Misplaced Pages

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59-658: The UTO opposition consisted of the Islamic Renaissance Party (IRP), Rastokhez (Rebirth), the Democratic Party of Tajikistan (DPT), and Lali Badakhshan (Ruby of Badakshan). The UTO made successful advances against the Rakhmon government, pushing the leader to begin negotiations. In 1997, a peace treaty was concluded between the Rakhmon government and the UTO. Following the treaty, several units of

118-461: A head of state that might precede or follow his name. He was also known as Abdullah al-Nasir and Abdul Sami. Al-Baghdadi was born on 28 July 1971 in Samarra , hence his nisba (onomastic) al-Samarra'i . He was born to a Sunni Arab family that belonged to the tribe of Al-Bu Badri , giving him another nisba al-Badri . This tribe includes a number of sub-tribes, including

177-570: A suicide vest during the Barisha raid , conducted by the United States following approval from President Donald Trump , in Syria's northwestern Idlib Province . After being offered Islamic funeral rites , his body was buried at sea. IS confirmed his death and named Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi as his replacement. Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi is a pseudonym . His kunya (teknonym)

236-462: A terrorist organisation by the country's Supreme Court. Two of the party's leaders were subsequently sentenced to life in prison by the Supreme Court, after being accused of being linked to an alleged failed coup d'état attempt led by former deputy Defence Minister Abduhalim Nazarzoda , who was killed alongside several dozen of his supporters while attempting to forcefully take control over

295-581: A wave of ISI suicide attacks beginning in Mosul resulted in 70 deaths. Shortly thereafter, in retaliation for bin Laden's death, ISI pledged on its website to carry out 100 attacks across Iraq featuring various methods of attack, including raids, suicide attacks, roadside bombs and small arms attacks in all cities and rural areas across the country. On 22 December 2011, a series of coordinated car bombings and IED (improvised explosive device) attacks struck over

354-540: A Peshmerga source informed the US-led Coalition that al-Baghdadi was in Mosul, Coalition warplanes continuously bombed the locations where IS leaders were known to meet for 2 hours. Baghdadi was a serial rapist , having maintained "a number of personal sex slaves". On 14 August 2015, it was reported that he allegedly claimed, as his "wife", American hostage Kayla Mueller and raped her repeatedly. Mueller

413-671: A biography that circulated on extremist Internet forums in July 2013, he obtained a BA , MA , and PhD in Islamic studies from the Islamic University of Baghdad. Another report says that he earned a doctorate in education from the University of Baghdad. Will McCants says that he "successfully" defended his Ph.D. thesis in 2007, "despite the weight of his new responsibilities" as a militant, his work consisting in editing

472-586: A caliph fails to meet any of these obligations at any period, he is required by the law to abdicate his position and the community has to appoint a new caliph, theoretically selected from throughout the caliphdom as being the most religiously and spiritually pious individual among them. Due to the widespread rejection of his caliphhood, al-Baghdadi's status as caliph has been compared to that of other caliphs whose caliphship has been questioned. In an audio-taped message, al-Baghdadi announced that IS would march on " Rome "   —   generally interpreted to mean

531-578: A dozen neighborhoods across Baghdad, killing at least 63 people and wounding 180. The assault came just days after the US completed its troop withdrawal from Iraq. On 26 December, ISI released a statement on jihadist internet forums claiming credit for the operation, stating that the targets of the Baghdad attack were "accurately surveyed and explored" and that the "operations were distributed between targeting security headquarters, military patrols and gatherings of

590-548: A man who eschewed violence . For more than a decade, until 2004, he lived in a room attached to a small local mosque in Tobchi, a poor neighbourhood on the western fringes of Baghdad , inhabited by both Shia and Sunni Muslims. Ahmed al-Dabash, the leader of the Islamic Army of Iraq and a contemporary of al-Baghdadi who fought against the allied invasion in 2003 , gave a description of al-Baghdadi that matched that of

