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96-460: The institution has more than 20,000 students, 1,800 professors and staff members distributed through five faculties, three institutes and one school, providing a variety of courses in several fields of knowledge. NOVA University Lisbon was founded in 1973 and is the newest public university in the Lisbon metropolitan area, with teaching units in Lisbon, Almada, Oeiras, and Cascais. It was founded as

192-669: A Bachelor of Engineering (B.Eng.) followed by a Master of Science (M.Sc.) in Engineering, or a Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) or Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) in Architecture followed by a year of professional experience, then a two-year Master of Architecture (M.Arch.). In some subjects the normal professional degree is a bachelor's degree, e.g., the Bachelor of Laws (LL.B.) or B.A. in Law (for both solicitors and barristers ) or

288-456: A JD , etc.) to let students cut costs (dual programs usually cost less than pursuing two degrees separately), save time on education and to tailor the business education courses to their needs. This is generally achieved by allowing core courses of one program to count as electives in the other. Some business schools offer programs in which students can earn both a bachelor's degree in business administration and an MBA in five years. Mini-MBA

384-414: A discussion of the literature , providing a critical review and structuring of what is known on a given topic, to address a specific problem; a case study that goes beyond simple description, containing the analysis of hitherto unpublished material; a test of the application or limitations of some known principle or technique in a particular situation, and/or suggested modifications. As an alternative to

480-521: A "doctorate". The spread of professional doctorates raised concerns about the standards of the new degrees, particularly in cases such as physical therapy, where the standard set by the American Physical Therapy Association for the doctorate is the same as that for the master's degree. Critics have claimed that these degrees should not be called doctorates, pointing out that a Ph.D. takes an average of twelve years from

576-655: A B.Sc. in Surveying. or a B.Sc. in Accountancy. Some professional bodies also offer different levels of professional recognition, e.g., a master's degree is needed for Chartered Engineers or Chartered Scientists but a bachelor's degree for Incorporated Engineers and a bachelor's or foundation degree for Registered Scientists . It is common for professional qualification in the UK to require professional experience in addition to academic qualification. For Architecture,

672-423: A BA, or a three-year undergraduate course. Shortly after, in 1837, Durham also became the first British university to teach engineering (although the course closed after a few years), followed only a few months later by King's College London . Anglican theological colleges partnered with local universities to offer professional degrees in theology and ministry during the twentieth century. Since 2014, however,

768-460: A complete traditional MBA degree. This is to allow students to verify business-related coursework for employment purposes and still allow the option to complete a full-time MBA degree program at a later period if they elect to do so. Many programs base their admission decisions on a combination of undergraduate grade point average , academic transcripts, entrance exam scores (for example, the GMAT or

864-691: A critical admissions component for many MBA programs. Many top-tier programs require five or more years of work experience for admission. MBA admissions consulting services have been increasingly used by prospective MBA applicants to improve their chances of admission. They are most common in the U.S., with as many as one-quarter of applicants using these services in 2016, though they have been gaining popularity elsewhere, including India and Canada. Consultants can provide basic coaching including help with program selection, mock interviews, and essay proofreading, though some will provide other services like writing essays from scratch. The use of consulting services

960-525: A different experience, many Asian programs offer scholarships and discounted tuition to encourage an international environment in the classroom. Rankings have been published for Asia Pacific schools by Asia Inc. , which is a regional business magazine with distribution worldwide. The importance of MBA education in China has risen, too. There are now more than 50 business schools in Bangladesh offering

1056-701: A few standalone business schools allied with foreign business schools exist in Nigeria. In South Africa , South Africa's Council on Higher Education (CHE) completed an extensive re-accreditation of MBA degrees offered in the country in 2004. In Ghana , business schools of the traditional universities run a variety of MBA programs. Foreign accredited institutions offer MBA degrees by distance learning in Ghana. MBA programs in Kenya are offered in many public and private universities. Students choose to specialize in one of

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1152-481: A few years later. However, it has only been since the 1960s that law schools have taken on a leading role in training lawyers and truly established professional degrees. In the latter part of the twentieth century, many chartered bodies introduced educational requirements for their chartered professional statuses, most notably the Engineering Council requirements for Chartered Engineer . This led to

