In common law systems, land tenure , from the French verb " tenir " means "to hold", is the legal regime in which land "owned" by an individual is possessed by someone else who is said to "hold" the land, based on an agreement between both individuals. It determines who can use land, for how long and under what conditions. Tenure may be based both on official laws and policies, and on informal local customs (insofar higher law does allow that). In other words, land tenure implies a system according to which land is held by an individual or the actual tiller of the land but this person does not have legal ownership . It determines the holder's rights and responsibilities in connection with their holding. The sovereign monarch, known in England as the Crown , held land in its own right. All land holders are either its tenants or sub-tenants. Tenure signifies a legal relationship between tenant and lord, arranging the duties and rights of tenant and lord in relationship to the land. Over history, many different forms of land tenure , i.e., ways of holding land, have been established.
52-803: Universal City may refer to: Cities [ edit ] Universal City, California Universal City, Texas Entertainment industry [ edit ] the original promotional name for the Universal Studios Lot that replaced Universal’s “Old Ranch” Universal City Studios, the legal registered name of Universal Pictures Universal City Records Train stations [ edit ] Universal City/Studio City (Los Angeles Metro station) , for Universal Studios Hollywood in California Universal City Station , for Universal Studios Japan Topics referred to by
104-488: A German immigrant, was Universal Pictures' founder who opened his first nickelodeon in Chicago in 1906. He moved to New York City , where he soon joined half a dozen small motion picture companies to create the movie company he called Universal Pictures . In 1912, Laemmle briefly operated three small studios - Bison , Nestor , and Oak Crest Ranch . After a court battle with New York Motion Picture Company , control of
156-685: A bill that bans the selling and leasing of agricultural land to foreigners. Approximately 7% of the allocated land in Israel is privately owned. The rest, i.e. 93%, is owned by the State and is known as "Israeli Land". Israel's Basic Law on real estate states that Israel's Land is jointly owned by the State (69%), the Development Authority (12%), and the Jewish National Fund (12%). With homelessness and wealth inequality on
208-529: A claim on it in the form of a lien . In modern societies, this is the most common form of land ownership. Land can also be owned by more than one party and there are various concurrent estate rules. In Australia, native title is a common law concept that recognizes that some indigenous people have certain land rights that derive from their traditional laws and customs. Native title can co-exist with non-indigenous proprietary rights and in some cases different indigenous groups can exercise their native title over
260-485: A lease basis of up to 99 years with an annual 15 percent tax on the total rental paid upfront. Since 2017, A ban on foreigners owning farmland was introduced in the Georgia's new constitution. The new constitution states that, with a small number of exceptions, agricultural land can only be owned by the state, a Georgian citizen or a Georgian-owned entity. In 2021, President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev signed into law
312-532: A period of up to 30 year. Only Mongolian citizens can own the land within the territory of Mongolia. foreign citizens can only lease the land. Foreigners are not allowed to own freehold land in Maldives. the land can only be leased to foreigners for 99 years. In 2014, the Sri Lankan parliament passed a law banning land purchases by foreigners. The new act will allow foreigners to acquire land only on
364-727: Is right-of-way (right to cross), but it could also include (for example) the right – known as a wayleave – to run an electrical power line across someone else's land. In addition, there are various forms of collective ownership, which typically take either the form of membership in a cooperative , or shares in a corporation , which owns the land (typically by fee simple, but possibly under other arrangements). There are also various hybrids; in many communist states , government ownership of most agricultural land has combined in various ways with tenure for farming collectives. In archaeology, traditions of land tenure can be studied according to territoriality and through
416-493: Is a great variety of modes of land ownership and tenure . Most of the indigenous nations or tribes of North America had differing notions of land ownership. Whereas European land ownership centered around control, Indigenous notions were based on stewardship. When Europeans first came to North America, they sometimes disregarded traditional land tenure and simply seized land, or they accommodated traditional land tenure by recognizing it as aboriginal title . This theory formed