649-515: A medieval manuscript, Ruḥ al-murid fi sharḥ al-'iqd al-farid fi nuzum at-tajrid by Muhammad al-Samarqandi (who died in 1378 in Baghdad), an Arabic poem on the recitation of the Qur'an (or tajwid ), for which he was awarded a grade of "very good". In an interview with The Daily Telegraph , contemporaries of al-Baghdadi describes him in his youth as being shy, unimpressive, a religious scholar , and

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708-657: A member of the group's senior consultative council. Al-Baghdadi was announced as leader of ISI on 16 May 2010, following the death of his predecessor Abu Omar al-Baghdadi . As leader of ISI, al-Baghdadi was responsible for masterminding large-scale operations such as the 28 August 2011 suicide bombing at the Umm al-Qura Mosque in Baghdad , which killed prominent Sunni lawmaker Khalid al-Fahdawi. Between March and April 2011, ISI claimed 23 attacks south of Baghdad, all allegedly carried out under al-Baghdadi's command. From 2011,

767-659: A mosque near my area. No one really noticed him. "They [the US and Iraqi Governments] know physically who this guy is, but his backstory is just myth", said Patrick Skinner of the Soufan Group, a security consulting firm. "He's managed this secret persona extremely well, and it's enhanced his group's prestige", said Patrick Johnston of the RAND Corporation , adding, "Young people are really attracted to that." Being mostly unrecognized, even in his own organization, Baghdadi

826-466: A police station. The party denied being linked to Nazarzoda's attack. A year after its ban, a 2016 Tajik constitutional amendment prohibited the establishment of any political party based on a religious platform, effectively preempting any attempt to reorganise the party. In a 15 August 2018 Washington Post story, regional expert Paul Stronski, a Senior Fellow in the Russia and Eurasia program at

885-789: A pulpit in the Arabic language to a congregation at the Great Mosque of al-Nuri in Mosul , northern Iraq on 4 July 2014. In the video, al-Baghdadi declares himself caliph of the Islamic State and calls on Muslims worldwide to support him. A representative of the Iraqi government denied that the video was of al-Baghdadi, calling it a "farce." However, both the BBC and the Associated Press quoted unnamed Iraqi officials as saying that

944-740: A reward of US$ 10 million was offered for Baghdadi by the U.S. State Department , increasing to $ 25 million in 2017, for information or intelligence on his whereabouts to enable capture, dead or alive. Following the death of the founder and head of al-Qaeda , Osama bin Laden , on 2 May 2011, in Abbottabad , Pakistan, al-Baghdadi released a statement praising bin Laden and threatening violent retaliation for his death. On 5 May 2011, al-Baghdadi claimed responsibility for an attack in Hilla , 100 kilometres (62 mi) south of Baghdad, that killed 24 policemen and wounded 72 others. On 15 August 2011,

1003-563: The end times , or malahim . According to a report in October 2014, after suffering serious injuries, al-Baghdadi fled IS's capital city Raqqa due to the intense bombing campaign launched by Coalition forces , and sought refuge in the Iraqi city of Mosul , the largest city under IS control at the time. On 7 November 2014, there were unconfirmed reports of al-Baghdadi's death after an airstrike in Mosul, while other reports said that he

1062-532: The 2006 presidential election . At the legislative elections held 27 February and 13 March 2005 the party won 8% of the popular vote and 2 out of 63 seats. At the elections held on 1 March 2015 the Party failed to surpass the 5% vote barrier, losing its only 2 seats in Parliament. The party was deregistered by Tajikistan's interior ministry in 2015 and then banned a month later, after being designated as

1121-542: The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace , said a 31 July 2018 attack on seven Western cyclists in Tajikistan was being blamed on members of the party even though Islamic State claimed responsibility for the attack. Other news reports noted that the five attackers appeared in a video released by Daesh after the attack pledging allegiance to the group and its leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi . In 2018,

1180-754: The United States and many other countries. As leader of IS, Baghdadi led the Islamic State's wars against Iraq and Syria . Baghdadi directed the use of controversial tactics, including the mass use of suicide bombings and the execution of prisoners of war. IS briefly captured substantial territory in Iraq and Syria, but lost all of that territory and almost all of its fighters during Baghdadi's tenure as caliph. Baghdadi would become directly involved in IS's atrocities and human rights violations . These include