1248-669: A full-time 1-year MBA and a Part Time MBA. The two Universities that offer this MBA program hold the triple crown accreditation namely AMBA , EQUIS and AACSB . In 2019, the NOVA School of Business and Economics is ranked 30th among the best European Business Schools according to the Financial Times ranking. NOVA is also actively involved in cooperation actions promoted by the Portuguese Government , in particular with North-American universities such as

1344-605: A global business school, is the only business school in Portugal to have achieved Eduniversal 's 5 palmes distinction, being placed among the top 100 Business Schools worldwide. It was also classified as #23rd in Europe by the Financial Times ranking for the best Business Schools in Europe in 2015. NOVA was also highlighted for 100% of its professors having a PhD and its gender and international diversity, with 40% women in

1440-677: A higher course load with more intense class and examination schedules and are usually condensed into one year. They usually have less downtime during the program and between semesters. For example, there is no three to four-month summer break, and between semesters there might be seven to ten days off rather than three to five weeks vacation. Accelerated programs typically have a lower cost than full-time two-year programs. Part-time MBA programs normally hold classes on weekday evenings after normal working hours, or on weekends. Part-time programs normally last three years or more. The students in these programs typically consist of working professionals, who take

1536-620: A light course load for a longer period of time until the graduation requirements are met. Evening (second shift) MBA programs are full-time programs that normally hold classes on weekday evenings, after normal working hours, or on weekends for a duration of two years. The students in these programs typically consist of working professionals, who can not leave their work to pursue a full-time regular shift MBA. Most second shift programs are offered at universities in India. Modular MBA programs are similar to part-time programs, although typically employing

1632-440: A lock-step curriculum with classes packaged together in blocks lasting from one to three weeks. Executive (part-time) MBA (EMBA) programs developed to meet the educational needs of managers and executives, allowing students to earn an MBA (or another business-related graduate degree) in two years or less while working full-time. Participants come from every type and size of organization – profit, nonprofit, government – representing

1728-538: A medical doctor occurs after the initial four-to-six-year primary medical qualification (e.g., M.B.B.S.). In addition to initial professional degrees, some professional master's degrees and most professional doctorates, e.g., the Master of Business Administration (M.B.A.), Doctor of Education (Ed.D.), Doctor of Engineering (Eng.D.) and Doctor of Agriculture (D.Ag.), are offered for those already established in professions. UK professional doctorates are research degrees at

1824-488: A program providing the knowledge and skills for the recognition, credential, or license required for professional practice." As with the "first professional degree", this classification also requires that the total time in higher education is at least six years. However, the requirement for at least two years of college-level study before entering the program was removed. The Department of Education does not define which fields professional doctorates may be awarded in, unlike with

1920-464: A response to ever-increasing demand for higher education in Portugal and in Lisbon in particular. While its early years focused on graduate and specialist programs, NOVA started expanding its teaching and research from 1977 onwards. The structure of NOVA was organized according to a departmental and interdisciplinary model, where each of the Academic Units enjoy a great deal of autonomy. NOVA

2016-423: A sequence of courses, beginning in the first part (formulation) and culminating in the second (execution), or as a single intensive course, offered during the second part. Some programs offer a specialization in "strategy", others in management consulting which substantially addresses the same issues. The MBA dissertation (or thesis in some universities) will, in general, comprise the following in some combination:

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2112-519: A subject specialty or concentration. Thus, in the program's first year (or part), students acquire both a working knowledge of management functions and the analytical skills required for these, while in the second year (part), students pursue elective courses, which may count towards a specialization. (Topics in business ethics may be included at the generalist or specialist level.) After the first year, many full-time students seek internships . The degree culminates with coursework in business strategy ,

2208-528: A survey by the Graduate Management Admissions Council, 64% of year 2012 MBA graduates used their MBA to change careers. Some of the more common jobs an MBA prepares one for include: Financial Times , in its Executive Education Rankings for 2012, included five African business schools. In Nigeria , business schools administered as colleges within the traditional universities offer a variety of MBA programs. In addition,

2304-403: A three to four-month summer break in between years one and two. Students enter with a reasonable amount of prior real-world work experience and take classes during weekdays like other university students. A typical full-time, accelerated, part-time, or modular MBA requires 60 credits (600 class hours) of graduate work. Accelerated MBA programs are a variation of the two-year programs. They involve