468-498: Is a system of mutual obligations under which a royal or noble personage granted a fiefdom — some degree of interest in the use or revenues of a given parcel of land — in exchange for a claim on services such as military service or simply maintenance of the land in which the lord continued to have an interest. This pattern obtained from the level of high nobility as vassals of a monarch down to lesser nobility whose only vassals were their serfs . Under common law , Fee simple
520-502: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Universal City, California Universal City is an unincorporated area within the San Fernando Valley region of Los Angeles County, California , United States. Approximately 415 acres (168 ha), within and immediately outside the area is the property of Universal Pictures ( NBCUniversal 's film studio), one of
572-550: Is located at Universal CityWalk, and the community also houses the only government-funded fire station in the United States located on private property . The Los Angeles County Fire Department (LACFD) Station 51 (formerly Station 60 until the mid 1990s) is of special significance to Universal, as "Station 51" was the fictional setting of the Universal and Jack Webb television series Emergency! The current Station 51
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#1732772900317624-530: Is now the North Hollywood area, a crowd of men and women eagerly awaited the display of the film stages, daredevil stunt pilots and silent film idols, as well as the movie cameras Laemmle had brought along. "See how slapstick comedies are made. See your favorite screen stars do their work. See how we make the people laugh or cry or sit on the edge of their chairs the world over!" stated a poster touting Universal's opening. "C'mon out! Aw, c'mon!" Laemmle,
676-706: Is provided by the Los Angeles County Fire Department (LACFD). The LACFD operates Station #51 at 3900 Lankershim Boulevard as a part of Battalion 1. The Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department (LASD) operates the West Hollywood Station in West Hollywood , serving Universal City. In addition, the department operates the substation at Universal CityWalk in Universal City. Prior to the summer of 1991,
728-433: Is rare, with most property ownership in the common law world ( Australia , Canada , Ireland , New Zealand , United Kingdom , United States ) being in fee simple . Allodial title is inalienable, in that it may be conveyed, devised, gifted, or mortgaged by the owner, but it may not be distressed and restrained for collection of taxes or private debts, or condemned ( eminent domain ) by the government. Feudal land tenure
780-404: Is the most complete ownership interest one can have in real property , other than the rare Allodial title . The holder can typically freely sell or otherwise transfer that interest or use it to secure a mortgage loan . This picture of "complete ownership" is, of course, complicated by the obligation in most places to pay a property tax and by the fact that if the land is mortgaged, there will be
832-401: Is up to 50 years. Though purchase of land is not permitted to foreigners, a real estate investor may apply for a 70 year leasehold with a Myanmar Investment Commission (MIC) permit. According to the legislation of Belarus, a foreign citizen cannot own land and only has the right to rent it. As foreigners are prohibited from permanent ownership of land. Foreigners can only lease land for
884-723: The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations , endorsed the Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure as the global norm , as the problem of poor and politically marginalized especially likely to suffer from insecure tenure, however, this is merely work in progress. The United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 5 also advocates for reforms to give women access to ownership and control over land in recognition of
936-599: The Secretary of the Navy to send a battleship up the Los Angeles River to fire a salvo on opening day. Easterners, they hoped, would believe anything they heard about California. After World War I, Laemmle brought even more kin over from war-torn Europe, increasing the payroll to 70. His cheerful nepotism was immortalized in humorist Ogden Nash 's couplet: Uncle Carl Laemmle has a very large faemmle. Carl Laemmle
988-577: The 99-year leases common in the United Kingdom for flats , and allowing various degrees of freedom in the use of the property. Rights to use a common may include such rights as the use of a road or the right to graze one's animals on commonly owned land. When sharecropping , one has use of agricultural land owned by another person in exchange for a share of the resulting crop or livestock. Easements allow one to make certain specific uses of land owned by someone else. The most classic easement