1239-583: The West   —   in its quest to establish an Islamic State from the Middle East across Europe. He said that he would conquer both Rome and Spain in this endeavor and urged Muslims across the world to immigrate to the new Islamic State. On 8 July 2014, IS launched its online magazine Dabiq . The title appeared to have been selected for its eschatological connections with the Islamic version of

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1298-484: The genocide of Yazidis in Iraq, extensive sexual slavery , organized rape , floggings , and systematic executions. He directed terrorist activities and massacres. He embraced brutality as part of the organization's propaganda efforts , producing videos displaying sexual slavery and executions via hacking, stoning and burning. Baghdadi was a serial rapist who kept several personal sex slaves. On 27 October 2019, Baghdadi killed himself and two children by detonating

1357-453: The IRPT, whose leaders were by then based largely out of Poland , became one of the founding organisations of National Alliance of Tajikistan, an opposition coalition of four Tajik political movements. In April 2014, the party denounced official harassment and alleged government attempts to undermine their credibility and electoral chances, as parliamentary elections were scheduled in 2015. In

1416-453: The Islamic State is void under sharia and has dangerous consequences for the Sunnis in Iraq and for the revolt in Syria", adding that the title of caliph can "only be given by the entire Muslim nation", not by a single group. As a caliph, al-Baghdadi was required to hold to each dictate of the sunnah , whose precedence is set and recorded in the sahih hadiths . According to tradition, if

1475-709: The Opposition became part of the Tajik National Army , becoming some of its most experienced units. This article about a Tajikistani political party is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Islamic Renaissance Party of Tajikistan The Islamic Renaissance Party of Tajikistan also known as the Islamic Revival Party of Tajikistan , is a banned Islamist political party in Tajikistan . Until 2015, when it

1534-551: The Radhawiyyah, Husseiniyyah, Adnaniyyah, and Quraysh . Al-Baghdadi later claimed that he was descended from the Quraysh tribe and therefore from Muhammad , although there was no evidence to back up his claim. He was the third of the four sons of Awad Ibrahim, a religious cleric. According to a short semi-authorized biography written by Abid Humam al-Athari, his grandfather, Ibrahim Ali al-Badri, apparently lived until

1593-400: The Tobchi residents: I was with Baghdadi at the Islamic University. We studied the same course, but he wasn't a friend. He was quiet and retiring. He spent time alone ... I used to know all the leaders (of the insurgency) personally. Zarqawi (the former leader of al-Qaeda) was closer than a brother to me ... But I didn't know Baghdadi. He was insignificant. He used to lead prayer in

1652-464: The age of 94 and witnessed the US occupation of Iraq . His father, Awad, was active in the religious life of the community. Awad taught the teenaged Baghdadi and got his own start as a teacher, leading children in a neighbourhood chanting the Quran . Both his father and grandfather were said to be farmers. His mother, whose name is not known, was described as a religious loving person and was notable in

1711-801: The al-Badri tribe. One of Baghdadi's uncles served in Saddam Hussein 's security services, and one of his brothers became an officer in the Iraqi Army . He has another brother, who probably died either during the Iran–Iraq War or the Gulf War while serving in the Iraqi military. Baghdadi was described as extremely conservative and religious even in his youth. Official education records from Samarra High School revealed that al-Baghdadi had to retake his high school certificate in 1991 and scored 481 out of 600 possible points. A few months later, he

1770-507: The establishment of a worldwide caliphate . Al-Baghdadi was named its caliph , to be known as "Caliph Ibrahim", and the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant was renamed the Islamic State (IS). The declaration of a caliphate was heavily criticized by Middle Eastern governments, other jihadist groups, and Sunni Muslim theologians and historians. Qatar-based TV broadcaster and theologian Yusuf al-Qaradawi stated: "[The] declaration issued by