2400-594: A total of more than 500 programs. In India , MBA degree is a 2-year postgraduate qualification designed to equip students with advanced business skills and knowledge. It typically covers a wide range of subjects including finance, marketing, human resources, operations, and strategy. One can get MBA degree offline as well as offline. There are many business schools and colleges in India offering two-year MBA or PGDM programs accredited by AICTE or UGC . Professional degree A professional degree , formerly known in

2496-492: A variety of industries. EMBA students typically have a higher level of work experience, often 10 years or more, compared to other MBA students. In response to the increasing number of EMBA programs offered, The Executive MBA Council was formed in 1981 to advance executive education. Full-time executive MBA programs are a new category of full-time one year MBA programs aimed at professionals with approximately five years or more. They are primarily offered in countries like India where

2592-401: A variety of reasons, professional degrees may bear the name of a different level of qualification from their classification in qualifications, e.g., some UK professional degrees are named bachelor's but are at master's level, while some Australian and Canadian professional degrees have the name "doctor" but are classified as master's or bachelor's degrees. The first doctorates were awarded in

2688-523: A whole may be substituted with additional elective coursework. Many MBA programs culminate in a comprehensive exit examination . The national standardized exam known as the Major Field Test for MBAs (MFT-MBA) has been administered in the MBA programs of over 300 U.S. universities. The MFT-MBA aims to assess skills, knowledge, and reasoning ability within the domain of standard MBA curriculum. It

2784-505: Is a professional postgraduate degree focused on business administration . The core courses in an MBA program cover various areas of business administration; elective courses may allow further study in a particular area but an MBA is normally intended to be a general program. It originated in the United States in the early 20th century when the country industrialized and companies sought scientific management . MBA programs in

2880-584: Is a degree program similar to an MBA program that is specifically structured for and targeted towards corporate executives and senior managers who are already in the workforce. In 1900, the Tuck School of Business was founded at Dartmouth College offering the first advanced degree in business: the Master of Science in Commerce, a predecessor of the MBA. The first MBA was launched eight years later, at

2976-446: Is a term used by many non-profit and for-profit institutions to describe a training regimen focused on the fundamentals of business. In the past, Mini-MBA programs have typically been offered as non-credit bearing courses that require less than 100 hours of total learning. However, due to the criticisms of these certificates, many schools have now shifted their programs to offer courses for full credit so that they may be applied towards

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3072-613: Is administered by Educational Testing Service . Another prominent option for comprehensive exit exams is the Common Professional Component Comprehensive Exam for MBAs (CPC COMP Exam for MBAs) owned by Peregrine Academic Services. Many programs choose to administer their own in-house exam rather than a standardized test. Honor societies recognize individuals for high achievement in MBA programs. These honor societies include: An MBA prepares individuals for many types of careers. According to

3168-502: Is divided into nine academic units, which enjoy a great deal of autonomy. These are the following. NOVA University Lisbon hosts 42 Research and Development Units (R&D Units), 15 of which are research partnerships between NOVA and other national institutions. In 2013, the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FC&T) evaluated 75% of NOVA R&D Units with "Exceptional", "Excellent" or "Very Good". NOVA

3264-633: Is equivalent in the signatory countries. Similarly the Sydney Accord (2001) recognises similar academic training between signatories for Engineering Technologists , Incorporated Engineers , etc. and the Dublin Accord (2002) for Engineering Technicians . For computing and information technology, the Seoul Accord (2008) recognises similar academic training on accredited courses for computing and information technology professionals in

3360-509: Is frowned upon by many business schools' admissions committees, and applications can be hurt by looking like they were written with a consultant, such as by having a high level of writing compared to the candidate's speech or not appearing unique. Some also express concern that they give an unfair advantage to students who can afford the services' high costs. In general, MBA programs are structured around core courses - an essentially standard curriculum - and elective courses that may allow for

3456-457: Is increasingly included as a core functional course rather than an elective. Ethics training is often delivered with coursework in corporate social responsibility and corporate governance. Note that - generally - courses here, although technical in scope, are, ultimately, oriented toward corporate management. (For example, the principal finance course may cover the technicalities of financial instrument valuation and capital raising , but does so from

3552-578: Is responsible for approximately 10% of the national research papers indexed to the Web of Science. Since the launch of the European Research Council (ERC) grants programme in 2009, NOVA's researchers were awarded a total of 10 grants, placing NOVA as one of the top national institutions in this field. The Lisbon MBA is a partnership between NOVA, Catholic University of Portugal and MIT Sloan School of Management . The partnership includes