1040-681: The Bison lot was returned to the New York Motion Picture Company. The court allowed Carl Laemmle to retain use of the name "Bison" as "Bison 101" for his westerns, which were filmed on the Oak Crest property in the San Fernando Valley. The Oak Crest Ranch is where Laemmle filmed the western At Old Fort Dearborn . The Providencia Land and Water company , called "Oak Crest Ranch" in the trade papers, became
1092-602: The Hollywood/Nestor studio and Universal/Nestor Ranch to its new Lankershim Blvd. location before the official opening of Universal City (Lankershim Blvd). In 1916, the first Universal Oak Ranch became known as the Lasky Ranch . The Hollywood studio was then leased to Christie Comedies . In 1912, Carl Laemmle toured his Pacific Coast operations. He renamed the Nestor Studio "Universal Studios" and renamed
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#17327729003171144-580: The LASD in providing protection to Universal City, operating the North Hollywood Community Police Station in North Hollywood , whose responsibilities include Universal City. Universal City 1912 to 1914 Land tenure A landowner is the holder of the estate in land with the most extensive and exclusive rights of ownership over the territory, simply put, the owner of land. The legal concept of land tenure in
1196-626: The Lankershim location. The Providencia Land and Water Development Company property was used as a location for some early films, most significantly the battle scenes in the silent classic about the American Civil War , The Birth of a Nation (1915). More than a half-dozen major fires have impacted the Universal Studios property (and, accordingly, Universal City) during its history. Fire protection in Universal City
1248-690: The Middle Ages has become known as the feudal system that has been widely used throughout Europe , the Middle East and Asia Minor . The lords who received land directly from the Crown, or another landowner, in exchange for certain rights and obligations were called tenants-in-chief . They doled out portions of their land to lesser tenants who in turn divided it among even lesser tenants. This process—that of granting subordinate tenancies—is known as subinfeudation . In this way, all individuals except
1300-528: The Philippines under the 1987 Constitution. Foreigners are not allowed to own freehold land in Indonesia. Foreigners cannot buy and own land, like in many other Southeast Asian countries. Instead, the land is collectively owned by all Vietnamese people, but governed by the state. As written in the national Land Law, foreigners and foreign organizations are allowed to lease land. The leasehold period
1352-558: The Providencia Ranch "Universal City." Carl Laemmle thought the Providencia Ranch area was too small for his idea of "Universal City." He ordered the purchase of Lankershim land Water Company property. Universal City moved to a new location, the Taylor Ranch. They purchased lots 276, 277, 278; also a small portion of Lot 279, marked "Mary L. Carhart" (left side of the Lankershim bridge). Only 230 acres (0.93 km ) of
1404-698: The United States, minimal regulation on house flipping and rent-seeking behavior allows for gentrification , pricing out half a million Americans and leaving them homeless. This is in light of 17 million homes left vacant as investment vehicles of the wealthy. At the same time, severe weather events caused by climate-change have become more frequent, affecting property values. In the developing world, catastrophes are impacting greater numbers of people due to urbanization , crowding , and weak tenure and legal systems. Colonial land-tenure systems have led to issues in post-colonial societies. The concepts of " landlord " and "tenant" have been recycled to refer to
1456-584: The Universal Film Manufacturing Company. After visiting his newly acquired west coast operations of Nestor Studios and Nestor Ranch, he renamed the studio "Universal Studios" and the leased Oak Crest Ranch became the first "Universal City" in the San Fernando Valley. The first Universal/Nestor Ranch (Providencia Land and Water Development Company property Oak Crest Ranch) is presently the site of Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills). In 1915, Universal moved its operations at
1508-471: The West Hollywood Station handled all calls for police service from Universal City. In the summer of 1991, the LASD established the substation in a trailer in the parking lot of the studio tour and remained in the area until two years later, when the substation was moved into a permanent location in the CityWalk theme mall when it opened. The Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) also shares jurisdiction with
1560-466: The basis for treaties with indigenous peoples . In several developing countries, such as Egypt and Senegal, this method is still presently in use. In Senegal, it is mentioned as "mise en valeur des zones du terroir" and in Egypt, it is called Wadaa al-yad. Allodial title is a system in which real property is owned absolutely free and clear of any superior landlord or sovereign. True allodial title
