Misplaced Pages

#519480

29-453: Ukr , ukr , or UKR may be: ukr, ISO 639-2 code for the Ukrainian language UKR, country code for Ukraine for several types of country codes UKR, IATA code for Mukeiras Airport See also [ edit ] .укр Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

58-513: A change request may be withdrawn or promoted to "candidate status". Three months prior to the end of an annual review cycle (typically in September), an announcement is sent to the LINGUIST discussion list and other lists regarding Candidate Status Change Requests. All requests remain open for review and comment through the end of the annual review cycle. Decisions are announced at the end of

87-535: A fully documented request is received, it is added to a published Change Request Index. Also, announcements are sent to the general LINGUIST discussion list at Linguist List and other lists the registration authority may consider relevant, inviting public review and input on the requested change. Any list owner or individual is able to request notifications of change requests for particular regions or language families. Comments that are received are published for other parties to review. Based on consensus in comments received,

116-417: A generic value: qnp , unnamed proto-language. This is used for proposed intermediate nodes in a family tree that have no name. The code table for ISO 639-3 is open to changes. In order to protect stability of existing usage, the changes permitted are limited to: The code assigned to a language is not changed unless there is also a change in denotation. Changes are made on an annual cycle. Every request

145-473: A particular language or macrolanguage. While ISO 639-2 includes three-letter identifiers for collective languages, these codes are excluded from ISO 639-3. Hence ISO 639-3 is not a superset of ISO 639-2. ISO 639-5 defines 3-letter collective codes for language families and groups, including the collective language codes from ISO 639-2. Four codes are set aside in ISO 639-2 and ISO 639-3 for cases where none of

174-1052: A particular language or some related languages (as the above macrolanguages). They are regarded as collective language codes and are excluded from ISO 639-3 . The collective language codes in ISO 639-2 are listed below. Some language groups are noted to be remainder groups, that is excluding languages with their own codes, while other are not. Remainder groups are afa , alg , art , ath , bat , ber , bnt , cai , cau , cel , crp , cus , dra , fiu , gem , inc , ine , ira , khi , kro , map , mis , mkh , mun , nai , nic , paa , roa , sai , sem , sio , sit , sla , ssa , tai and tut , while inclusive groups are apa , arn , arw , aus , bad , bai , bih , cad , car , chb , cmc , cpe , cpf , cpp , dua , hmn , iro , mno , mul , myn , nub , oto , phi , sgn , wak , wen , ypk and znd . The following code

203-410: A stricter upper bound is 17,576 − 546 = 17,030. The upper bound gets even stricter if one subtracts the language collections defined in 639-2 and the ones yet to be defined in ISO 639-5 . There are 58 languages in ISO 639-2 which are considered, for the purposes of the standard, to be "macrolanguages" in ISO 639-3. Some of these macrolanguages had no individual language as defined by ISO 639-3 in

232-669: A wide range of applications. It is widely used in computer and information systems, such as the Internet, in which many languages need to be supported. In archives and other information storage, it is used in cataloging systems, indicating what language a resource is in or about. The codes are also frequently used in the linguistic literature and elsewhere to compensate for the fact that language names may be obscure or ambiguous. ISO 639-3 includes all languages in ISO 639-1 and all individual languages in ISO 639-2 . ISO 639-1 and ISO 639-2 focused on major languages, most frequently represented in

261-478: Is an attempt to deal with varieties that may be linguistically distinct from each other, but are treated by their speakers as two forms of the same language, e.g. in cases of diglossia . For example: A complete list is available on the ISO 639-3 registrar's website. "A collective language code element is an identifier that represents a group of individual languages that are not deemed to be one language in any usage context." These codes do not precisely represent

290-420: Is an international standard for language codes in the ISO 639 series. It defines three-letter codes for identifying languages. The standard was published by International Organization for Standardization (ISO) on 1 February 2007. ISO 639-3 extends the ISO 639-2 alpha-3 codes with an aim to cover all known natural languages . The extended language coverage was based primarily on the language codes used in

319-405: Is appropriate since ISO is an industrial organization, while he views language documentation and nomenclature as a scientific endeavor. He cites the original need for standardized language identifiers as having been "the economic significance of translation and software localization ", for which purposes the ISO 639-1 and 639-2 standards were established. But he raises doubts about industry need for

SECTION 10

#1732783669520

348-535: Is given a minimum period of three months for public review. The ISO 639-3 Web site has pages that describe "scopes of denotation" ( languoid types) and types of languages, which explain what concepts are in scope for encoding and certain criteria that need to be met. For example, constructed languages can be encoded, but only if they are designed for human communication and have a body of literature, preventing requests for idiosyncratic inventions. The registration authority documents on its Web site instructions made in

377-440: Is identified as a collective code in ISO 639-2 but is (at present) missing from ISO 639-5: Codes registered for 639-2 that are listed as collective codes in ISO 639-5 (and collective codes by name in ISO 639-2): The interval from qaa to qtz is "reserved for local use" and is not used in ISO 639-2 nor in ISO 639-3 . These codes are typically used privately for languages not (yet) in either standard. Microsoft Windows uses

406-411: Is not able to accommodate a sufficient number of languages. The ISO 639-2 standard was first released in 1998. In practice, ISO 639-2 has largely been superseded by ISO 639-3 (2007), which includes codes for all the individual languages in ISO 639-2 plus many more. It also includes the special and reserved codes, and is designed not to conflict with ISO 639-2. ISO 639-3, however, does not include any of