3648-425: Is similarly included. Company visits (including overseas travel), and guest lectures or seminars with CEOs and management personalities may also be included. These, with the core subjects, provide the graduate with breadth, while the specialty courses provide depth. For the business strategy component, the degree capstone, the focus is on finding competitive advantage and the long-term positioning and management of

3744-440: Is the most prominently used entrance exam for admissions into MBA programs. The Graduate Record Examination (GRE) is also accepted by almost all MBA programs in order to fulfill any entrance exam requirement they may have. Some schools do not weigh entrance exam scores as heavily as other criteria, and some programs do not require entrance exam scores for admission. In order to achieve a diverse class, business schools also consider

3840-1156: The American Community Survey , with examples of M.D., D.D.S., D.V.M., LL.B., and J.D. This sits between "master's degree" and "doctorate degree" (with the examples for a doctorate being Ph.D. and Ed.D.). Some fields offer degrees beyond the professional doctorate or other degrees required for qualification, sometimes termed post-professional degrees. Higher professional degrees may also be offered in fields that do not have specific academic requirements for entry, such as Fine Arts. These degrees may be at master's or doctorate levels. Professional degrees are considered undergraduate degrees in Canada and are recognized by Statistics Canada as degrees that lead to entry-to-practice professions. They generally require an undergraduate degree prior to admission; however, some professional degrees may be direct entry after secondary schooling, such as social work, nursing, midwifery, and education. Professional degrees are considered competitive for entry with academic rigor. Professional degrees in

3936-895: The Association of Chartered Certified Accountants ' B.Sc. in Applied Accounting with Oxford Brookes University . In medicine, individual countries specify rules for recognising foreign qualifications; in the US, for example, this is carried out by the Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates (ECFMG) and in the UK by the General Medical Council (GMC). The Australian Medical Council , US ECFMG, UK GMC, Medical Council of Canada , Danish Health and Medicines Authority, and Korean Institute of Medical Education and Evaluation jointly sponsor

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4032-811: The Common Award degrees, validated by Durham, have offered a more unified training across the theological colleges. Some colleges continue to offer other degrees in addition to the Common Awards, such as the Cambridge Bachelor of Theology at the Cambridge Theological Federation Legal studies in England were mainly confined to the Inns of Court until the late nineteenth century. The only undergraduate course

4128-556: The Harvard Graduate School of Business Administration , with 15 faculty members, 33 regular students and 47 special students. Its first-year curriculum was based on Frederick Winslow Taylor ’s theory of scientific management. The number of MBA students at Harvard increased quickly, from 80 in 1908, over 300 in 1920, and 1,070 in 1930. At this time, only American universities offered MBAs, although business schools offering other qualifications had existed in Europe since

4224-626: The Universities (Scotland) Act 1858 , it being replaced by the Bachelor of Medicine and Master of Surgery (MS), with the MD becoming a higher degree as in England. The commissioners under the Universities (Scotland) Act 1889 completed the reform by replacing the MS with the Bachelor of Surgery, the MS joining the MD as a higher degree and the initial professional qualification taking on its modern form as

4320-633: The University of Texas at Austin (UTA), the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Carnegie Mellon University (CMU), namely in master's courses and doctoral and research programmes. In 2014, THE-QS World University Rankings has evaluated NOVA as one of the world's best universities being ranked number 312 in the world. NOVA is the only Portuguese university in the QS Top 50 under 50 ranking, having reached this position for

4416-655: The World Directory of Medical Schools . At least one state in the US, Wisconsin , permits foreign graduates to use the title "MD" if licensed to practice in the US. The state of New York grants an M.D. degree to graduates of approved foreign medical schools upon application and payment of a fee. In engineering, the Washington Accord (1989) recognised that the academic training (i.e., professional degrees) for full professional status ( Professional Engineer , Chartered Engineer , European Engineer , etc.)