1612-459: The case of chattels closely resembles the landlord-tenant relationship that can be created in land. Secure land-tenure also recognizes one's legal residential status in urban areas and it is a key characteristic in slums . Slum-dwellers do not have legal title to the land and thus local governments usually marginalize and ignored them. In 2012, the Committee on World Food Security based at
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1664-649: The first Universal City location. In 1913, Laemmle consolidated the Nestor studio (Hollywood) and Oak Crest ranch (Providencia) property. His first Universal City was too small, so he ordered a search for a new and larger property in the valley, a location with more space. Laemmle leased Providencia ranchland in the San Fernando Valley in 1912. If it was a city, it was a haphazard one: with the help of nearly 300 movie hands and actors, Laemmle erected makeshift buildings, set up cameras and began churning out hundreds of one- and two-reel silent westerns. Other studio chiefs called
1716-542: The five major film studios in the United States: about 70 percent of the studio's property is inside this unincorporated area, while the remaining 30 percent is within the Los Angeles city limits. Universal City is nearly surrounded by Los Angeles, with the area's northeastern corner touching the city of Burbank . Located within the area of Universal City is the film studio complex Universal Studios Lot and
1768-539: The groups permitted to visit the Oak Crest - Universal City. The Oak Crest ranch being too small for his larger Universal City, Laemmle bought the Lankershim Land and Water property, the 230-acre (0.93 km ) Taylor Ranch for $ 165,000, calling it his "New Universal City". In 1914, operations at The Oak Ranch ( Providencia Ranch ) were moved to the Taylor (Lankershim) ranch. The Universal (Oak Crest) ranch zoo
1820-652: The local Laemmle Theatres chain. Universal City did not welcome tourists again until July 15, 1964, with the opening of the Universal Studios Hollywood theme park and its included Studio Tour . The next few decades saw the arrival of hotels, an amphitheater, and Universal CityWalk (a faux city street and popular destination for tourists and locals). On April 30, 1912, Carl Laemmle merged the Independent Motion Picture Company (IMP) with five smaller companies to form
1872-474: The long-term consequences of change and development in land tenure systems and agricultural productivity. Moreover, an archaeological approach to land tenure arrangements studies the temporal aspects of land governance, including their sometimes temporary, impermanent and negotiable aspects as well as uses of past forms of tenure. For example, people can lay claim to, or profess to own resources, through reference to ancestral memory within society. In these cases,
1924-505: The lord with a number of armed horsemen and ground troops. The fees were often lands, land revenue or revenue-producing real property, typically known as fiefs or fiefdoms . Over the ages and depending on the region a broad variety of customs did develop based on the same legal principle. The famous Magna Carta for instance was a legal contract based on the medieval system of land tenure. The concept of tenure has since evolved into other forms, such as leases and estates . There
1976-531: The modern relationship of the parties to land which is held under a lease . Professor F.H. Lawson in Introduction to the Laws of Property (1958) has pointed out, however, that the landlord-tenant relationship never really fitted in the feudal system and was rather an "alien commercial element". The doctrine of tenure did not apply to personalty ( personal property ). However, the relationship of bailment in
2028-407: The monarch did hold the land "of" someone else because legal ownership was with the (superior) monarch, also known as overlord or suzerain . Historically, it was usual for there to be reciprocal duties and rights between lord and tenant. There were different kinds of tenure to fit various kinds of need. For instance, a military tenure might be by knight-service , requiring the tenant to supply
2080-647: The nature of and relationships with aspects of the past, both tangible (e.g. monuments) and intangible (e.g. concepts of history through story telling) are used to legitimize the present. 41 of the Constitution of Afghanistan, foreigners are not allowed to own land. Foreign individuals shall not have the right to own immovable property in Afghanistan Land in China is state-owned or collectively owned. Enterprises, farmers, and householders lease land from
2132-518: The northern part of lot 278 became the official studios front lot in 1915. The zoo and second open-air stage were constructed on the northern sections of lot 277 and 278. The mountain portions above 600 feet (180 m) were not incorporated into studio use until MCA /Universal's master plan to level the hills and create the Universal Studio Tour Center and City Walk. Between 1914 and 1915 "Universal City" assets were moved to
