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42-585: The University of Stuttgart (German: Universität Stuttgart ) is a research university located in Stuttgart , Germany. It was founded in 1829 and is organized into 10 faculties. It is one of the oldest technical universities in Germany with programs in civil , mechanical , industrial and electrical engineering , among others. It is a member of TU9 , an incorporated society of the largest and most notable German institutes of technology. From 1770 to 1794,

84-515: A built-up of new fields, such as history of science and technology and the social sciences, and the extension of existing ones, such as history and art history. Since the end of the 1950s, a part of the university has been located in the suburb of Stuttgart-Vaihingen . Most technical subjects (computer science, engineering, etc.) are located in Vaihingen, while the humanities, the social sciences, architecture, and similar topics are still located in

126-769: A practical profile. They focus primarily on teaching the practicing of a profession at the highest professional level and applied science research, at the state of the art. This as opposed to research universities (Dutch: "universiteiten"), that focus on the highest level of professional practice, as well as practicing theoretical research. This so-called binary system of professional and academic education co-exists with upper secondary vocational education, which provides vocational education at EQF levels 1-4 for equal, similar or different professions. Universities of applied sciences offer associate's degrees , bachelor's degrees and master's degrees . From 2022 onward there will be pilots on Professional Doctorates . Hogescholen in

168-531: A research output of more than 1000 research papers over 5 years, and no more than 80% of activity in a single subject area ( Times Higher Education World University Rankings ) . The QS World University Ranking for 2021 included 1002 research universities. The region with the highest number was Europe , with 39.8%, followed by Asia /Pacific with 26.7%, the US and Canada with 15.6%, Latin America with 10.8% and

210-595: A similar distribution, with 185 of their 500 ranked institutions in 2020 coming from Europe, 161 from the Americas, 149 from Asia/Oceania and five from Africa. All regions except Africa are represented in the top 100, although the Americas are represented solely by universities from the United States and Canada. In 2024, the US has the most universities in the top 500 from a single country, 114, followed by China with 103,

252-471: Is a public university administrated by Ministry of Science, Research and Technology with various branches all over the Provinces of Iran. This university helps to increase skill level of employed personnel in various sectors of economic field and graduates of higher education and professional skills that are lacking in administrative. It is an educational system inspired and derived from 'Community College' in

294-506: Is also called university of cooperative education , but a Duale Hochschule also offers master's degrees. In Greece, comparable institutions to the vocational universities (or perhaps better to the universities of applied sciences) are the technological educational institutes (TEIs). These constitute part and parcel of the higher education in Greece and offer in their own capacity bachelor's and master's degrees, and soon doctorate degrees. On

336-593: Is an Italian tertiary educational institution. They were established in 2008, and are modelled on the Fachhochschule system of Germany. Programs have a duration of two or three years, and require a high school degree for access. As of January 29, 2008, a Dutch hogeschool (HBO) may call itself a "university of applied sciences" in English. Just like the German 'Fachhochschule', these HBO institutes firstly have

378-586: Is home to the largest vocational education system in the world. In 2018, Mainland China had a total of about 11,700 vocational schools. Examples: In the 2023 Policy Address , the government facilitates the establishment of universities of applied sciences (UAS), and strive to raise the status of vocational and professional education and training to attain qualifications at university degree level, closely collaborating with technical professions and offer programmes with more internship and practical learning opportunities, to help students hone their practical skills in

420-492: Is much more prestigious than "university". A " Grande École " is one of the types of higher education institution that can be similar to vocational universities, along with Universities of Technology (UTs) and National Polytechnic Institutes (INPs). According to Campus France , the government agency responsible for promoting French higher education abroad, the grandes écoles represent "the French culture of excellence", while

462-401: Is not officially used in many countries, and an assignment to a certain type of university in a certain country's educational system is therefore difficult. The UK once had a very extensive vocational university sector with its polytechnic system dating back to the mid-19th century. Vocational universities are often regulated and funded differently (for example, by the local government rather than