4512-464: The ius ubique docendi – the right to teach anywhere. The first university medical school to be established in the United Kingdom was at the University of Edinburgh in 1726, followed in 1744 by the University of Glasgow . In 1817, Glasgow became the first British university to offer a separate degree in surgery, the Master of Surgery. However, other Scottish universities – St Andrews and

4608-468: The "first professional degree". Besides professional doctorates, other professional degrees can exist that use the title of bachelor or master, e.g., B.Arch. and M.Arch. in architecture. In particular, first professional degrees in theology, which did not use the title of doctor, were reclassified as master's degrees in 2011 - including the B.D. A distinction is drawn in the US between professional doctorates and "doctor's degree - research/scholarship", with

4704-541: The 18th century. Other milestones include: Globally, the three most important accreditations of MBA programs and business schools are the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business ((AACSB), Association of MBAs (AMBA), and the EFMD Quality Improvement System (EQUIS), with holding all three of these being known as triple accreditation . Of these, AMBA offers programmatic accreditation for MBAs and other graduate degrees, while

4800-588: The Accreditation of Healthcare Management Education (CAHME). U.S. MBA programs may also be accredited at the institutional level. Bodies that accredit institutions as a whole include: Full-time MBA programs normally take place over two academic years (i.e. approximately 18 months of term time). For example, in the Northern Hemisphere, they often begin in late August or early September of year one and continue until May or June of year two, with

4896-461: The GRE test score), a résumé containing significant work experience, essays, letters of recommendation, group discussions, and personal interviews. Some schools are also interested in extracurricular activities, community service activities, or volunteer work and how the student can improve the school's diversity and contribute to the student body as a whole. The Graduate Management Admission Test (GMAT)

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4992-480: The M.B. degree were at the University of Pennsylvania and Columbia University . Columbia University was the first American university to grant the M.D. degree in 1770, although, as in England, this followed the M.B. (which was the qualifying degree) and required completion of a thesis. Professional societies started licensing doctors from the 1760s, and in the early nineteenth century started setting up their own medical schools, known as proprietary medical colleges,

5088-615: The MBA, predominantly targeting graduates without any work experience. Most MBAs are two years full-time. Sensibly there is little use of GMAT. The Business Schools conduct their own admission tests instead although the rationale for this instead of providing introductory courses and certifications is unclear. Classes are taught in English. In 1990, the Academic Degrees Office of the State Council formally approved

5184-624: The Ph.D., was awarded by an American institution in 1861, although the M.D. was not established as a post-baccalaureate degree until much later. The President of Yale , Arthur Twining Hadley , stated in the early 20th century that: "However convenient it might be to insist on the possession of a bachelor's degree by all pupils in the schools of law or medicine, I feel that it would be a violation of our duty to these professions to hedge ourselves about by any such artificial limitations." This changed (for medicine) after Abraham Flexner 's damning report into

5280-557: The UK are accredited by professional, statutory and regulatory bodies, which work with the Quality Assurance Agency on defining benchmark statements for their subjects. Specific benchmark statements have also been produced for professional qualifications in Scotland. Many professional degrees span teaching at bachelor's and master's level, leading to a master's level award: This includes older degrees that retain

5376-416: The US as a first professional degree , is a degree that prepares someone to work in a particular profession , practice, or industry sector often meeting the academic requirements for licensure or accreditation . Professional degrees may be either graduate or undergraduate entry, depending on the profession concerned and the country, and may be classified as bachelor's, master's, or doctoral degrees. For

5472-421: The United States typically require completing about forty to sixty semester credit hours , much higher than the thirty semester credit hours typically required for other US master's degrees that cover some of the same material. The UK-based Association of MBAs accreditation requires "the equivalent of at least 1,800 hours of learning effort", equivalent to 45 US semester credit hours or 90 European ECTS credits ,

5568-421: The accreditation of degrees by the relevant professional bodies and, in the case of engineering, to the Washington Accord – an international agreement between engineering regulatory bodies to recognise professional degrees accredited in each country – signed originally in 1989 by the UK, US, Australia, Canada, Ireland and New Zealand, and since expanded to include many other countries. In the twenty-first century,

5664-606: The course then covers the core management functions, and, in turn, allows students to select from further advanced topics as appropriate. Some programs treat the curricula here in two parts: the first course provides an overview, while the second revisits the subject in-depth (perhaps as specializations); alternatively, the first addresses short-term, tactical problems, while the second addresses long-term, strategic problems (e.g., "Financial Management I" might cover working capital management , while part II covers capital investment decisions ). An Information systems / technology course