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2184-519: The place "Laemmle's Folly", mocking that the property was so far out of town and that Laemmle could film scenery for free anywhere he wanted. Laemmle worried that he had made a huge mistake, though Universal was a success because the public could observe movies being made. In the meantime, Laemmle added a zoo to the Oak Crest Ranch, which was open to visitors to generate free advertising by word of mouth. The Rotarians of Los Angeles were one of
2236-531: The rise, land tenure in the developed world has become a point of issue. Market-based economies which treat housing as a commodity and not a right allow for laws such as California Proposition 13 (1978) that incentivize treating housing as an investment. Due to inelastic demand of the human need for shelter, housing prices can therefore be raised above universally-affordable rates. This complicates tenure by limiting supply and exacerbating homelessness and informal housing arrangements. For instance, in
2288-484: The same land. There are approximately 160 registered determinations of native title, spanning some 16% of Australia's land mass. The case of Mabo overturned the decision in Milirrpum and repudiated the notion of terra nullius . Subsequent Parliamentary Acts passed recognised the existence of this common law doctrine. Under common law , Life estate is an interest in real property that ends at death. The holder has
2340-464: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Universal City . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Universal_City&oldid=1191651769 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
2392-722: The state using long-term leases of 20 to 70 years. Foreign investors are not allowed to buy or own land in China. In Thailand foreigners are normally prohibited to own or possess land in Thailand. These restrictions are covered in the land code, articles 96 and following. Under Article 44 of the Cambodian Constitution, "only natural persons or legal entities of Khmer nationality shall have the right to land ownership." foreigners are prohibited to own or possess land in Cambodia. Foreigners are prohibited owning land in
2444-716: The theme park Universal Studios Hollywood , as well as the Universal CityWalk shopping and entertainment center. Within the Los Angeles city limits lies 10 Universal City Plaza , a 36-floor office building for Universal and NBC ; the Sheraton Universal; and the Universal Hilton . The Metro B Line underground station of the same name is located opposite the 10 Universal Plaza. A Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department (LASD) station
2496-536: The use of the land for life, but typically no ability to transfer that interest or to use it to secure a mortgage loan . Under common law, fee tail is hereditary, non-transferable ownership of real property. A similar concept, the legitime , exists in civil and Roman law ; the legitime limits the extent to which one may disinherit an heir. Under both common law and civil law, land may be leased or rented by its owner to another party. A wide range of arrangements are possible, ranging from very short terms to
2548-512: The ways in which people create and utilize landscape boundaries, both natural and constructed. Less tangible aspects of tenure are harder to qualify, and study of these relies heavily on either the anthropological record (in the case of pre-literate societies) or textual evidence (in the case of literate societies). In archaeology, land tenure traditions can be studied across the longue durée , for example land tenure based on kinship and collective property management. This makes it possible to study
2600-492: Was moved to the permanent Universal City Zoo location on the Back Ranch of the Lankershim property where it persisted until the 1930s. The new Universal City was opened for Universal staff in 1914. Laemmle went on an eight-day whistle-stop tour from Chicago to Los Angeles the week before Universal City's grand public opening. His promoters even sold the grand (and technically impossible) lie that Laemmle had persuaded
2652-532: Was not used for external shots, or used as a model for the interior shots seen on the show (LACFD Station 127 in Carson was used). Universal City's ZIP code is 91608, and the community is inside area code 818 . Carl Laemmle officially opened the Second Universal City ( Lankershim Boulevard ) on March 15, 1915, on the 230-acre (93 ha) Taylor Ranch property. At the launch event, in what
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#17327729003172704-401: Was responsible for creating the "star system" rather than just using anonymous actors in films. Laemmle was forced to end studio tours in the 1920s, when talkies came along and "quiet on the set" became an absolute. He sold his sprawling entertainment empire in 1936. Before his death in 1939, at age 72, he helped bring more than 200 German-Jewish refugees to Los Angeles. A nephew, Max, founded
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