Misplaced Pages

#705294

34-526: UCP was founded in 1949 by Leonard Goldenson (who later became Chairman of the broadcast network ABC ) and his wife Isabel, and Jack and Ethel Hausman. United Cerebral Palsy pioneered the use of fundraising telethons. UCP, through its more than 66 local affiliates across the United States, as well as in Canada and Australia , provide a broad array of services and resources to children and adults with

68-473: A broad range of disabilities. Each affiliate provides a different menu of services tailored to their local needs and capabilities, but often include education, employment, health & wellness, housing, parenting & family training and support, sports & leisure, transportation, and travel assistance. UCP has a combined budget of more than $ 750 million for research, public policy advocacy and direct services. System-wide, an average of 85 percent of all revenue

102-403: A competitive broadcasting company, but by 1951 was rumored to be on the verge of selling the nearly bankrupt operation to CBS , whose management apparently wanted ABC's critically important owned-and-operated television stations . Goldenson rescued ABC by convincing his board of directors to buy the company from Noble for $ 25 million. becoming the founding president of the merged company which

136-448: A then-struggling ABC from candy industrialist Edward J. Noble . Goldenson focused on investing heavily on sports and news coverage along with creating synergy between Hollywood studios and television networks. Goldenson turned ABC into a media conglomerate, owning television and radio stations along with newspapers and book publishers. His innovations with ABC in terms of programming and media synergy would have lasting implications on

170-635: Is dedicated to programs. In addition to raising money for services and research, UCP also engages in public policy advocacy, including promoting access and opportunity for people with disabilities, and the provision of services. In the United States, UCP was one of the catalyst organizations advocating for the adoption of the Americans With Disabilities Act in 1990. In April 2013, United Cerebral Palsy of Central Maryland announced that it would change its name from UCP to Unified Community Connections to make it clearer which clientele

204-825: Is led by a 16-person Board of Trustees and President/CEO Armando A. Contreras. The headquarters is in Washington, D.C. UCP meets the standards of the National Health Council and the Better Business Bureau/Wise Giving Alliance . Leonard Goldenson Leonard H. Goldenson (December 7, 1905 – December 27, 1999) was the founder and president of the United States –based television network American Broadcasting Company (ABC), from 1953 to 1986. Goldenson, as CEO of United Paramount Theatres , acquired

238-553: Is served by the organization. Other affiliates have chosen not to include the phrase "United Cerebral Palsy," as part of their doing business as names or logos even if it might remain part of their legal names, in an effort to be more encompassing of their programs and services. In 2013, the United Cerebral Palsy of Greater Chicago merged with Seguin Services and are now known as UCP Seguin of Greater Chicago. UCP

272-649: The United States Department of Justice Antitrust Division began a review of antitrust decrees that did not have expiration dates. In 2019, the DOJ sought to terminate the Paramount Decrees, which would include a two-year sunset period as to the practices of block booking and circuit dealing to allow theater chains to adjust. The Department stated it was "unlikely that the remaining defendants can reinstate their cartel" as reasoning for terminating

306-550: The 'rebadging' of the ABC-Paramount group as the American Broadcasting Company in 1968. Goldenson also was instrumental in the sale of ABC to Capital Cities Communications in 1986, which at the time, was the largest non-oil merger in history. Very early on in his tenure, Goldenson also hired the first African-American staff announcer in network television and radio history, Sid McCoy. His wife

340-622: The 148-theater Schine. The federal government's case was initially settled in 1940 in the District Court for the Southern District of New York with a consent decree , which allowed the government to resume prosecution if studios were noncompliant by November, 1943. Among other requirements, the District Court-imposed consent decree included the following conditions: The studios did not fully comply with

374-591: The American television industry, and be emulated by leadership of other networks. He was portrayed by Eli Wallach in the 2002 TNT movie Monday Night Mayhem . Goldenson was born in Pennsylvania , on December 7, 1905, to a Jewish family in Pennsylvania in 1905. He grew up in the town of Scottdale, Pennsylvania , and graduated from Scottdale High School. He was educated at Harvard , and entered