5760-405: The decision maker. Similar to real world business situations, cases include both constraints and incomplete information. Practical learning (field immersion) often comprises consulting projects with real clients, and is generally undertaken in teams (or "syndicates"). The practical elements (as well as the case studies) often involve external practitioners —sometimes business executives—supporting

5856-413: The dissertation, some programs instead allow for a major project . Here (part-time) students will address a problem current in their organization; particularly in programs with an action learning orientation, these may be practically oriented. Most MBA programs require additional course work in research methodology, preceding the dissertation or project. Some programs allow that the research component as

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5952-541: The double Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery , degree. The first university in England to offer training in theology for those intending to become priests in the Church of England was the University of Durham in 1833, following the lead of colleges such as St Bees Theological College and St David's College, Lampeter . The Licence in Theology could be taken as either a one year graduate course, following on from

6048-434: The entity as a whole. Here, the key functional areas are thus synthesized to an overall view; the strategy course depicts how the various sub-disciplines integrate to tell one continuous story, with each discipline complementing the others. Corresponding training in business leadership may also be scheduled and participation in a business simulation or game is also a common degree requirement. "Strategy" may be offered as

6144-406: The establishment of MBA degrees and piloted MBA education. In 1991, the Academic Degrees Office of the State Council approved 9 domestic colleges and universities to carry out MBA education pilot work. Since then, mainland China has successively approved more institutions for MBA education training unit. At present, a total of 229 colleges and universities have opened MBA programs in the system, with

6240-485: The example of the M.D. and J.D. The Master of Public Health (M.P.H. degree) and the Doctor of Public Health (Dr.P.H.) are multi-disciplinary professional degrees awarded for studies in areas related to public health. The M.P.H. degree focuses on public health practice, as opposed to research or teaching. In the 1990s there was also some debate in the architectural community about renaming the professional degree in architecture

6336-743: The faculty and 29% professors of a foreign nationality. Nova SBE's Master's of Finance is the #19th best in the world by the Financial Times , the Master's in Economics is the 5th best in the world by Eduniversal rankings, and the 17th best Master's in Management in the world by the Financial Times. 38°44′01″N 9°09′37″W  /  38.73361°N 9.16028°W  / 38.73361; -9.16028 Master of Business Administration A Master of Business Administration ( MBA also Master in Business Administration )

6432-602: The first being the medical college of the Medical Society of the County of New York, which opened March 12, 1807. These eliminated the general education and long lecture terms of the university schools, making them much more popular. Without effective regulation, abuses arose, and national conventions in 1846 and 1847 led to the establishment of the American Medical Association . This new body set

6528-432: The first nationwide standards for M.D. degrees, requiring that students had a liberal education in arts and sciences as part of their degree, that they had served an apprenticeship before starting the course, and that the course lasted three years. The M.D. was thus the first entry-level professional degree to be awarded as a purely trade school "doctor" degree in the United States, before the first European-style doctorate,

6624-728: The following areas: accounting, finance, entrepreneurship, insurance, and human resources. The course takes four semesters of about four months each. International MBA programs are acquiring brand value in Asia. For example, while a foreign MBA is still preferred in the Philippines , many students are now studying at one of many "Global MBA" English language programs being offered. English-only MBA programs are also offered in Hong Kong , Indonesia , Malaysia , Singapore , South Korea , Taiwan , and Thailand . For international students who want

6720-526: The hospital medical schools could earn degrees. Following the passing of the Medical Act 1858 and the establishment of the General Medical Council , Scottish graduates gained the right to practice in England and degrees in both medicine and surgery became the norm. The Scottish practice of awarding the Doctor of Medicine (M.D.) as a first degree was abolished by the university commissioners appointed under

6816-748: The interpretation (and preparation) of financial statements while management accounting deals mainly in the analysis of internal results. The economics course covers managerial economics , a technical course that mainly focuses on product pricing as influenced by microeconomic theory, and aggregate-or macroeconomics , which deals with topics like the banking system, the money supply, and inflation. Operations Research and statistics are sometimes combined as "Managerial Decision-Making" or " Quantitative Decision-Making "; organizational behavior and human resource management may similarly be combined. In many programs, applicants with appropriate background may be exempt from various analytical courses. With these as underpin,