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504-653: The Karlsschule was the first university in Stuttgart. The University of Hohenheim in Stuttgart-Hohenheim , founded in 1818 and Stuttgart's oldest still existing university, is not related to the University of Stuttgart, except for some joint activities. What is now the University of Stuttgart was founded in 1829, and celebrated its 175th anniversary in 2004. Because of the increasing importance of

546-583: The Middle East and Africa with 7%. All regions except the Middle East and Africa were represented in the top 100. The largest number of new entrants to the rankings were from East Asia and Eastern Europe , followed by Southern Europe . By individual country, the US has the most institutions with 151, followed by the UK with 84, China with 51, and Germany with 45. The top 200 shows a similar pattern with

588-594: The QS World University Rankings of 2024, it was ranked 312th worldwide and 19th within Germany. As for the Times Higher Education World University Rankings , in 2024, the institution landed within the 251-300 band globally and was situated between the 25th and 31st positions nationally. The Academic Ranking of World Universities , also known as ARWU, positioned the University of Stuttgart between

630-528: The University of California , have served as models for research universities around the world. Having one or more universities based on the American model (including the use of English as a lingua franca ) is a badge of "social progress and modernity " for the contemporary nation-state . The Americans' continued dominance into the early 21st century has forced their European counterparts to confront

672-993: The University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna , Austria (Universität für Musik und darstellende Kunst Wien, formerly Hochschule für Musik und Darstellende Kunst Wien), or the Örebro University , Sweden (formerly Örebro Högskola). There are also some establishments which now have full university status but continue to use their former names, such as the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm , Sweden . In Finland, vocational universities are called Ammattikorkeakoulu (Yrkeshögskola in Swedish, translated "university of applied sciences", literally "vocational high school"). They focus on vocational education and do not grant licentiate or doctorate degrees. Certain universities are called korkeakoulu because they effectively have only one faculty, e.g. Teatterikorkeakoulu ,

714-532: The 1500 universities ranked from 86 countries: the U.S. is again top, with 255, followed by China with 176 and the UK with 87. The 2024 CWTS Leiden Ranking includes 1,506 universities in the rankings from 65 countries: China tops the list, with 313, followed by the U.S. with 206, and the UK with 63. Vocational university In some countries, a vocational university more precisely grants professional degrees like professional bachelor's degree, professional master's degree and professional doctorates. The term

756-528: The 301-400 range globally and between 20th and 24th in the national ranking for the year 2023. In the field of Engineering and Technology, the university was ranked 167th worldwide and 6th within Germany according to the 2023 QS World University Rankings. In the same year, the Times Higher Education World University Rankings for Engineering positioned the institution within the 101-125 range globally, and between

798-928: The 5th and 7th spots nationally. Research university A research university or a research-intensive university is a university that is committed to research as a central part of its mission. They are "the key sites of knowledge production ", along with "intergenerational knowledge transfer and the certification of new knowledge" through the awarding of doctoral degrees , and continue to be "the very center of scientific productivity". They can be public or private , and often have well-known brand names. Undergraduate courses at many research universities are often academic rather than vocational and may not prepare students for particular careers, but many employers value degrees from research universities because they teach fundamental life skills such as critical thinking . Globally, research universities are overwhelmingly public institutions , while some countries like

840-478: The American military–industrial complex and developing artificial intelligence , and Berkeley and Stanford played a central role in the development of Silicon Valley . The "most prestigious group of research universities" in the United States is the Association of American Universities . Since the 1960s, American research universities, especially the leading American public research university system ,

882-518: The American context, as having values of intellectual freedom, initiative and creativity, excellence, and openness, with such additional characteristics as: Global university rankings use metrics that primarily measure research to rank universities. Some also have criteria for inclusion based on the concept of a research university such as teaching at both undergraduate and postgraduate level and conducting work in multiple faculties ( QS World University Rankings ), or teaching undergraduates, having

