and military might, as well as the extent to which a nation is prepared to commit to the coalition, dictate influence. Coalitions can often occur as unplanned responses to situations of danger, uncertainty, or extraordinary events, directed at interim objectives. Coalitions can be classified as internal or external. Internal coalitions consist of people who are already in an organization, such as

259-555: A history. A 2000 study in the Journal of Conflict Resolution found that allies fulfill their alliance commitments approximately 75% of the time. Most research suggests that democracies are more reliable allies than non-democracies. A 2004 study did however question whether alliance commitments by democracies are more durable. A 2018 study updated and extended the data from the 2000 Journal of Conflict Resolution study and found that allies only fulfill their commitments about 50% of

296-643: A peace more difficult than winning the war itself. An example of such a coalition happened after World War I during the 1919 Versailles Peace Conference , when the Allied powers attempted to reach a peace agreement. Examples of military coalitions include the Coalition of the Gulf War , when George H. W. Bush ended Saddam Hussein's aggression in the Middle East by enlisting and leading a military coalition in

333-557: A point. This coalition of unions is often very effective as it can cause massive inconvenience to the country. The formation of coalitions such as the Community-Labor Coalition have proven to be an important strategy for social change in many contexts. In social groups, a coalition often forms from private citizens uniting behind a common goal or purpose, sometimes within a coalitional identity. Many of these private citizen groups form grassroots organizations, such as

370-495: A preference for the United Kingdom at a rate of 10% or more, but the United States was the only country to prefer Britain over any other, at a rate of 43%. Five countries preferred France at a rate of 10% or more, led by Belgium at a rate of 25%. A single country, Iraq , expressed no preference, while three other countries, Lebanon , Palestine , and Slovenia , expressed no preference at a rate of 11% or more, although at

407-400: A single overpowering threat – perhaps to freedom or a way of life or a crucial national interest – or the presence of a single despotic figure or regime whose continued existence is considered not only abhorrent to the generality of nations but also destabilizing to the region or world order. In mathematics, the term coalition is linked to an equation which uses

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444-740: A workplace. For example, a trade union is a type of coalition formed to represent employees' wages, benefits, and working conditions. Without this unity between employees, workers may be subjugated to harsh working environments and low pay due to no practical regulations. Often, organizations prefer to meet with members of their respective internal coalitions before implementing changes in the workplace to ensure support. In contrast, external coalitions consist of people that are members of different organizations who collaborate their efforts to achieve an overall objective. For example, in order to prevent gun violence and advocate gun control, several groups, unions, and nonprofit organizations banded together to form

481-458: Is negotiating a coalition . Based on the strategy that each party has prepared, the parties come together to negotiate and reach an agreement on the coalition terms. Depending on the context and objectives of the coalition, these negotiations may be completely secret or partially public. While some issues may be agreed on with relative ease, others may be more contentious and require different approaches to reach compromise. As negotiation concludes,

518-469: Is financial. In economics, when two opposing sectors, such as a buyer and seller or two sellers, come together, it can be thought of as a coalition in the denotative sense, as the two groups come together temporarily to achieve a goal. One example would be the 1997 deal between Microsoft and Apple . The deal consisted of Microsoft rescuing the then-struggling Apple with a cash infusion of $ 150 million. Unions can be viewed as coalitions of workers, usually of

555-567: The Christian Coalition , which is the largest grassroots political group in the US. Activist groups in civil society are also viewed as coalitions for their respective cause. These activists are joined together by their belief in what they want to achieve or accomplish. Military coalitions can be built and united under a singular power by multiple states and governments. They are fluid in terms of membership – not only does

592-634: The Coalition to Stop Gun Violence . External coalitions base their confidence in gaining credibility on inviting unlikely partners who wish to attain the same end goal, even if the reasons to achieve the goal differ. Coalition government is an alternative model to a majority government , the latter being prevalent in winner-take-all first-past-the-post electoral systems that favor clear distinctions between winners and losers. Not only can coalitions of legislative groups form governments in parliamentary systems , they can also form in divisions of power. Most typical analyses of coalitions in politics deal with