6912-428: The latter being "[a] Ph.D. or other doctor's degree that requires advanced work beyond the master's level, including the preparation and defense of a dissertation based on original research, or the planning and execution of an original project demonstrating substantial artistic or scholarly achievement." Internationally, US professional doctorates (which, unlike research doctorates, are not defined as requiring work beyond

7008-465: The master's level) are not generally considered to be doctoral level qualifications. The classification of "Doctor's degree - other" also exists for doctorates that do not meet the definition of either professional doctorates or research doctorates. The US Census Bureau uses the classification "professional degree beyond bachelor's degree" as one of the possible answers to "What is the highest degree or level of school this person has completed?" in

7104-457: The mid twelfth century to recognise teachers (doctors) in mediaeval universities, either in civil law at the University of Bologna or in theology at the University of Paris . These were followed shortly afterwards by doctorates in canon law, and then in the thirteenth century by doctorates in medicine, grammar, logic and philosophy. These mediaeval doctorates remained, however, essentially teaching qualifications, with their major importance being

7200-468: The names of bachelor's degrees for historic reasons, e.g., the Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (M.B.B.S.; M.B., Ch.B.; etc.), Bachelor of Dental Surgery (B.D.S.), and Bachelor of Veterinary Science (B.V.S.), and newer integrated master's degrees such as the Master of Engineering (M.Eng.), Master of Optometry (M.Optom), or Master of Pharmacy (M.Pharm.). In some subjects, qualification can be via separate bachelor's and master's degrees, e.g.,

7296-411: The others take a broader view, offering accreditation of the school rather than the MBA program (EFMD also offers programmatic accreditation, separately from EQUIS). Business school or MBA program accreditation by external agencies provides students and employers with an independent view of the school or program's quality, as well as whether the curriculum meets specific quality standards. Currently

7392-514: The perspective of managerial finance , as opposed to investment banking .) Technically-oriented courses, if offered, will be via a specialization. Programs may also include coursework-based training in the skills needed at senior levels of management: soft skills , such as (general) leadership and negotiation; hard skills, such as spreadsheets and project management; thinking skills such as innovation and creativity. Training in areas such as multiculturalism and corporate social responsibility

7488-437: The program capstone . A dissertation or major project is usually a degree requirement after the completion of coursework. Many MBA programs end with a comprehensive exit examination; see below. For Executive MBA programs, the core curriculum is generally similar, but may seek to leverage the strengths associated with the more seasoned and professional profile of the student body, emphasizing leadership, and drawing more from

7584-411: The same as a standard UK master's degree. Accreditation bodies for business schools and MBA programs ensure consistency and quality of education. Business schools in many countries offer programs tailored to full-time, part-time, executive (abridged coursework typically occurring on nights or weekends) and distance learning students, many with specialized concentrations. An "Executive MBA", or EMBA,

7680-399: The same level as Ph.D.'s, normally including teaching at doctoral level but still assessed by a doctoral research thesis or equivalent. Some professional degrees are designed specifically for trainees or members within a particular organisation, rather than being available via general enrollment. Examples of these include the Church of England 's Common Awards with Durham University and

7776-402: The specific experience of the individual students. Programs are designed such that students gain exposure to theory and practice alike. Courses include lectures, case studies, and team projects; the mix though, will differ by school and by format . Theory is covered in the classroom setting by academic faculty , and is reinforced through the case method , placing the student in the role of

7872-456: The standard degree was once again the LL.B. The second shift to the J.D., again without a change of curriculum, came in the 1960s, with all American Bar Association –accredited professional degrees adopting the nomenclature by 1971. In the late twentieth and early twenty-first century, other professions, particularly in clinical fields, transitioned their professional degrees to doctorates, following

7968-411: The standard professional degree for many science and engineering fields was raised from bachelor's to master's level, including for qualification as a Chartered Physicist (from 2001), Chartered Scientist (from 2004) and Chartered Engineer (from 2012). The Bachelor of Medicine, or M.B., was the first medical degree to be granted in the United States and Canada. The first medical schools that granted

8064-467: The standard route has a year of experience between the bachelor's and master's stages and a further year after the master's before the final examination; becoming a Chartered Engineer requires post-degree Initial Professional Development that typically takes four to six years; becoming a General Practitioner requires five years of study beyond the M.B.B.S., while qualifying as a Consultant takes seven to nine more years. Although initial registration as