1829-580: The filthy ones of the al-Dajjal Army (the 'Army of the Anti-Christ' in Arabic)", referring to the Mahdi Army of Muqtada al-Sadr . On 2 December 2012, Iraqi officials claimed that they had captured al-Baghdadi in Baghdad, following a two-month tracking operation. Officials claimed that they had also seized a list containing the names and locations of other al-Qaeda operatives. However, this claim

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1888-572: The formation of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL); alternatively translated from Arabic as the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS). When announcing the formation of ISIL, al-Baghdadi stated that the Syrian civil war jihadist faction, Jabhat al-Nusra – also known as al-Nusra Front – had been an extension of the ISI in Syria and was now to be merged with ISIL. The leader of Jabhat al-Nusra, Abu Mohammad al-Julani , disputed this merging of

1947-437: The group's scripture-themed legal system, some analysts declared al-Baghdadi a theocrat and IS a theocracy. Other indications of the decline of secularism were the destruction of secular institutions and its replacement with strict sharia law, and the gradual caliphization and Sunnification of regions under the group's control. A video, made during the first Friday prayer service of Ramadan , shows al-Baghdadi speaking on

2006-463: The highest leader, in 2010. In March 2013, the group renamed itself as the "Islamic State of Iraq and Levant" (ISIL), announcing its intention to expand into Syria and forcibly assimilate the Al-Nusra Front , leading to a conflict with Al-Qaeda 's general command. In June 2014, the group once again re-designated itself as the "Islamic State", and declared itself to be a caliphate . Baghdadi

2065-564: The home of his old student friend, Nessayif Numan Nessayif, who was also on the American wanted list at the time and studied together with al-Baghdadi at the Islamic University. He was detained at the Abu Ghraib and Camp Bucca detention centers under his name Ibrahim Awad Ibrahim al-Badry as a " civilian internee ". His detainee card gives his profession as "administrative work (secretary)". The US Department of Defense said al-Baghdadi

2124-402: The man in the video was believed to be al-Baghdadi. IS released an audio-taped message, claiming it to be in the voice of al-Baghdadi, on 13 November 2014. In the 17-minute recording, released via social media , al-Baghdadi says that IS fighters would never cease fighting "even if only one soldier remains." Al-Baghdadi urges supporters of the Islamic State to "erupt volcanoes of jihad" across

2183-818: The party, majority of opposition forces fled to neighboring Afghanistan where they established the Movement for Islamic Revival in Tajikistan (MIRT), headed by Said Abdullo Nuri . It fought with the United Tajik Opposition and the Garmi people against the government during the Tajik Civil War but was legalised following peace accords in 1998. In 1999 it was the second largest party in Tajikistan. The party's long-running leader, Said Abdullo Nuri , died in August 2006 of cancer . The party boycotted

2242-517: The recording, al-Baghdadi urges Muslims to immigrate to the Islamic State and join the fight in Iraq and Syria. He also condemns the Saudi involvement in Yemen , and claims that the conflict will lead to the end of the Saudi royal family 's rule. He further claims that Islam was never a religion of peace but instead is "the religion of fighting". An audio message that was approximately 23 minutes long

2301-768: The runup to 1 March 2015 legislative elections, a wide-ranging government-induced campaign, to demonise the party and bar its candidates from entering the contest, was reported. On 28 August 2015, the government of Tajikistan demanded the party halt its "illegal activities" as it attempted to hold a party congress. The party claimed that the government was attempting to close it down. Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi Ibrahim Awad Ibrahim Ali al-Badri ( Arabic : إبراهيم عواد إبراهيم علي البدري , romanized :  ʾIbrāhīm ʿAwād ʾIbrāhīm Alī al-Badri ; 28 July 1971 – 27 October 2019), commonly known by his nom de guerre Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi ( Arabic : أبو بكر البغدادي , romanized :  ʾAbū Bakr al-Baghdādī ),