SECTION 10

#1732790425706

408-731: The City of New York." The Leonard H. Goldenson Theater at the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences building in North Hollywood, California , is named in his honor. Goldenson was inducted into the Television Hall of Fame in 1987. Goldenson was known for always flying economy class and never driving a new car. He died on December 27, 1999, at the age of 94. He was survived by his wife and his two daughters: Loreen Goldenson Arbus and Maxine Goldenson. His daughter, Loreen Arbus,

442-546: The Paramount Decrees. Eventually, in February 1985, the Department of Justice announced that, although it was not formally terminating the Paramount Decrees, it would no longer pursue enforcement of the decrees in cases where doing so was “in the public interest.” According to media historian Jennifer Holt, "Effectively, this statement dissolved the authority of the decrees, if not legally then practically." In April 2018,

476-592: The Paramount Theaters chain. Goldenson orchestrated the merger of United Paramount Theatres with ABC in 1953 (after Paramount was ordered to spin it off in the wake of United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc. , a 1948 decree of the U.S. Supreme Court ). ABC was originally formed in 1943 in the wake of an earlier Supreme Court decree effectively ordering the spinoff of the largely secondary-status Blue Network from its then-parent, NBC ; its buyer, industrialist Edward J. Noble , tried to build ABC into

510-648: The Unity proposal and instead, owing to noncompliance with the District Court's binding consent decree, resumed prosecution via the 1943 lawsuit. The 1943 case went to trial on October 8, 1945, one month and six days after the end of World War II . The District Court ruled in favor of the studios, and the government immediately appealed to the Supreme Court. The case reached the United States Supreme Court in 1948; their verdict went against

544-587: The consent decree. In 1942, they instead, with Allied Theatre Owners , proposed an alternate "Unity Plan". Under the Plan, larger blocks of theatres were blocked with the caveat of allowing theaters to reject films. Consequently, the Society of Independent Motion Picture Producers (SIMPP) came into existence and thence filed a lawsuit against Paramount Detroit Theaters, representing the first major lawsuit of producers against exhibitors. The government declined to pursue

578-406: The entertainment industry in 1933 as an attorney for Paramount Pictures after graduating from Harvard Law School . Goldenson was hired to help reorganize United Paramount Theatres , Paramount's theater chain, which at the time was nearing bankruptcy. So skillful was his work at this assignment that Paramount's chief executive officer, Barney Balaban , hired Goldenson as deputy to the manager of

612-468: The existing distribution scheme was in violation of United States antitrust law , which prohibits certain exclusive dealing arrangements. The decision created the Paramount Decree , a standard held by the United States Department of Justice that prevented film production companies from owning exhibition companies. The case is important both in American antitrust law and film history . In

646-512: The fate of film studios owning their own theatres and holding exclusivity rights on which theatres would show their movies. It would also change the way Hollywood movies were produced, distributed , and exhibited. It also opened the door for more foreign and independent films to be shown in U.S. theaters. The Supreme Court affirmed the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York 's ruling that

680-601: The former, it remains a landmark decision in vertical integration cases; in the latter, it is responsible for putting an end to the old Hollywood studio system . As part of a 2019 review of its ongoing decrees, the Department of Justice issued a two-year sunsetting notice for the Paramount Decree in August 2020, believing the antitrust restriction was no longer necessary as the old model could never be recreated in contemporary settings. The legal issues originated in

714-504: The government's favor, affirming much of the consent decree (Justice Robert H. Jackson took no part in the proceedings). William O. Douglas delivered the Court's opinion, with Felix Frankfurter dissenting in part, arguing the Court should have left all of the decree intact except its arbitration provisions. Douglas's opinion reiterated the facts and history of the case and reviewed the Supreme Court's opinion, agreeing that its conclusion

SECTION 20

#1732790425706

748-455: The movie studios, forcing all of them to divest themselves of their movie theater chains. This, coupled with the advent of television and the attendance drop in movie ticket sales, brought about a severe slump in the movie business. The Paramount decision is a bedrock of corporate antitrust law and as such is cited in most cases where issues of vertical integration play a prominent role in restricting fair trade. The Supreme Court ruled 7–1 in