8160-461: The start of college, compared to five and a half to eight years for professional doctorates, while defenders of the new professional doctorates have said the point of comparison should be the M.D. and J.D., not the Ph.D. Among the professional degrees in the United States, one particular form was the graduate-entry first-professional degree, often denominated as a doctorate. The US Department of Education defined these as: "A first-professional degree

8256-480: The state of medical education in 1910: by 1930 almost all medical schools required a previous liberal arts degree before starting the M.D. course. Law degrees were introduced in the US by the College of William & Mary in 1792, with its "Batchellor of Law" (sic) (L.B.) degree. This was followed by the "Graduate of Law" at the University of Virginia in 1829, which became the first American LL.B. in 1840. The J.D.

8352-448: The target male-female ratio and local-international student ratios. In rare cases, some MBA degrees do not require students to have an undergraduate degree and will accept significant management experience in lieu of an undergraduate degree. In the UK, for example, a Higher National Diploma (HND) or even Higher National Certificate (HNC) is acceptable in some programs. Depending on the program, type and duration of work experience can be

8448-543: The teaching from academic faculty. (See Business school § Case studies and § Other approaches ; and, generally, Business education § Postgraduate education .) As outlined, courses begin with underlying topics and then progress to more advanced functional topics where these are applied; see aside. The analytic skills required for management are usually covered initially. The accounting course(s) may treat financial and management accounting separately or in one hybrid course. Financial accounting deals mainly in

8544-463: The term "first-professional" was discontinued by the Department of Education as of 2010–11, when new post-baccalaureate award categories were introduced. Before this, first-professional degrees (so defined) were awarded in the following ten fields : Since 2011, the classification "doctor's degree - professional practice" has been used for "[a] doctor's degree that is conferred upon completion of

8640-474: The third year in a row. The Times Higher Education 100 Under 50 Rankings 2015 placed NOVA as the 89th best university in the world under 50 years old. The results achieved in the main rankings of universities under 50 years have granted NOVA the inclusion in Yerun network (Young European Research Universities Network). The Nova School of Business and Economics which has expanded and internationalized itself as

8736-563: The three major accrediting bodies in the United States are: All of these groups also accredit schools outside the U.S. The ACBSP and the IACBE are themselves recognized in the United States by the Council for Higher Education Accreditation (CHEA). MBA programs with specializations for students pursuing careers in healthcare management also eligible for accreditation by the Commission on

8832-521: The two universities in Aberdeen – also offered medical degrees, often in absentia and without examination, despite not having medical schools. In England, the two universities (Oxford and Cambridge) were only sporadically interested in medical teaching, which was mainly carried out in the London hospitals. It was not until the establishment of the University of London in 1836, however, that students at

8928-846: The two-year MBA program is targeted at fresh graduates with no experience or minimal experience. These full-time executive MBA programs are similar to one year MBA programs offered by schools like Insead and IMD . Distance learning MBA programs hold classes off-campus. These programs can be offered in a number of different formats: correspondence courses by postal mail or email, non-interactive broadcast video , pre-recorded video, live teleconference or videoconference , offline or online computer courses. Many schools offer these programs. Blended learning programs combine distance learning with face-to-face instruction. These programs typically target working professionals who are unable to attend traditional part-time programs. MBA dual degree programs combine an MBA with others (such as an MS, MA, MEng , or

9024-437: Was an award that required completion of a program that met all of the following criteria: (1) completion of the academic requirements to begin practice in the profession; (2) at least two years of college work before entering the program; and (3) a total of at least six academic years of college work to complete the degree program, including prior required college work plus the length of the professional program itself." The use of

9120-433: Was at Cambridge and concentrated on Roman civil law rather than English common law ; in terms of employment, that the bishops accepted it as equivalent to a B.A. for ordination was more useful than the legal training it provided, and it was generally seen as an easy option for those who couldn't cope with the mathematics on the B.A. course. Cambridge reformed its course in 1858, and London established an undergraduate course

9216-425: Was introduced by the University of Chicago in 1902, with the same curriculum as the LL.B. but requiring a previous B.A. or B.S. for entry. The J.D. spread, but encountered opposition, and Harvard , which imposed graduate entry as a requirement for its LL.B. course in 1909, and Yale used the name for their post-LL.B. degree, elsewhere called the LL.M. By the 1930s, when most law schools had shifted to graduate entry,

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