629-902: The Entente Powers ) were initially the United Kingdom , France , the Russian Empire , Belgium , Serbia , Montenegro and Japan , joined later by Italy , Portugal , Romania , the United States , Greece and Brazil . Some, such as the Russian Empire, withdrew from the war before the armistice due to revolution or defeat. After the end of World War II and during the Cold War , the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

666-610: The National Democratic Institute and the Oslo Center for Peace and Human Rights, there are five steps to coalition building. The first step in coalition building involves developing a party strategy that will prepare for successful negotiation. The more effort parties place on this step, the more likely they are to identify strategic partners, negotiate a good deal and avoid some of the common mistakes associated with coalition building. The second step

703-535: The 1935 election, Labour won 46.1% of the popular vote, while the coalition won only 32.9%. However the result in terms of seats was an electoral wipeout , with Labour winning 53 seats to the coalition's 16. A further eleven seats were won by minor parties and independents. Following their defeats, the United and Reform parties merged to become the National Party . The 1931 election and 1935 election showed

740-623: The 1991 Gulf War's Operation Desert Storm as well as his son George W. Bush's efforts in the Coalition of the Willing , a phrase employed during the 2003 campaign for the war in Iraq led by the US and its allies. A contemporary example is the United Nations coalition that intervened in the 2011 Libyan Civil War against Muammar Gaddafi . For coalitions to be effective in principle or in action, participating nations have tended to require

777-519: The agreement between political parties needs to be formally sealed. This third step includes finalizing a written agreement, securing formal approval of the deal from the relevant structures of the coalition’s member parties and announcing the coalition details to the general public. The next step involves working in coalition . As the coalition partners begin working to implement their agreement, they will need to maintain good relations by continuing efforts to increase or sustain trust and communication among

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814-752: The coalition model for exponential population growth. This analytical equation was first published by mathematician Pierre François Verhulst in 1838 to allow for the approximation of the world's population at a given time by applying differential and integral techniques. [REDACTED] The dictionary definition of coalition at Wiktionary Alliance An alliance is a relationship among people , groups, or states that have joined together for mutual benefit or to achieve some common purpose, whether or not an explicit agreement has been worked out among them. Members of an alliance are called allies . Alliances form in many settings, including political alliances , military alliances , and business alliances . When

851-499: The collapse of an earlier coalition between United and Labour. Fearing that splitting the anti-Labour vote would result in a Labour government even if it received fewer votes than United and Reform combined, the two centre-right parties formed a coalition and an election agreement. Part of the agreement was that all sitting members who support the coalition would in turn receive the official endorsement as coalition candidate. This pragmatic decision caused trouble in those electorates where

888-494: The formation of multiparty cabinets in parliamentary regimes. In Germany, every administration has been a multiparty coalition since the conclusion of the Second World War ;– an example of coalition government creation in a parliamentary system. When different winning coalitions can be formed in a parliament, the party composition of the government may depend on the bargaining power of each party and

925-519: The hazard of vote-splitting. In 1931 only 24 of 53 electorates where Labour stood had only one anti-Labour candidate: e.g. Auckland West had H. R. Mackenzie from United and John Allum from Reform, who together got little more than half the votes of the winner – Mickey Savage. And in Auckland East there were four anti-Labour candidates and the seat went back to Labour. Coalition According to A Guide for Political Parties published by

962-456: The impact of alliances. Several studies find that defensive alliances deter conflict. One study questions these findings, showing that alliance commitments deterred conflict in the prenuclear era but has no statistically meaningful impact on war in the postnuclear era. Another study finds that while alliance commitments deter conflict between sides with a recent history of conflict, alliances tend to provoke conflicts between states without such