782-449: The patent statutes, makes reward to the owner a secondary consideration". The prohibitions on discrimination he let stand entirely. Frankfurter took exception to the extent to which his colleagues had agreed with the studios that the District Court had not adequately explored the underlying facts in affirming the consent decree. He pointed to then-contemporary Court decision, International Salt Co. v. United States that lower courts are

816-427: The proper place for such findings of fact, to be deferred to by higher courts. Also, he reminded the (Supreme) Court that the District Court had spent fifteen months considering the case and reviewed almost 4,000 pages of documentary evidence: "I cannot bring myself to conclude that the product of such a painstaking process of adjudication as to a decree appropriate for such a complicated situation as this record discloses

850-550: The silent era, when the Federal Trade Commission began investigating film companies for potential violations under the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890. The major film studios owned the theaters where their motion pictures were shown, either in partnerships or outright. Thus specific theater chains showed only the films produced by the studio that owned them. The studios created the films, had

884-603: The studios' then-alleged (and later upheld) illegal trade practices led to all the major movie studios being sued in 1938 by the U.S. Department of Justice . As the largest studio, Paramount Pictures was the primary defendant, but all of the other Big Five ( Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer , Warner Bros. , 20th Century Fox , and RKO Pictures ) and Little Three ( Universal Pictures , Columbia Pictures , and United Artists ) were named, and additional defendants included numerous subsidiaries and executives from each company. Separate cases were also filed against large independent chains, including

918-400: The theater chain ( United Paramount Theaters ), which merged in 1953 with the American Broadcasting Company . Consequences of the decision include: In 1980, the United States Department of Justice under President Ronald Reagan began a review of all consent decrees that were more than 10 years old. In 1983, the Department of Justice announced that it was in the "final stages" of reviewing

952-451: The writers, directors, producers and actors on staff (under contract), owned the film processing and laboratories, created the prints and distributed them through the theaters that they owned: In other words, the studios were vertically integrated , creating a de facto oligopoly . By 1945, the studios owned either partially or outright 17% of the theaters in the country, accounting for 45% of the film-rental revenue. Ultimately, this issue of

986-476: Was Isabelle Charlotte Weinstein , co-founder of United Cerebral Palsy . Goldenson, whose first-born daughter Cookie was born with cerebral palsy , co-founded United Cerebral Palsy in 1949 and used station WBKB (at the time owned by United Paramount Theatres) to be the flagship station for the inaugural UCP telethon that year. In 1974, Goldenson received The Hundred Year Association of New York 's Gold Medal Award "in recognition of outstanding contributions to

1020-513: Was "incontestable". He considered five different trade practices addressed by the consent decree: Douglas let stand the Court's sevenfold test for when a clearance agreement could be considered a restraint of trade, as he agreed they had a legitimate purpose. Pooling agreements and joint ownership, he agreed, were "bald efforts to substitute monopoly for competition ... Clearer restraints of trade are difficult to imagine." He allowed, however, that courts could consider how an interest in an exhibitor

1054-400: Was acquired; thus, he remanded some other issues back to the District Court for further inquiry and resolution. He set aside the lower court's findings on franchises so that they might be reconsidered from the perspective of allowing competitive bidding. On the block booking question, he rejected the studios' argument that it was necessary to profit from their copyrights: "The copyright law, like

United Cerebral Palsy - Misplaced Pages Continue

1088-470: Was an abuse of discretion." He would have modified the District Court decision only to permit the use of arbitration to resolve disputes. The court orders forcing the separation of motion picture production and exhibition companies are commonly referred to as the Paramount Decrees . Paramount Pictures Inc. was forced to split into two companies: the film company Paramount Pictures Corp. and

1122-608: Was named American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres . The modern ABC dates its history from the effective date of the Goldenson transaction, and not the Blue Network spinoff. Although he focused chiefly on ABC Television , Goldenson oversaw all areas of ABC-Paramount's entertainment/media operations for over thirty years, from 1951 to 1986, including the creation of the AmPar Record Corporation in 1955 and

1156-607: Was the first woman to head programming at a major television network at Showtime Networks . United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc. United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc. , 334 U.S. 131 (1948) (also known as the Hollywood Antitrust Case of 1948 , the Paramount Case , or the Paramount Decision ), was a landmark United States Supreme Court antitrust case that decided

#705294