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924-529: The Netherlands have been provided with the right to conduct research by the revised Higher Education and Research Act (WHOO) 2010. The main difference between universities (universitet) and vocational universities (högskola, official translation university college ) is that only the former ones have the right to award doctorate degrees in all subjects they offer. Some vocational universities have been given such rights within limited areas of research. China

966-528: The Theatre Academy, whereas universities with several faculties are called yliopisto . The term ammattikorkeakoulu (AMK) creates some confusion with korkeakoulu , because traditionally AMK's were not considered universities. A graduate of university of applied sciences ( ammattikorkeakoulu ) is eligible for doctoral studies in Finnish universities ( yliopisto ). In France, the term " Grande École "

1008-690: The UK with 35 and Germany with 35. The top 200 shows the similar pattern: the US with 59 followed by China with 37 and the UK with 20. The 2024 Times Higher Education only gives a breakdown by country and only for its top 200; this again has the U.S. at the top with 56, followed by the UK with 25, Germany with 21, and China with 13. The top 200 features one university from Africa, the University of Cape Town in South Africa , but none from Latin America . The U.S. News & World Report Best Global Universities Ranking 2021 gives numbers by country for

1050-526: The US having 45 universities, the UK 26 and Germany 12. By comparison, the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education (2015) identifies 115 US universities as "Doctoral Universities: Highest Research Activity" and a further 107 as "Doctoral Universities: Higher Research Activity", while Altbach estimated that there were around 220 research universities in the US in 2013. The Academic Ranking of World Universities shows

1092-438: The United States and Japan also have well-known private research institutions. Institutions of higher education that are not research universities or do not aspire to that designation, such as liberal arts colleges , instead place more emphasis on student instruction or other aspects of tertiary education, whereas research university faculty members, in contrast, are under more pressure to publish or perish . The concept of

1134-502: The United States. With more than 1500 education center in all corner of Iran. UAST confers degrees in over 100 programs at the associate, bachelor's and master's degree levels. The Technical and Vocational University ( TVU ) is one of Institutes of Higher Education under control of the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology. The university has more than 176 schools and colleges across the country and more than 220 thousand students

1176-549: The city center campus. The university hosts many national and international research institutes, and collaborates with partners such as Fraunhofer , German Aerospace Center , among others. The university is also founding member of the Startup Autobahn as well as Arena2036 , the flexible research factory. The university is divided into 10 faculties: The University of Stuttgart is globally and nationally recognized in several prominent university rankings . According to

1218-617: The establishment of American hegemony by the end of the 20th century. Most importantly, Berkeley, Chicago, Columbia, and Princeton (along with Birmingham and Cambridge in the UK) directly participated in the creation of the first nuclear weapons (the Manhattan Project ). Besides that, Columbia and Harvard were instrumental in the early development of the American film industry (Hollywood), MIT and Stanford were leaders in building

1260-644: The fields. At 11 November, 2024, the government launched the Alliance of Universities of Applied Sciences, comprising four post-secondary institutions as founding members, with the Hong Kong Metropolitan University and Saint Francis University as full members, and Tung Wah College and the Technological and Higher Education Institute of Hong Kong as associate members. The University of Applied Science and Technology ( UAST )

1302-536: The late 19th century, when these fifteen institutions began to graft graduate programs derived from the German model onto undergraduate programs derived from the British model. At Johns Hopkins, president Daniel Coit Gilman led the development of the American research university by setting high standards for recruiting faculty and admitting students, and insisting that faculty members had to commit to both teaching and research. Research universities were essential to

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1344-637: The other hand, the term college in Greece may refer, among others, to the institutions that are officially titled Centres of Post-lyceum (secondary) Education. These have a solely professional, i.e. non-academic, orientation according to existing Greek law, and are so far only private. However, they run in collaboration with foreign authorities, such as universities and accreditation organisations, that may recognise them academically. They may offer professional bachelor degrees of minimum three years, as well as master's and doctorate degrees. An Istituto tecnico superiore (abbreviated ITS – Higher Technical Institute)