999-431: The member parties. Each party will also need to find a balance between respecting its obligations to the coalition and maintaining its individual identity. The final step is to identify lessons learned . Regardless of whether it plans to move forward alone or in another coalition, it is important for each party to review and document lessons learned from each coalition-building experience. This will make it possible to get

1036-423: The most common purpose is to combat a common threat or to take advantage of a certain opportunity, resulting in the often temporary nature of coalitions. The common threat or existence of opportunity is what gives rise to the coalition and allows it to exist as all parties involved see the benefit in working together. Such collaborative processes allow the actors of the coalition to approach a common goal or accomplish

1073-422: The national budget. It dealt with widespread unemployment by initiating relief work, which involved compelling the unemployed to work on a range of projects ranging from useful public works to pointless activity. The government was widely seen as heartless, encapsulated by the commonly believed but probably untrue story that Prime Minister George Forbes had told a delegation of unemployed men to go and eat grass. In

1110-684: The presence or lack of a dominant party . Coalitions are similar to parliamentary groups . Fluid coalitions, which change with each vote, exist in the European Parliament and Swiss parliament to pass legislation. The temporary collaboration of two or more separate parties with a set goal and common purpose can be viewed as a coalition in international relations . Coalition competitions are represented in international political dynamics. A coalition can be an ad hoc grouping of nations united for specific purposes. Although persons and groups form coalitions for many and varied reasons,

1147-697: The same job sector. When the agents considered are countries, the formation of an international treaty (e.g. trade agreements or international environmental agreements ) can also be seen as a coalition. In economics, a coalition's formation and its stability is mostly studied using game theory . In civil society , a coalition denotes a group effort or a population of people coming together who believe strongly in their cause. The term also describes alliances between civil society organizations, such as labor unions, community organizations, and religious institutions. In France for example, workers from different sectors and unions band together to aid each other in communicating

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1184-410: The same task. The behavior and dynamics of coalitions in international relations are created by commonalities and differences within the groups joining together. Rationality , group dynamics , and gender are all contributing factors of coalitional behaviors in an international security framework. Economic agents can form coalitions. When a coalition is formed around economic goals, the reasoning

1221-444: The term is used in the context of war or armed struggle, such associations may also be called allied powers , especially when discussing World War I or World War II . A formal military alliance is not required for being perceived as an ally— co-belligerence , fighting alongside someone, is enough. According to this usage, allies become so not when concluding an alliance treaty but when struck by war. When spelled with

1258-555: The time from 1816 to 2003. According to the study, "States honored their alliance commitments 66% of the time prior to 1945 but the compliance rate drops to 22% from 1945 to 2003. Moreover, the rates of fulfillment for defense pacts (41%) and nonaggression pacts (37%) are dramatically lower than offensive alliances (74%) and neutrality agreements (78%)." One of the most profound effects of alliances can be seen in technological innovation, due to conduits of knowledge flows that are open between allies but closed between rivals. According to

1295-510: The voters were not satisfied with the incumbent's performance, for example in the Wairarapa and Otaki electorates. In the subsequent election, the coalition won 54.0% of the popular vote, compared to 34.3% for Labour. Although Reform won 28 seats to United's 19, United leader George Forbes remained Prime Minister. The government focused primarily on getting New Zealand out of the depression by cutting government spending and thus balancing

1332-552: Was defeated at the 1935 general election by Labour. The following year the coalition was formalised by the formation of the modern New Zealand National Party . Primarily the coalition was formed to deal with the Great Depression which began in 1929. The Labour Party refused to join the coalition, as it believed that the only solution to the depression was socialism . Defunct The initial coalition between United and Reform had formed in September 1931, following

1369-535: Was formed as a political and military alliance that promotes anti-communist values. More recently, the term "Allied forces" has also been used to describe the coalition of the Gulf War , as opposed to forces the Multi-National Forces in Iraq which are commonly referred to as "Coalition forces" or, as by the George W. Bush administration, "the coalition of the willing" . Scholars are divided as to

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