2360-589: The same month clashes between the two in Syria's Deir ez-Zor Governorate killed hundreds of fighters and displaced tens of thousands of civilians. In February 2014, al-Qaeda disavowed any relations with ISIL. According to several Western sources, al-Baghdadi and ISIL have received private financing from citizens in Saudi Arabia and Qatar and enlisted fighters through recruitment drives in Saudi Arabia in particular. On 29 June 2014, ISIL announced

2419-557: The time of the US-led invasion in 2003 . During this period, he was highly influenced by the writings of the Egyptian Jihadist scholar Sayyid Qutb . After the US invasion of Iraq in 2003, al-Baghdadi helped found the militant group Jamaat Jaysh Ahl al-Sunnah wa-l-Jamaah (JJASJ), in which he served as head of this group. Al-Baghdadi was arrested by US Forces-Iraq on 2 or 4 February 2004 near Fallujah while visiting

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2478-457: The two groups and appealed to al-Qaeda emir Ayman al-Zawahiri , who issued a statement that ISIL should be abolished and that al-Baghdadi should confine his group's activities to Iraq. Al-Baghdadi, however, dismissed al-Zawahiri's ruling and took control of a reported 80% of Jabhat al-Nusra's foreign fighters. In January 2014, ISIL expelled Jabhat al-Nusra from the Syrian city of Raqqa , and in

2537-468: The world. He calls for attacks to be mounted in Saudi Arabia, describing Saudi leaders as "the head of the snake", and also says that the US-led military campaign in Syria and Iraq was failing. He declares that IS would keep marching forward and would "break the borders" of Jordan and Lebanon as well as "free Palestine ". IS released an audio message which it claimed was from al-Baghdadi, on 14 May 2015. In

2596-475: Was Abu Bakr , meaning "father of a young camel". Having at some time taken the name Abu Bakr, al-Baghdadi is thought to have adopted the name of the first caliph , Abu Bakr . During the times when Muhammad might have suffered from illnesses, Abu Bakr was the replacement for leading prayer , according to the Sunni tradition of Islam . His surname literally means "The one from Baghdad" and denotes that he

2655-412: Was Ibrahim Awad Ibrahim al-Badri. In 2018, Reuters reported that his real name was Ibrahim al-Samarrai. He was also known as Abu Du'a ( أبو دعاء ʾabū duʿāʾ ), The word du'a signifies supplications , invocations , or prayers . In regions formerly under IS control , various non-Islamic honorifics that recognize his rank were used as a formal address recognizing him as a noble and

2714-617: Was an Iraqi militant who was the first caliph of the Islamic State (IS) from 2014 until his death in 2019. Baghdadi was born in Samarra and obtained graduate degrees in Islamic theology in the late 1990s and 2000s. According to supporters, he obtained a PhD at the Islamic University of Baghdad. Following the American invasion of Iraq in March 2003, Baghdadi led the " Jama'at Jaysh Ahl al-Sunna wal-Jama'ah " insurgent group in Iraq and

2773-529: Was chosen caliph of the Islamic State by a " Shura Council ", which represented those members of the Islamic State allegedly qualified to elect a caliph . Baghdadi's claim to be "caliph" was almost universally rejected by the Muslim community . IS was designated as a terrorist organisation by the United Nations and almost all sovereign states, and Baghdadi was individually considered a terrorist by

2832-602: Was deemed unfit for military service by the Iraqi military due to his nearsightedness. His high-school grades were not good enough for him to study his preferred subject (law, educational science and languages) at the University of Baghdad . Instead, it is believed that he attended the Islamic University of Baghdad , now known as Iraqi University, where he studied Islamic law and, later, the Quran. According to

2891-522: Was designated a terrorist organisation, it was the only legal Islamist party in Central Asia . The party was established in 1990, and had its founding congress the following year. In 1992, it hosted a conference in Saratov , Russia , attended by Islamists from ex-Soviet central Asia, Tatarstan and Bashkortostan . When Tajikistan became independent, the party was banned in 1993. After the ban of