1386-432: The permission to grant doctoral degrees (e.g. Hesse or Saxony Anhalt). Otherwise, doctoral programs must be carried out in cooperation with degree-awarding institutions such as universities. Furthermore, Berufsakademie is a college type strongly inspired by the dual education system . A Berufsakademie is called a university of cooperative education in English and only grants bachelor's degrees. This type of institution

1428-979: The prestigious denomination "university" in all countries. They had to use other, more general terms (which in many languages are false friends of the English term "high school", sometimes with modifiers), including Fachhochschule in German , Haute École in French ( Belgium and Switzerland ), Hogeschool in Dutch , Høyskole in Norwegian , Scuola universitaria professionale in Italian , etc. There are different varieties, including vocational universities of applied sciences (also named polytechnics or institutes of technology ), vocational universities of liberal arts, etc. In recent years, many vocational universities have received full university status, such as

1470-426: The research university first arose in early 19th-century Prussia in Germany, where Wilhelm von Humboldt championed his vision of Einheit von Lehre und Forschung (the unity of teaching and research), as a means of producing an education that focused on the main areas of knowledge, including the natural sciences, social sciences, and humanities , rather than on the previous goals of the university education, which

1512-440: The state) from research-focused universities, and the degrees granted are not necessarily interchangeable. The education at vocational universities combines teaching of both practical skills and theoretical expertise. It can be contrasted with education in a usually broader scientific field, which may concentrate on theory and abstract conceptual knowledge. There is also the historical background that an educational institution

1554-619: The technical sciences and instruction in these fields, from 1876 the university was known as the Technische Hochschule Stuttgart (Stuttgart Institute of Technology ). In 1900 it was awarded the right to grant doctoral degrees in the technical disciplines. The development of the courses of study at the Technische Hochschule Stuttgart led to its renaming in 1967 to the present-day "Universität Stuttgart". With this change of name came along

1596-418: The universities offer higher education to all. The term vocational university is not used. In contrast to traditional German universities, a Fachhochschule (translated "university of applied sciences") has a more practical profile. Universities of applied sciences grant academic bachelor's degrees and master's degrees . In some federal states, research-intensive universities of applied sciences have

1638-540: The urgent need for reform to avoid "declining into an advanced form of feeder colleges for the best American universities." John Taylor, Professor of Higher Education Management at the University of Liverpool , defines the key characteristics of successful research universities as: Philip Altbach defines a different, although similar, set of key characteristics for what research universities need to become successful: A 2012 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine report defined research universities, in

1680-478: Was called a university in the Middle Ages only if a certain classical canon of subjects was taught (typically including philosophy , medicine and theology ). In modern times, other subjects, namely natural and engineering sciences, became more important, but institutions of tertiary education focusing on these subjects and not offering the classical canon have been until recently or are still denied

1722-459: Was first created in the German state of Baden-Württemberg and now exists in Hamburg , Hesse , Lower Saxony , Saarland , Saxony , Schleswig-Holstein , and Thuringia , but not in the other German states. In 2009, Baden-Württemberg transformed its Berufsakademie into a new type of institution, which until now only exists in that state, a "Duale Hochschule". In English, this type of institution

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1764-746: Was to develop an understanding of truth, beauty, and goodness . Roger L. Geiger , "the leading historian of the American research university," has argued that "the model for the American research university was established by five of the nine colonial colleges chartered before the American Revolution ( Harvard , Yale , Pennsylvania , Princeton , and Columbia ); five state universities ( Michigan , Wisconsin , Minnesota , Illinois , and California ); and five private institutions conceived from their inception as research universities ( MIT , Cornell , Johns Hopkins , Stanford , and Chicago )." The American research university first emerged in

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