435-478: Is not intended to document or provide identifiers for dialects or other sub-language variations. Nevertheless, judgments regarding distinctions between languages may be subjective, particularly in the case of language varieties without established literary traditions, usage in education or media, or other factors that contribute to language conventionalization. Therefore, the standard should not be regarded as an authoritative statement of what distinct languages exist in

464-457: Is the registration authority for ISO 639-2 (referred to as ISO 639-2/RA). As registration authority, the LOC receives and reviews proposed changes; they also have representation on the ISO 639-RA Joint Advisory Committee responsible for maintaining the ISO 639 code tables. Work was begun on the ISO 639-2 standard in 1989, because the ISO 639-1 standard, which uses only two-letter codes for languages,

493-423: The qps language code for pseudo-locales generated automatically from English strings, designed for testing software localization. There are four generic codes for special situations: These four codes are also used in ISO 639-3 . ISO 639-3#Special codes ISO 639-3:2007 , Codes for the representation of names of languages – Part 3: Alpha-3 code for comprehensive coverage of languages ,

522-486: The Ethnologue (volumes 10–14) published by SIL International , which is now the registration authority for ISO 639-3. It provides an enumeration of languages as complete as possible, including living and extinct, ancient and constructed, major and minor, written and unwritten. However, it does not include reconstructed languages such as Proto-Indo-European . ISO 639-3 is intended for use as metadata codes in

551-571: The Ethnologue , historic varieties, ancient languages and artificial languages from the Linguist List , as well as languages recommended within the annual public commenting period. Machine-readable data files are provided by the registration authority. Mappings from ISO 639-1 or ISO 639-2 to ISO 639-3 can be done using these data files. ISO 639-3 is intended to assume distinctions based on criteria that are not entirely objective. It

580-663: The annual review cycle (typically in January). At that time, requests may be adopted in whole or in part, amended and carried forward into the next review cycle, or rejected. Rejections often include suggestions on how to modify proposals for resubmission. A public archive of every change request is maintained along with the decisions taken and the rationale for the decisions. Linguists Morey, Post and Friedman raise various criticisms of ISO 639, and in particular ISO 639-3: Martin Haspelmath agrees with four of these points, but not

609-417: The code set of ISO 639-2, e.g. ara (Generic Arabic). Others like nor (Norwegian) had their two individual parts ( nno ( Nynorsk ), nob ( Bokmål )) already in ISO 639-2. That means some languages (e.g. arb , Standard Arabic) that were considered by ISO 639-2 to be dialects of one language ( ara ) are now in ISO 639-3 in certain contexts considered to be individual languages themselves. This

SECTION 20

#1732783669520

638-455: The collective languages in ISO 639-2; most of these are included in ISO 639-5 . While most languages are given one code by the standard, twenty of the languages described have two three-letter codes, a "bibliographic" code (ISO 639-2/B), which is derived from the English name for the language and was a necessary legacy feature, and a "terminological" code (ISO 639-2/T), which is derived from

667-657: The native name for the language and resembles the language's two-letter code in ISO 639-1. There were originally 22 B codes; scc and scr are now deprecated. In general the T codes are favored; ISO 639-3 uses ISO 639-2/T. The codes in ISO 639-2 have a variety of "scopes of denotation", or types of meaning and use, some of which are described in more detail below. For a definition of macrolanguages and collective languages, see ISO 639-3/RA: Scope of denotation for language identifiers . Individual languages are further classified as to type: Some ISO 639-2 codes that are commonly used for languages do not precisely represent

696-469: The point about language change. He disagrees because any account of a language requires identifying it, and we can easily identify different stages of a language. He suggests that linguists may prefer to use a codification that is made at the languoid level since "it rarely matters to linguists whether what they are talking about is a language, a dialect or a close-knit family of languages." He also questions whether an ISO standard for language identification

725-458: The specific codes are appropriate. These are intended primarily for applications like databases where an ISO code is required regardless of whether one exists. In addition, 520 codes in the range qaa – qtz are 'reserved for local use'. For example, Rebecca Bettencourt assigns a code to constructed languages , and new assignments are made upon request. The Linguist List uses them for extinct languages . Linguist List has assigned one of them

754-429: The text of the ISO 639-3 standard regarding how the code tables are to be maintained. It also documents the processes used for receiving and processing change requests. A change request form is provided, and there is a second form for collecting information about proposed additions. Any party can submit change requests. When submitted, requests are initially reviewed by the registration authority for completeness. When

783-462: The title Ukr . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukr&oldid=1089397091 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages ISO 639-2 The US Library of Congress

812-491: The total body of the world's literature. Since ISO 639-2 also includes language collections and Part 3 does not, ISO 639-3 is not a superset of ISO 639-2. Where B and T codes exist in ISO 639-2, ISO 639-3 uses the T-codes. As of 23 January 2023 , the standard contains 7,916 entries. The inventory of languages is based on a number of sources including: the individual languages contained in 639-2, modern languages from

841-442: The world (about which there may be substantial disagreement in some cases), but rather simply one useful way for identifying different language varieties precisely. Since the code is three-letter alphabetic, one upper bound for the number of languages that can be represented is 26 × 26 × 26 = 17,576. Since ISO 639-2 defines special codes (4), a reserved range (520) and B-only codes (22), 546 codes cannot be used in part 3. Therefore,

#519480