2950-604: Was detained with al-Qaeda commanders at the American Camp Bucca in 2004. His group joined the Mujahideen Shura Council (MSC) coalition in 2006 and fought alongside Al-Qaeda in Iraq . Upon the dissolution of the MSC in October 2006, Baghdadi became a leading member of the newly established Islamic State of Iraq organization, and rose through the group's ranks until he was appointed its emir ,

3009-486: Was from Baghdad city or Baghdad governorate in Iraq . He had various names and epithets such as ash-Shabah (the phantom or ghost), Invisible Sheikh , Amir al-Mu'minin , Caliph (sometimes followed by Abu Bakr, al-Baghdadi, or Ibrahim), and Sheikh Baghdadi . Other aliases used by al-Badri include Dr. Ibrahim Awad Ibrahim Ali al-Badri al-Samarrai. In 2014, the Telegraph reported that his birthname

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3068-411: Was imprisoned at Camp Bucca along with other future leaders of ISIL. Al-Baghdadi and his group Jamaat Jaysh Ahl al-Sunnah wa-l-Jamaah joined the Mujahideen Shura Council (MSC) in 2006, in which he served as a member of the MSC's sharia committee. Following the renaming of the MSC as the Islamic State of Iraq (ISI) in 2006, al-Baghdadi became the general supervisor of the ISI's sharia committee and

3127-520: Was imprisoned at Compound 6, which was a medium security Sunni compound. On 8 December 2004, he was released as a prisoner deemed "low level" after being recommended for release by the Combined Review and Release Board. A number of newspapers and news channels have instead stated that al-Baghdadi was interned from 2005 to 2009. These reports originate from an interview with the former commander of Camp Bucca, Colonel Kenneth King, and are not substantiated by Department of Defense records. Al-Baghdadi

3186-402: Was known to be nicknamed at some time about 2015, as "the invisible sheikh ". Some believe that al-Baghdadi became an Islamic revolutionary during the rule of Saddam Hussein , but other reports suggest he was radicalized by joining the Muslim Brotherhood as a youth, followed by his later internment with Al Qaeda commanders at the US Camp Bucca . He may have been a mosque cleric around

3245-454: Was later alleged by an IS media account to have been killed in an airstrike by anti-IS forces in February 2015. However, a Yazidi woman who had been held as a sex slave stated that Mueller was murdered by IS. Through his forename, al-Baghdadi was rumored to have been styling himself after the first caliph, Abu Bakr , who led the "Rightly Guided" or Rashidun . According to Sunni tradition, Abu Bakr replaced Muhammad as prayer leader when he

3304-472: Was only wounded. On 20 January 2015, the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights reported that al-Baghdadi had been wounded in an airstrike in Al-Qa'im , an Iraqi border town held by IS at that time, and as a result withdrew to Syria. On 8 February 2015, after Jordan had conducted 56 airstrikes which reportedly killed 7,000 IS militants from 5–7 February, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi was said to have fled from Raqqa to Mosul out of fear for his life. However, after

3363-411: Was rejected by ISI. In an interview with Al Jazeera on 7 December 2012, Iraq's Acting Interior Minister said that the arrested man was not al-Baghdadi, but rather a sectional commander in charge of an area stretching from the northern outskirts of Baghdad to Taji . Al-Baghdadi remained leader of the ISI until its formal expansion into Syria in 2013 when, in a statement on 8 April 2013, he announced

3422-443: Was released on 26 December 2015. Al-Baghdadi warns Western nations to not interfere further in their matters and threatens the future establishment of IS in Israel . He also celebrates the defeat of "crusaders" and " Jews " in Iraq and Afghanistan. An audio message was released on 2 November 2016. In it, al-Baghdadi discusses the need for IS to defend their forces within Mosul and encourages IS forces to persecute Shia Muslims and

3481-442: Was suffering from illnesses. Another feature of the original Rashidun was what some historians dub as the first Sunni – Shia discord during the Battle of Siffin . Some publishers have drawn a correlation between those ancient events and modern Salafizing and caliphizing aims under al-Baghdadi's rule. Due to the relatively stationary nature of IS control, the elevation of religious clergy who engage in theocratization , and

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